김교신의 무교회운동 재고: 그 목표와 한계

김용복(박사) ( Yong Bok Kim ) 한국복음주의신학회 2010 성경과신학 Vol.54 No.-

이 연구는 김교신의 무교회운동을 재평가하는 데 목적이 있다. 김교신에게 성서연구는 어떤 의미가 있었는가? 그는 그 연구결과를 자신의 삶에서 어떻게 실천했는가? 이 연구는 이런 질문들에 대한 답을 추구하는 과정에서 김교신의 무교회운동이 지향한 목표와 그 한계점을 살펴보았다.김교신의 무교회운동은 두 가지 목표를 가지고 있었다. 하나는 이 땅에 참된 성서적 기독교를 세우는 일이고, 다른 하나는 신앙적 인간을 양성하여 민족의 운명을 개척하는 것이었다. 김교신이 추구했던 “참된 기독교”는 다른말로 “전적 기독교” 혹은 “조선산(朝鮮産) 기독교”를 구현하는 일이었다. 일반적으로 이 운동의 특징은 세 가지로 평가되어왔다. 첫째, 그것은 반교권운동이었다. 그는 제도화된 교회들의 전통주의와 신조주의를 거부했다. 둘째, 이 운동은 조선산 기독교를 추구했던 반선교사운동이었다. 셋째, 이 운동은 서당식 성서연구와 [성서조선]의 발간을 통한 민중운동이었다. 김교신은 자신의 민족을 사랑했으며, 참된 기독교를 구현하려고 노력했던 헌신적인 그리스도인이었다. 조선산 기독교라 불렸던 그의 신앙운동은 한국교회의 대안운동으로 평가될 수 있을 것이다. 하지만 실천적인 측면에서 볼때, 몇 가지 문제들도 있다: 첫째, 무교회운동은 성서를 선택적으로 받아들였다. 둘째, 무교회운동의 방법은 김교신 자신의 개인적 경험과 성서해석에 크게 의존되어 있었다. 셋째, 김교신의 성서연구는 민중보다 지성인들에게 적합한 것이었다. 넷째, 운동의 지성적 측면을 너무 강조했기 때문에, 김교신은 일제시대에 민중의 실제적인 문제들에 참여하는 일에 소극적인 경향이 있었다. The purpose of this study is to reappraise the non-church[無敎會] movement of Kim Kyo-Shin. What did it mean to study the Bible for Kim? And how did he practice the result of the study in his life? In pursuit of the answers of these questions, the goals of the non-church movement and its limitations will be investigated. Kim’s non-church movement had two goals. The first one was to establish the true biblical Christianity in Chosun, and the other was to pioneer the national destiny by educating the faithful Christian believers. The true Christianity for Kim Kyo-Shin was to realize “total[全的] Christianity” or “Chosunsan(朝鮮産) Christianity” and he pursued these goals by criticizing formalistic and authoritarian Chosun Christianity of his days. In general, the characteristics of this movement have been evaluated from three aspects. First, it was against the existing church’s authoritarianism. He rejected traditionism and creedalism in the institutionalized churches. Second, it was an anti-missionary movement, which sought to establish the Chosunsan Christianity. Third, it was the people’s movement through his “Seodang(書堂) Bible Study” and publication of [Sungseo Chosun] (聖書朝鮮) Kim Kyo-Shin was a devout Christian who deeply loved his country, and tried to establish Chosunsan Christianity. One can easily credit his faith-movement called Chosunsan Christianity as the alternative Christianity in Korea. However, there are some problems in practice: First, the movement was to read the bible in a selective way. Second, the method of the faith-movement depended largely on Kim’s personal experience and biblical interpretation. Third, his Bible study was not oriented for common people but for the intellectual. Fourth, he focused too much on the intellectual aspect of the movement, and thereupon tended to be passive in participating in physical matters of the people during the Japanese regime.

생체분해성 망막압정을 이용한 망막고정에 대한 실험적 연구

김용백,민병무,김창식,박근성,김승영,길숙종,조항진,이성복,노승무,송규상,강대영,조준식,양준묵,정경수,최선웅,이진호,김학용,인현빈 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

