Raspberry pi를 이용한 딥러닝 기반 안개와 노면 결빙 실시간 감지 기법

류태광(Taekwang Ryu),양훈준(Hunjun Yang),이보원(Bowon Lee) 대한전자공학회 2020 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2020 No.8

경북지역 공공하수처리시설 유입수 및 방류수의 유기물 특성

이기창,박영진,강귀화,정미옥,류동현,정상섭,이원태 대한환경공학회 2021 대한환경공학회지 Vol.43 No.5

Objectives : This study aimed to provide scientific information on the characteristics of organic matters in influents and effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Gyeongbuk province, Korea, for better performance of treatment processes in the plants. Methods : We selected six STPs with each capacity over 30,000 m3/day in Gyeongbuk province, and analyzed water quality data in influents and effluents of the plants from 2013 to 2020. Also, the removal efficiencies of pollutants were assessed with the operational data. In 2020, characteristics and origins of dissolved organic matters (DOM) in influents and effluents were investigated using the fluorescence excitation emission matrix (FEEM) analysis. Results and Discussion : The average BOD5/CODMn ratios of influents and effluents from the STPs were 1.60 and 0.27, respectively. High variability in BOD5/CODMn ratios was observed for both influents and effluents. The CODMn/TOC ratios of the influents and effluents were the same with an average of 1.6. Although the biological treatment process was different for each STP, the organic matter removal efficiency was similar, and the TOC removal efficiency was 86.5~91.7%. The representative spectra of DOM identified through FEEM analysis was peak C (humic-acid like substance) region, and under the same carbon concentration (2 mg-C/L) the fluorescence intensity of effluents was stronger than influents possibly due to the influence of soluble microbial products (SMP). It was found that DOM of both influent and effluent originated from microorganisms, and the difference in water quality of DOM was statistically significant. Conclusions : The characteristics and fate of organic matters in influents and effluents of the six STPs were similar regardless of plant location. The results of this study can be used as basic information to efficiently control organic matters in the STPs. 목적: 본 연구는 경북지역 내 대표적인 공공하수처리시설의 유입수 및 유출수 내 유기물 특성을 분석하고 이를 통해 처리시설의 효율적인 운영을 도모하고자 수행하였다. 방법: 경북지역의 공공하수처리시설 중 시설규모 30,000 m3/day 이상인 6곳을 선정하여 2013~2020년 동안의 운영자료를 활용하여 유입수 및 방류수의 수질특성과 공정효율을 분석하였다. 2020년 시료는 형광 excitation emission matrix (EEM) 분석기법을 활용하여 유입수 및 방류수의 용존유기물질(Dissolved Organic Matter, DOM) 특성과 생성기원 등을 조사하였다. 결과 및 토의: 분석대상 공공하수처리시설의 유입수와 방류수의 BOD5/CODMn 평균비는 각각 1.60과 0.27이었다. BOD5/CODMn 비는 유입수 뿐만 아니라 생물학적처리가 된 방류수에서도 변동성이 크게 나타났다. 유입수와 방류수의 CODMn/TOC 비는 평균 1.6으로 동일하였다. 처리시설별로 생물학적공법이 상이하였지만 유기물 제거효율은유사하게 나타났으며, TOC의 경우 제거효율은 86.5~91.7%이었다. 형광 EEM 분석을 통해 확인된 DOM의 대표적EEM spectra는 peak C (humic-acid like substance) 영역이었고, 동일한 탄소농도(2 mg-C/L) 조건에서 방류수가 미생물의 대사활동으로 생성된 soluble microbial products (SMP)의 영향으로 형광강도가 더 강했다. 유입수와 방류수의 DOM은 모두 미생물로부터 기인한 것으로 나타났고, DOM의 수질성상 차이는 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결론: 조사대상 공공하수처리시설간 유입수 및 방류수에 대한 유기물질의 거동이 유사하고 다양한 유기물 성상지표가 비교적 균일한 값을 가져 본 연구의 결과가 향후 수처리공정에서 유기물질을 효율적으로 제어하기 위한 기초자료로 활용 가능할 것이다.

