$\ll$소문(素問).영추(靈樞)$\gg$에 나타난 이명(耳鳴)에 대한 연구(硏究)

변석미,탁명림,강나루,고우신,윤화정,Byun, Seok-Mi,Tark, Myoung-Rim,Kang, Na-Ru,Ko, Woo-Shin,Yoon, Hwa-Jung 대한한방안이비인후피부과학회 2010 한방안이비인후피부과학회지 Vol.23 No.1

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate tinnitus of Plain Questions $\ll$素問$\gg$ and Miraculous Pivot $\ll$靈樞$\gg$. Methods : We conducted a study on the original text paragraphs of Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ containing the tinnitus and analysis of Yang, Ma, Zhang, Wang etc. We drew a parallel between tinnitus from Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ and matching diagnoses from western medicine. Results : The results were as follows. 1. Tinnitus in Plain Questions $\ll$素問$\gg$Tong Pyeong Heo Sil Ron <通評虛實論> was similar to the symptoms of diabetes mellitus complication and schizophreniform disorder in western medicine. 2. Liver fire tinnitus in Plain Questions $\ll$素問$\gg$ Yuk Won Jeong Gi Dae Ron <六元正紀大論> was similar to the symptoms of psychological distress in western medicine. 3. Phlegm fire tinnitus in Plain Questions $\ll$素問$\gg$ Ji Jin Yo Dae Ron <至眞要大論> was similar to the symptoms of meniere's disease and malfunction of autonomic nervous system in western medicine. 4. Blood deficiency tinnitus in Miraculous Pivot $\ll$靈樞$\gg$ Sa Gi Jang Bu Byeong Hyeong <邪氣藏府病形> was similar to the symptoms of anemia in western medicine. 5. Tinnitus in Miraculous Pivot $\ll$靈樞$\gg$ Gyeong Geun <經筋> was similar to the myofacial pain syndrome of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the masseter muscle in western medicine. 6. Gallbladder deficiency tinnitus in Miraculous Pivot $\ll$靈樞$\gg$ Gwol Hyeong <厥病> was similar to the symptoms of otitis media and labyrinthitis in western medicine. 7. Kidney deficiency tinnitus in Miraculous Pivot $\ll$靈樞$\gg$ Gyeol Gi <決氣> and Hai Ron <海論> was similar to the symptoms of degenerative auditory organ in western medicine. 8. Tinnitus in Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ showed close relations with the symptoms of the wind character. Conclusion : We analyzed the original text paragraphs of Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ and explanations about tinnitus. Further studies are needed to compare oriental medicine and western medicine diagnoses to develop better treatments for tinnitus.

해외 이명 협회 및 이명 연구 기관 현황

김동창,신진배,김춘혁,박혜진,김진숙 한국청각언어재활학회 2015 Audiology and Speech Research Vol.11 No.2

This paper reviewed the tinnitus associations in the U.S.A., Australia, United Kingdom, European Federation, and one tinnitus research initiative. The American Tinnitus Association (ATA), which was the first tinnitus association in the world established in 1971, has pursued to find a cure for tinnitus and funded vital tinnitus research. The ATA provides informational brochures. The British Tinnitus Association (BTA) aims to support tinnitus patients and to seek effective management of tinnitus. The BTA offers several education programs for clinicians dealing with tinnitus patients in addition to fund tinnitus research. Moreover, the BTA offers direct counsel to tinnitus patients on the phone, and publishes twenty one of informal leaflets. In Australia, two of four tinnitus associations were reviewed; The Australian Tinnitus Association (ATA, Australia TA) and Tinnitus South Association (Tinnitus SA). The Australia TA provides the information about tinnitus, supports tinnitus patients, publishes a tinnitus magazine, and informs people tinnitus treatments through their home page. The Tinnitus SA was established by support of government of South Australia on the purpose of informing people about tinnitus. The Tinnitus SA provides an on-line tinnitus questionnaire, and off-line counselling for patients. The European Federation of Tinnitus Association (EUTI) was recently formed by tinnitus associations from 18 countries within Europe in order to cooperate to help patients. The Tinnitus Research Initiative (TRI) has been established by some research institutes in several countries in order to perform cooperative research and share the results. However, in Korea, there is no tinnitus association except one formed by Korean veteran, which has no information about tinnitus. Considering increasing number of tinnitus patients in Korea, the tinnitus association for helping patients and leading research should be formed in the near future.