Biodegradable retinal fixation devices obtain mechnical fixation of the retina with desirable chorioretinal scarring and with the potential for local, sustained release of antimetabolites and steroids to inhibit proliferative vitreoretinopathy. We manufactured a biodegradable retinal tack with barb that was designed in order to prevent intrusion from implantation of retinal tacks. This study was carried to evaluate the efficacy for retinal fixation and the capability for sustained release of drugs with a newly designed biodegradable retinal tack Biodegradable retinal tacks were made of polymers of glycolic acids and were designed with barbs in a shape to prevent the disinsertion. Biodegradale retinal tacks are divided into 3 parts, a conical portion that is inserted into the sclera, a cylinder portion that remains in the vitreous, and a neck portion between the pin and the cylinder. The tapered conical end was manufactured to allow easy insertion through the retina and choroid into the sclera. A cylinder portion was manufactured with a tapered angle that fixes firmly into the orifice of 19 gauge spinal needle. A neck portion, 0.4 mm in diameter, was designed to prevent disinsertion from following implantation of retinal tack. The applicator was a 19 gauge spinal needle and its orifice was prepared to 15°angle to accept the tapered cylinder portion of the retinal tack. The retinal tacks, secured in the needles, were passed through the formed vitreous and inserted into the retina, choroid, and sclera and were released by pushing the internal needle, usually within 2-3mm of the medullary ray of the posterior rabbit retina A retinal tack was placed in each of 8 pigmented rabbit eyes. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography were performed periodically from 1 day to 8 weeks after surgery. Eight eyes were enucleated and studied by light microscopy at 8 weeks. Biomicroscopic evaluation of the animals revealed edemas adjacent to the retinal surfaces immediately after insertion of the biodegradable retinal tacks in all the animals. These edemas disappeared after 1 week. The first noticeable change in the size of retinal tacks was shown after 2weeks. The size of the retinal tacks gradually got smaller, decreasing to about one-half at 4 weeks and about one-third at 8 weeks. All retinal tacks remained in inserted places without any movement for an 8 week period. On light microscopy, epiretinal proliferations were seen to extend into the vitreous cavity. Cellular capsules that lined the inner aspect of the scleral defect caused by tack insertion were found. However the adjacent retina had a normal cytologic appearance and architecture in all specimens. We manufactured a biodegradable retinal tack that is designed to prevent intrusion from implantation of retinal tacks. All biodegradable retinal tacks reduce in size with time, but no retinal tacks extruded from the inserted place. The newly designed biodegradable retinal tack can be used for retinal fixation and may be used as a vehicle for the introduction of pharmacologic agents to prevent the cellular events that promote proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

초음파를 이용한 액체내의 공기방울 포획현상에 관한 연구

김용석,이희복,김용복 공주대학교 과학교육연구소 2002 과학교육연구 Vol.33 No.-

본 연구에서는 초음파에 의해 액체 내에서 공기방울을 포획하는 연구를 수행하였다. 초음파 진동자를 최소의 전력으로 구동하여 안정된 공기방울을 포획하기 위해서는 임피던스 매칭이 필요했다. 초음파진동자의 임피던스는 매우 크므로 임피던스 매칭을 위해 고주파 변압기와 인덕터를 제작하였다. 안정된 공기방울은 증류수를 100℃에서 10분간 끓여서 하루동안 서서히 냉각시켜 물속의 산소용존량이 0.3∼0.5㎎/ℓ일 때 포획되었다. 본 장치의 초음파 공진 주파수는 약 26㎑이었다. In this study the bubble captures phenomena by using supersonic transducers were investigated. The operating minimum power for supersonic transducers requires impedance matching for optimal capture of a stabilized bubble. Because the impedance supersonic transducers of was high, we made high frequency transformers and inductor for impedance matching. The stabilized bubble was captured in the distilled water which boiled at 100℃ for 10 minute and then cooled down for a day until the dissolution of oxygen reached at 0.3∼0.5㎎/ℓ In this experiment the frequency of the acoustic resonance appeared at about 26 ㎑.

생체분해성 고분자를 이용한 사시수술용 제형개발 및 효용성에 대한 연구

민병무,김용백,김승영,김창식,박근성,길숙종,조항진,이성복,노승무,송규상,강대영,조준식,양준묵,정경수,최선웅,이진호,김학용,인현빈 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

A new device, muscle clamping system was developed to facilitate exact quatifying technique A strabismus surgery, and reduce the risk of complications. The device is composed of a lower fixing body with three jaws and an upper supporting body. They are used to clip an extraocular muscle and fix it to the sclera with a single bite. Superior rectus recession on 16 rabbit eyes were performed with this new device. Conjunctival injection, muscle adhesion strength, and light microscopic findings were examined at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. The Conjunctival injection were minimal, adhesion power ranged from 420 to 600 gram gravity, which is sufficient in withstand the normal pull of human extraocular muscle. In microscopic exam, some Inflammatory cells and fibrosis were found. The new device was technically easy, fast, and accurate, so it may be useful in stabismus surgery.