중이진주종에서 역전사 : 중합효소 연쇄반응법으로 측정한 상피성장인자 수용체 유전자의 발현

허진,김형종,임현준,조양선 대한청각학회 2000 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.4 No.1

Clinical Analysis of Dizzy Patients with High Levels of Depression and Anxiety

김성균,김용복,박일석,홍석진,김희진,홍석민 대한청각학회 2016 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.20 No.3

Background and Objectives: Some patients experiencing dizziness also report psychological distress. However, the association between vestibular deficits and psychological symptoms remains controversial. Thus, the aim of this paper is to report the proportion of patients who complained of dizziness who also had high depression and anxiety indices. Also we investigated the severity of their dizziness and the distribution of the diseases underlying this symptom. Subjects and Methods: We assessed the dizziness and psychological distress of 544 patients experiencing dizziness using the Korean versions of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). We also reviewed the audio-vestibular symtoms of patients with high levels of depression and anxiety. Results: The incidences of high depression and anxiety scores were 11% (60/544) and 18% (98/544), respectively. Patients with vestibular migraine were most likely to have high depression and anxiety indices. Patients in the high-BDI or high-STAI groups (117/544) obtained significantly higher DHI scores than those in neither the high-BDI nor the high-STAI group (427/544). We noticed that about 20% of the patients experiencing dizziness had high levels of psychological distress in this study; this group also suffered from various vestibular diseases and more symptoms of dizziness. Conclusions: The results of the study suggest that psychological evaluation should be considered when assessing patients with vertigo.

What Is Temporal Fine Structure and Why Is It Important?

문일준,홍성화 대한청각학회 2014 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.18 No.1

Complex sound like speech can be characterized as the sum of number of amplitude-modulated signals representing the outputs of an array of narrow frequency bands. Temporal information at the output of each band can be separated into temporal fine structure (TFS), the rapid oscillations close to the center frequency and temporal envelope (ENV), slower amplitude modulations superimposed on the TFS. TFS information can be carried in the pattern of phase locking to the stimulus waveform, while ENV by the changes in firing rate over time. The relative importance of temporal ENV and TFS information in understanding speech has been studied using various sound-processing techniques. A number of studies demonstrated that ENV cues are associated with speech recognition in quiet, while TFS cues are possibly linked to melody/pitch perception and listening to speech in a competing background. However, there are evidences that recovered ENV from TFS as well as TFS itself may be partially responsible for speech recognition. Current technologies used in cochlear implants (CI) are not efficient in delivering the TFS cues, and new attempts have been made to deliver TFS information into sound-processing strategy in CI. We herein discuss the current updated findings of TFS with a literature review.

Is Auditory Steady-State Response Testing the Key for Diagnosing Non-Organic Hearing Disorders? Implications for Current Audiological Practice

Plioutas John,Vlastarakos Petros V.,Delidis Alexandros,Vasileiou Alexandra,Nikolopoulos Thomas P.,Maragoudakis Pavlos 대한청각학회 2022 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.26 No.2

Background and Objectives: To describe all possible facets of non-organic hearing disorders (NOHD) and emphasize the superiority of auditory steady-state response (ASSR) over previously employed hearing assessment tools. Subjects and Methods: A series of seven patients consisting of three males and four females with NOHD were assessed at Attikon University Hospital (age range: 17-59 years). Three patients had Munchausen syndrome, three intentionally feigned hearing loss, and one intentionally feigned normal hearing. The audiological evaluation consisted of tympanometry, pure-tone audiometry, and ASSR testing.Results: The hearing of all patients was accurately determined using ASSR. The results were confirmed by auditory brainstem responses (ABR) and otoacoustic emissions. Conclusions: NOHD is a multi-faceted condition encompassing various etiologies. ASSR testing represents an objective and reliable method of hearing assessment, which can serve as a gold standard method for distinguishing NOHD from actual hearing loss. It can reliably indicate the hearing levels at the four main frequencies (500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz) by obtaining a valid estimated audiogram through statistical measures. Compared to ABR testing, ASSR thresholds are closer to the actual audiometric thresholds in the presence of hearing impairment and are superior when the corresponding pure-tone audiogram is widely ranging between the adjacent frequencies or when the obtained ABR curves are not easily distinguished. A non-confrontational approach should be adopted by ENT doctors towards cases of suspected NOHD as the use of ASSR could reliably assess hearing even when medical or medico-legal implications are involved.

The Influence of Feedback in the Simulated Patient Case-History Training among Audiology Students at the International Islamic University Malaysia

Ahmad Aidil Arafat Dzulkarnain,Maryam Kamilah Ahmad Sani,Sarah Rahmat,Masnira Jusoh 대한청각학회 2019 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.23 No.3