Purpose, Procedure, and Contents of Counseling according to Tinnitus Interventions

Soon-Je Choi,Minseung Ku,TaeRim Lee,YeonWoo Sim,Jeeun Yoo,Nor Farawaheeda Ab Shukor,Yerim Shin,In-Ki Jin 한국청각언어재활학회 2021 Audiology and Speech Research Vol.17 No.2

Tinnitus refers to the perception of ringing sounds in the ear that are not heard by others. Counseling plays a vital role in tinnitus intervention. Counseling provides correct information about tinnitus and hearing loss, corrects any misunderstandings related to tinnitus, and suggests precise alternative interventions for tinnitus. In this review, we aimed to examine the counseling contents in Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Tinnitus Activities Treatment (TAT) to identify information that could be useful for counseling approaches and contents for the various tinnitus intervention methods. We searched Web of Science, Embase, Science Direct, and PubMed for relevant articles. Of the 5,283 articles, 31 were included in the final review of counseling contents for TRT, CBT, and TAT. Based on our findings, we were able to summarize the main contents of counseling in TRT, CBT, and TAT. Although the contents of counseling may vary depending on the individuals with tinnitus, our review provided information that may help audiologists or hearing professionals further understand the fundamentals of counseling for each tinnitus intervention. Our review may serve as a guideline for tinnitus counseling according to tinnitus interventions.

Relationship Between Diet and Tinnitus: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

이도영,김영호 대한이비인후과학회 2018 Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology Vol.11 No.3

Objectives. This study aimed to analyze the association between nutritional intake and tinnitus prevalence by evaluating a large cross-sectional cohort. Methods. Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected between 2013 and 2015 were analyzed. The study population consisted of 7,621 individuals aged 40 to 80 years with complete tinnitus-related data. Individuals with inadequate responses to tinnitus history, noise exposure in the work place, or subjective hearing loss were excluded. Prevalence of tinnitus and tinnitus-related annoyance, and nutrition intake were measured using this questionnaire, and associations between tinnitus and nutritional data were evaluated by binary logistic regression analysis. Results. Subjective tinnitus was reported by 1,435 individuals with subjective normal hearing (18.8%). Prevalence of tinnitus increased with age. However, among individuals with tinnitus, the proportion of individuals with tinnitus-related annoyance was similar across age groups. Older age, female sex, lower body mass index (BMI), and less vitamin B2 intake were significantly associated with tinnitus (P<0.001, P=0.002, P=0.041, P=0.013, respectively). Vitamin B2 intake was significantly less in individuals with tinnitus who were middle-aged (ages 51–55 and 56–60 years, P=0.012 and P=0.020, respectively). Less intake of water, protein, and vitamin B3 were associated with tinnitus-related annoyance (P=0.038, P=0.009, and P=0.005, respectively). Prevalence of annoyance was significantly associated with less water intake in younger ages (age 45–55 years) but with less protein and vitamin B3 intake in older ages (age 66–80 years). Conclusion. Reduced intake of vitamin B2 and B3, water, and protein may be associated with tinnitus and tinnitus-related annoyance, and further studies regarding the importance of adequate nutritional intake in the tinnitus management need to be performed.