CO₂음이온 집단의 생성과 특성

김용복,정기주 公州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1999 自然科學硏究 Vol.8 No.-

화학양론과 비화학양론적인 음이온화된 CO₂집단이온들은 중성집단과 전자선 이온원과의 교차로써 생성되었다. 이들 집단 이온들의 수량과 안정성은 이중촛점부채꼴 모양 질량분석기에 의하여 연구되었다. 관측된 많은 예외적인 것들(기묘수)이 크고 작은 준안정소부분(CO₂의 손실부분)에 의존해 상관되었다. 본 연구는 추가하여 처음으로 ?? 집단을 관측하였고(즉, 12eV 공명에너지와 함께 8eV 이상 전자에너지) 가능한 두 연구 방법을 논의 하였다. 상대적 전자부착 단면적은 ?? 에너지 영역에서 연구되었다. ?? 단면적은 집단크기에 의하여 강하게 영향을 받는다. Stoichiometric and non-Stoichiometric negatively charged CO₂ cluster ions have been produced in a crossed neutral cluster/ electron beam ion source. The abundance and stability of these ions have been studied with a double focusing sector field mass spectrometer. The observed abundance anomalies("magic number") correlate with corresponding small and large metastable fractions (for loss of CO₂). In addition we have observed for the first time??-cluster(i.e. at electron energies above 8eV with an energy resonance at 12eV) and we discuss two possible production mechanism. Relative electron attachment cross sections have been investgated in the energy region ?? for ?? and ?? for ions with n∈[l... 20]. The cross section of ?? are strongly influenced by the cluster size.

SCM 21 鋼의 表面缺陷形狀이 疲勞龜裂博播에 미치는 影響

金鍾鉉,金棟烈,李龍福 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 1991 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.1 No.-

In this study, the auther investigated propagation behavior of surface Cracks which initiated and propagated from machined defect specimens of SCM 21 which have each other different shape of surface defects. The results are follows. 1. In general, the crack shape was approximately semi-elliptical with the growth the crack. 2. The deeper depth of surface defect, the faster crack length propagation rate than crack depth propagation rate at the beginning but propagation rate of length and depth is similar to increasing the number of repeating load. 3. The shallower depth of surface defect is, the later surface crack are initiated. 4. When the initial surface crack aspect ratio is in the range of 5~6, the initial surface crack is propagated from quter surface to inner surface under the range. In case that ratio is lager than the range, crack is propagated to outer surface.

資本主義經濟에 있어서 景氣調整을 위한 金融政策에 관한 硏究

金容福 건국대학교 1973 學術誌 Vol.15 No.1

Control over conditions governing the quantity of money is inevitable in a modern industrial society. As the nation has adopted more positive economic goals, it has become interested in how and to what extend monetary control can be used flexibly to influence the behavior of expenditures, output, employment, and prices. Monetary policy is directly concerned with the provision of money, defined to include currency and demand deposits at commercial banks. In general, monetary policy is essentially central bank policy, which operates primarily through the system's exercise of conditions and continuous control over the reserve position of commercial banks. The reserves of commercial banks serve as the basis for expansion or contraction of their loans and investiments and the consequent creation or reduction of demand deposits. Changes in the degree of restaint or ease in monetary policy have an effect on total flow of expenditures and in turn on output, employment, and prices. The Central bank uses three major instruments of general monetary control. It sets the ratio of required reserves which commercial banks must hold. It engages in open market operations, which alter the volume of actual reserve balances available to banks. And it changes the terms on which commercial banks may borrow from central bank to meet a deficency in reguired reserves. Monetary restraint reduces the availavility of credit and increases its interest cost, thus retarding the flow of expenditures, output, employment, and income. Monetary ease makes credit more available and reduces its cost, and thus encourage an expansion in these flows. The primary and most predictable effects of monetary measures is its impart on the net reserve position of commercial bank. All three instruments of plicy, however, have direct impacts on other economic variables as well. The objective of stabilization policy is to keep the level of demand close to the output of economy when it is using its physical and human resources at a high level, has reasonably stable prices, and is rising at an adequate rate. The most useful kind of stabilization measure is one which can be put into action quickly, which take effect quickly, and whose effects can be quickly stopped or reserved. For it is desirable to be able to influence expenditures of businesses, households, governments fairly quickly in either the upward or downward direction. Unfortunately, those policy measures which are judged most effective in terms of one of these criteria are not always best in terms of the other. In spite of the developement of the various business adjustment and stabilty polcy, a business fluctuation does not seem to be completely eliminated by the national policy. The fault in choicing of timing of the countercyclinical policy and miscalculation to the intensity of subridiary measures have possibilities to make the business fluctuations aggravated. Therefore, the width of business fluctuations must be utmost reduced by paying an attention to the unstable effects attendant upon lags in the application of monetary policy and making the exact diagnosis and carrying out an early adjustment policy.