Background and Objectives: There is a scant evidence on the use of simulations in audiology (especially in Malaysia) for case-history taking, although this technique is widely used for training medical and nursing students. Feedback is one of the important components in simulations training; however, it is unknown if feedback by instructors could influence the simulated patient (SP) training outcome for case-history taking among audiology students. Aim of the present study is to determine whether the SP training with feedback in addition to the standard role-play and seminar training is an effective learning tool for audiology case-history taking. Subjects and Methods: Twenty-six second-year undergraduate audiology students participated. A cross-over study design was used. All students initially attended two hours of seminar and role-play sessions. They were then divided into three types of training, 1) SP training (Group A), 2) SP with feedback (Group B), and 3) a non-additional training group (Group C). After two training sessions, the students changed their types of training to, 1) Group A and C: SP training with feedback, and 2) Group B: non-additional training. All the groups were assessed at three points: 1) pre-test, 2) intermediate, and 3) post-test. The normalized median score differences between and within the respective groups were analysed using non-parametric tests at 95% confidence intervals. Results: Groups with additional SP trainings (with and without feedback) showed a significantly higher normalized gain score than no training group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The SP training (with/ without feedback) is a beneficial learning tool for history taking to students in audiology major.

Role of Active Listening and Listening Effort on Contralateral Suppression of Transient Evoked Otoacousic Emissions

Mohan Kumar Kalaiah,Nikhitha B Theruvan,Kaushlendra Kumar,Jayashree S Bhat 대한청각학회 2017 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.21 No.1

Background and Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of active listening and listening effort on the contralateral suppression of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (CSTEOAEs). Subjects and Methods: Twenty eight young adults participated in the study. Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) were recorded using ‘linear’ clicks at 60 dB peSPL, in three contralateral noise conditions. In condition 1, TEOAEs were obtained in the presence of white noise in the contralateral ear. While, in condition 2, speech was embedded into white noise at +3, -3, and -9 dB signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) and delivered to the contralateral ear. The SNR was varied to investigate the effect of listening effort on the CSTEOAE. In condition 3, speech was played backwards and embedded into white noise at -3 dB SNR. The conditions 1 and 3 served as passive listening condition and the condition 2 served as active listening condition. In active listening condition, the participants categorized the words in to two groups (e.g., animal and vehicle). Results: CSTEOAE was found to be largest in the presence of white noise, and the amount of CSTEOAE was not significantly different between active and passive listening conditions (condition 2 and 3). Listening effort had an effect on the CSTEOAE, the amount of suppression increased with listening effort, when SNR was decreased from +3 dB to -3 dB. However, when the SNR was further reduced to -9 dB, there was no further increase in the amount of CSTEOAE, instead there was a reduction in the amount of suppression. Conclusions: The findings of the present study show that listening effort might affect CSTEOAE.

Asymmetric Flankers in Comodulation Masking Release

Akram Pourbakht,Leila Faraji 대한청각학회 2019 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.23 No.1

Background and Objectives: Detection of auditory signals may be improved when maskersfar from the frequency of the target signal are coherently amplitude-modulated. This improvementof signal detection is called comodulation masking release (CMR). In the CMR experiments,flankers have been usually arranged symmetrically. In practice, we will be confrontedwith a problem by using symmetric flankers due to the limited output of clinical audiometers,especially at high-frequency. We aimed to check whether flanker arrangement has any effecton the amount of CMR, especially when there is no flankers with a frequency higher than thesignal. Subjects and Methods: Eighteen normal hearing listeners ranging in age from 20 to46 years old participated. Symmetric (2-2) and asymmetric (3-1 and 4-0) flankers were usedand then the amount of CMR compared among them. Results: Our results showed in thesame numbers of flankers, there were no statistically CMR differences between symmetricand asymmetric arrangement. Also when we did not have a flanker at a frequency higherthan the signal and all flankers were placed below the signal, there was no statistically differencewith the symmetric arrangement. Conclusions: The asymmetry of the flankers andalso omitting the flankers with a frequency higher than the signal, have no effect on CMR results. We concluded that CMR can be considered by using clinical audiometer.

Efficacy of the Digit-in-Noise Test: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Kwak Chanbeom,Seo Jae-Hyun,Oh Yonghee,한우재 대한청각학회 2022 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.26 No.1

Background and Objectives: Although the digit-in-noise (DIN) test is simple and quick, little is known about its key factors. This study explored the considerable components of the DIN test through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: After six electronic journal databases were screened, 14 studies were selected. For the meta-analysis, standardized mean difference was used to calculate effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals.Results: The overall result of the meta-analysis showed an effect size of 2.224. In a subgroup analysis, the patient’s hearing status was found to have the highest effect size, meaning that the DIN test was significantly sensitive to screen for hearing loss. In terms of the length of the presenting digits, triple digits had lower speech recognition thresholds (SRTs) than single or pairs of digits. Among the types of background noise, speech-spectrum noise provided lower SRTs than multi-talker babbling. Regarding language variance, the DIN test showed better performance in the patient’s native language(s) than in other languages.Conclusions: When uniformly developed and well validated, the DIN test can be a universal tool for hearing screening.