노인성 이명의 임상적 특징

권기남,문일하,김용기,이병돈,이종대,이형준,박무균 대한이비인후과학회 2011 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.54 No.12

Background and Objectives Tinnitus is commonly known to occur in the elderly, while presbytinnitus is not known as well. This study compared the clinical characteristics of tinnitus between the elderly and adults. Subjects and Method This prospective case-control study enrolled 148 patients who had subjective tinnitus. Demographic data, otologic history, tinnitus questionnaires, the tinnitus handicap inventory (THI), a visual analogue scale, and audiological examinations were evaluated. Results The effect of tinnitus on the quality of life and the severity of tinnitus in the elderly were not different from those in adults. The elderly were more annoyed with the tinnitus than adults. The elderly had louder and longer tinnitus. Nevertheless, the elderly had a lower THI score. The effect of tinnitus on the quality of life was not correlated with tinnitus loudness, duration, or hearing threshold. In the elderly, the effect of tinnitus on the quality of life was correlated more with the emotional score of the THI than the other subscales of the THI. Conclusion Tinnitus has a great effect on the quality of life of the elderly. This is related more to psychological factors than to otological factors.

The Effects of Unilateral Tinnitus on Auditory Temporal Resolution: Gaps-In-Noise Performance

안용휘,진소영,윤상원,심현준 대한청각학회 2014 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.18 No.3

Background and Objectives: The Gaps-In-Noise (GIN) test is a measure to assess auditory temporal resolution, which is the ability to follow rapid changes in the envelope of a sound stimulus over time. We investigated whether unilateral tinnitus affects temporal resolution by the GIN performance. Subjects and Methods: Hearing tests including the GIN test were performed in 120 ears of 60 patients with unilateral tinnitus who showed symmetric hearing within 20 dB HL difference up to 8 kHz (tinnitus-affected ears, 14.6±11.2 dB HL; non-tinnitus ears 15.1±11.5 dB HL) and 60 ears of 30 subjects with normal hearing. Comparisons were made between tinnitus and non-tinnitus side of patients and normal ears of controls. Results: There was no significant difference of the mean GIN thresholds among tinnitus-affected ears (5.18±0.6 ms), non-tinnitus ears (4.98±0.6 ms) and normal ears (4.97±0.8 ms). The mean percentage of correct answers in tinnitus side (67.3±5.5%) was slightly less than that in non-tinnitus side (70.0±5.5%) but it was not significantly different from that in normal ears (69.4±7.5%). Neither the GIN threshold nor the GIN perception level in tinnitus ears has relation to sex, frequency and loudness of tinnitus, and audiometric data. Age only showed a significant correlation with the GIN performance. Conclusions: We found no evidence which supported the influence of unilateral tinnitus on auditory temporal resolution. These results imply that tinnitus may not simply fill in the silent gaps in the background noise.

Tinnitus Assessment.

양철원,변재용 한양대학교 의과대학 2016 Hanyang Medical Reviews Vol.36 No.2

Tinnitus is a common medical condition where patients perceive unwanted noise in the absence of environmental stimuli. However, it is very difficult to find out definite causes of each patient’s tinnitus. According to tinnitus classification systems, there are many different diagnostic tools. Representatively, tinnitus can be divided into objective and subjective tinnitus. Also, there are many etiologic factors for each classified tinnitus. Tinnitus assessment is defined as finding out the exact cause of tinnitus and prediction of treatment effect. It starts from history taking and physical examination to audiologic evaluations. Also, it is an important part in the relationship with the patient, as well as tinnitus objectification in the treatment process. And, it affects the consequent management of tinnitus. Otherwise, assessment of tinnitus is a challenging task due its subjective nature. Therefore, a multidimensional diagnostic approach to tinnitus is very important in appropriate treatment of tinnitus and in predicting the effect of the management.