信用狀의 讓渡에 관한 小考

金容福 건국대학교 1978 學術誌 Vol.22 No.1

The transfer of the credit is available when beneficiary, in a position of a middleman, purchases goods from domestic supplier. The beneficiary guarantees the third parties the payment of proceeds by extending to them the right of claim in accordance with the credits opened by buyers. The first beneficiary can attain his share later on, by means of the substitution of invoice, by making the transfer of the credit minus his share. As explained above, the transfer of the credit is a specific way of transaction. At the same time, it is aimed at the streamlining of the transaction in which buyers open the credit designated as "transferable" for buying agent, thus making the agent select eligible exporters and transfer the credit to them. The credit can not be transferred in principle. In such cases mentioned above or for the streamlining of trade finance, however, the credit can be transferred on the terms and conditions under which the applicant has the right to do so. But the right given to the thirst beneficiary is the one to make an order of the transfer, not the one of the transfer itself. Accordingly, the beneficiary holds the initiative of the transfer, but the transfer to be made through the endorsement is invalid. This differs from the case of cession of an obligation. The beneficiary can exercise the right to make an older of the transfer. At the request of the beneficiary, banks can make the transfer of the credit. This paper largely deals with such problems as (1) the form and character of the transferable credit, (2) the obligation in the transfer, (3) the terms and conditions on the transfer of the credit, and (4) the transfer of the proceeds of the credit. In discussing such problems, emphasis is placed on the practice of the transfer of the credit and the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits.

信用狀去來에 있어서 運送書類의 受理要件에 관한 硏究 : 海上船荷證券을 중심으로

金容福 建國大學校 經濟經營硏究所 1995 商經硏究 Vol.20 No.1

This study is primarily concerned with one aspect of international commerce, namely payment. The object of the documentary credit is to simplify such payment by making use of the financial expertise and the creditworthiness of one more banks. One should never forget that the term 'documentary credit' is not magic charm. Documentary credit was created for normal trade. It offers protection against recalcitrant contracting parties, but is powerless when faced with fraud of certain form of force majeure. If a seller presents forged documents, the documentary credit cannot protect the buyer, any more than it can protect the sellers in an event such as the bankruptcy of both the remitting bank and the buyers. In both cases the documentary credit will ineffectual, but although both cases are quite conceivable in theory, they rarely happen in practice. In this paper I shall discuss the completion of the documentary credit. The completion stage commences when the beneficiary tenders his documents at the bank. By presenting the documents to the bank the beneficiary sets in motion the machinery which will lead to settlement of the credit. This machinery of the documentary credit can be compared with that of a cigarette machine. When a coin is inserted in cigarette machine it judges the coin by its diameter, thickness and weight, not by its value. A similar situation exists in the case of documentary credit. If a beneficiary produces forged documents which are in accordance with the terms laid down by the credit, he will receive payment, if the beneficiary has dispatched the specified goods in the proper manner but in compiling his documents has failed to take into account all the conditions laid down by the documentary credit, it may take that these documents will not hee honoured under that credit. If, however, the beneficiary tender documents which re in accordance with the terms laid down by the credit, the conditional right which he had up to that moment is converted to an unconditional claim, since he will have satisfied the conditions bearing upon his conditional right. There is no room for documents which are almost the same or which will do just well. This widely quoted judgement by Lord Summer clearly indicates what requirements the documents must meet when they are tendered ; they must be precisely, these document specified in the credit. If bills of lading are tendered under a documentary credit the bank will carry out a twofold examination. Firstly, it will check whether the document in question meets the requirements imposed on a bill of lading by law, and if the result of the examination is positive it will check whether the document satisfies th requirements concerning the bill of lasding laid down in U.C.P. and in the relevant credit.

REVERSE MOAT 식각 공정 유·무에 따른 STI-CMP 공정의 평탄화 특성

김철복,박성우,정소영,서용진 대불대학교 2001 論文集 Vol.7 No.1

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process has been widely used to planarize dielectric layers, which can be applied to the integrated circuits for deep sub-micron technology. The rise throughput and the stability in the device fabrication can be obtained by applying CMP process to shallow trench isolation (STI) structure in 0.18㎛ semiconductor device. The reverse moat process has been added to employ in STI-CMP. Thus the process became complex and the defects were seriously increased. Removal rates of each thin films in STI-CMP was not equal, hence the devices must to be effected, that is, the damage was occurred in the device area for the case of excessive CMP process and the nitride film was remained on the device area for the case of insufficient CMP process than these defects affect the device characteristics. In this work, the high selectivity slurry(HSS) was developed to perform the direct global planarization without reverse moat etch step, and the planarization characteristics of STI-CMP process with and without reverse moat etch step were studied.