인공와우이식술 환자에서의 이명: 예비 연구 결과

김동기,박시내,박경호,노혜일,김예원,고창용,박창우,여상원 대한이비인후과학회 2010 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.53 No.7

Background and Objectives With the wide use of cochlear implants, there have been many published studies which report that cochlear implants have a suppressive effect on tinnitus in profoundly deaf patients. The aim of this study was to understand the clinical and audiologic characteristics of the tinnitus in patients with cochlear implantation and to observe changes of their tinnitus after cochlear implantation. Subjects and Method A total 23 patients who had undergone cochlear implants in our hospital from August 2003 to December 2006, were included in this study. The patients were divided into tinnitus (n=11) and non-tinnitus groups (n=12) according to the presence of tinnitus at the time of surgery. We compared clinical and audiologic features between the two groups. We also studied changes in tinnitus after surgery in the tinnitus group using validated self-report measures [tinnitus handicap inventory (THI), tinnitus handicap score (THS), and visual analogue scale]. Results There were significant differences between the two groups with respect to the age of cochlear implant recipients, whether or not the subjects had impaired hearing or were wearing hearing aids. Tinnitus was rarely observed in patients under 20 years of age with cochlear implantation (11.1%) in contrast to the higher rates in the patients of 20 years old and over (71.4%). Marked reduction of THI, THS and visual analogue scale of tinnitus were observed in all patients. Conclusion For the adult patients who had undergone cochlear implant surgery and had tinnitus preoperatively, cochlear implants had shown suppressive effect on their tinnitus. Considering the significant prevalence of tinnitus in profoundly deaf patients, tinnitus of these patients should not be overlooked and further studies should be made to define relationship between cochlear implant and tinnitus. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2010;53:408-11

Neural Mechanisms and Models of Tinnitus Generation

한우재,Fatima T. Husain 한국청각언어재활학회 2009 Audiology and Speech Research Vol.5 No.1

Tinnitus is an auditory phantom sensation - it is the false perception of sound in the absence of an external source. Tinnitus can be managed, but there is no cure. Tinnitus affects approximately 10-20% of the population and is often accompanied by hearing loss. The hearing loss causes reorganization of the central auditory processing pathways and associated areas in the brain, possibly leading to tinnitus. However, the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. This paper reviews possible regions exhibiting activity related to tinnitus, from the cochlea to the primary auditory cortex, and the mechanisms that may underlie tinnitus generation. However, tinnitus is complex phenomenon and no single mechanism or brain region can account for all tinnitus sub-types or symptoms. In addition, somatosensory system and limbic system, with their strong connections to the central auditory processing pathways may be involved in tinnitus generation and persistence. Although, there have been advances in understanding neural mechanisms of tinnitus, particularly due to brain imaging studies in humans, there is still a paucity of data linking objective measure of tinnitus, obtained using brain imaging techniques, to subjective behavioral measures.

우울을 호소하는 이명 환자들의 역기능적 신념

이소영,이동수,김지혜,임승락,홍성화 한국임상심리학회 2003 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.22 No.4

The purpose of this study was to explore the cognitive aspects of patients who suffer from tinnitus. The subjects were 120 patients with constant tinnitus, who visited the otolaryngology department of Samsung Medical Center. To examine their features of tinnitus as well as emotional and cognitive features, the following scales were administered; basic questionnaire for tinnitus features and dysfunctional beliefs, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory(THI), Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale(MHLCS), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI-S), somatization subscale(SOM) of Symptom Checklist 90-revised, Anxious Thoughts and Tendencies(AT&T). The results showed that the severity of depression correlated positively with the loudness of tinnitus, dysfunctional beliefs, somatization, anxiety, social and emotional handicap due to tinnitus, locus of control of chance and external except for the duration of tinnitus and locus of control of internal. Analysis of the difference of the highly depressed group from the lowly depressed group supports the above results. This result was maintained after controlling for the loudness and duration of tinnitus, and suggests other aspects except that tinnitus features affect depression. The results of hierarchical regression analysis for the severity of depression explored tinnitus loudness, dysfunctional beliefs of tinnitus, emotional handicap due to tinnitus which were important variables. In addition, the results of path analysis showed that dysfunctional belief mediates or moderates the loudness of tinnitus and emotional handicap mediates or moderates dysfunctional belief for the severity of depression. This results suggest that cognitive aspects play an important role in physical diseases, and for psychological adjustment we need to manage cognitive aspects.