이혜구 박사의 무악 연구 성과 및 검증 -체계이론을 중심으로-

이보형 ( Bo Hyung Lee ) 한국음악사학회 2015 한국음악사학보 Vol.55 No.-

한국전통음악학의 태두이신 이혜구 박사는 수많은 한국전통음악의 논문을 썼지만 한국의 민속음악 부문의 논문은 적은 편이다. 이 가운데 한국의 무속음악 부문에 관한 논문은 오직 “무악연구”이라는 하나의 논문 밖에 없다. 그러나 이 논문은 몇 가지 점에서 주목되는 것이다. 첫째, 이 논문은 현지 조사한 하여 작성한 한국의 무속음악에 관한 최초의 논문이라는 것이다. 둘째, 이 논문은 지금은 전승이 끊어진 지역의 무속음악이라 1940년대 서울 강남 지역의 무속음악 특징을 밝혔다. 즉 도살푸리, 반설음, 겹마치와 같은 무속음악 용어를 처음 학계에 소개하여 이 지역의 무속음악이 한강 이북과 다르고 경기도 남부 무의식과 같다는 정보를 후학들에게 제공한 셈이다. 셋째, 이혜구 박사는 이 때 조사한 무의식을 통하여 상고시대 나라의 축제와 관련성을 찾아내었고, 이 무의식에서 연행되는 줄타기 등 광대희를 통하여 중세 한국 궁중 축제인 나례(儺禮)의 가무희와 관련성을 밝혔고 또 판소리 발생론 규명을 시사하는 의견을 제공하였다. 넷째, 이혜구는 이 논문을 위하여 1940년대에 현지 조사하였고, 1950년대에 논문으로 작성하여 발표하였으며, 1990년대에 여기에 단긴 체계 이론을 약간 수정하여 발표하였고, 2000년대에 한국전통음악의 체계이론을 비판하는 저서를 내었다. 이 세 가지 글을 통하여 이혜구 박사 당시의 한국음악학 체계이론의 수준과 그 변화를 검증할 수 있었다. 이혜구 박사는 근래에 두 개의 서양음악식 박자가 한국음악의 장단을 이룬다는 이론을 처음 내었다. 이것은 옳은 이론이다. 그러나 강약주기박자 (서양음악박자)와 장단주기박자가 어떻게 결정되는가 하는 이론이 없기 때문에 다음과 같은 오류를 볼 수 있다. 중중모리는 반 장단인 6/8이 서양음악 박자이고 중모리는 4분의 1/4 장단인 3/4이 서양음악 박자로 결정하는 오류, 박의 층위 이론이 없었기 때문에 엇모리와 터벌림(반설음)을 다 같이 5박자로 결정하는 오류는 당시 학문 기준으로는 어쩔 수 없었을 것이다. 이혜구 박사의 유일한 무속음악에 대한 논문 “무악연구”는 학계에서 별로 관심을 갖지 않았지만 후학들의 국악학 연구에 여러 가지 시사하는 점이 많은 주목할 만한 논문이라 할 수 있다. Despite many research results produced by Dr. Lee Hye-ku 李惠求 [YiHye-gu] (1909- 2010), one of major pioneers of Korean musicological study, those on folk music remain relatively few. Among these, especially related to Korean Shaman music, we have only one particular writing, which is entitled A Study of Shaman Music. However, this paper deserves attention in the following points. First, this is the first report on Korean shaman music based on a field research. Second, this study investigates into the shaman music of Kangnam 江南 region of Seoul in the 1940s and this tradition is non-existent today. The study first introduces to specialists in this field concepts unique to Korean shaman music, such as tosalp``uri 도살푸리, pansorum 반서름, and kyommach``i 겹마치, suggesting that shaman music of this region differs from that from Kangbuk 江北 region and is rather similar to the southern ritual music of Kyongdo 京畿道 (Kyonggi Province). Third, based on this particular study of shaman rituals Dr. Lee has discovered its connections with court festival music of the periods of Koryo 高麗 and Choson 朝鮮 Dynasties. He also found similarities between acrobatic performances such as rope-walking staged in this shaman ritual and the song-dance-performances of narye 儺禮 (annual exorcism), a Korean court festival held in the middle ages. Moreover, he suggests that this is related to the origin of p``ansori 판소리 (Korean folk operatic song). Fourth, Dr. Lee conducted his field research in the 1940s, based on which he wrote up his paper in the 1950s. Later, after 1990, he added some details to produce his system theory and since 2000 Dr. Lee has published some books criticizing existing system theories on Korean traditional music. These three stages of writing demonstrate the level of development of changdan 長短 (rhythmic cycle) system theory in respective periods of Korean musicology and its changes. Recently, Dr. Lee has suggested that rhythm in Korean music largely consists of two types of Western rhythm, which is plausible. However, in lack of any theory explaining the dynamic structures of both Western and Korean rhythmic system, we were apt to decide that, for instance, half of chungjungmori 중중모리 changdan, rhythmic cycle of shamanic music, is western 6/8 and that 3/4 of one chungmori 중모리 changdan (rhythmic cycle) is in Western rhythm. Since no one knew about the level-theory of rhythmic beats, scholars often thought that both ommori 엇모리 changdan and t``obollim 터벌림 changdan were in five beat pattern. Although A Study of Shaman Music,“ Dr. Lee``s only study on Korean shaman music, received little attention from other scholars in the field, it may safely concludes that it has many good points from which scholars in the next generation may receive benefit.

관상동맥 질환에서 SDF-1α의 농도

김보영,박용규,박형서,노상필,정승현,이유선,이정우,이재환,최시완,정진옥,성인환 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1

Atherosclerosis is now viewed as an inflammatory disease of the vascular system. Expression of several chemokines, including monocyte chemoattractant protein(MCP)-1, MCP-4, RANTES(regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted), and interleukin-8(IL-8) are increased in human atherosclerotic plaques compared with normal vessels. They are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and plaque rupture by activating and directing leukocytes into the atherosclerotic lesions. However, some are involved in homeostatic functions such as normal leukocyte traffic and growth regulation. SDF-la is a multi-functional cytokine that is involved in myelogenesis, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and injured gastric mucosal regeneration in the gastric ulcer patient. SDF-la is recently shown to be highly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and a potent platelet agonist. At least in high concentrations, SDF-la may mediate antiinflammatory and matrix stabilizing effects in unstable angina. Many studies are going on to know the function of SDF-la in coronary artery diseases. I investigated the difference of the plasma level of SDF-la between control group and coronary artery disease group. Total 75 subjects were enrolled. The diagnosis of coronary artery disease was confirmed in all patients by coronary angiography. Control subjects in this study were confirmed normal by coronary angiography. Clinical profile and risk factors were also reviewed. Control subjects in this study were 27 (M=10, F=17). Plasma for the study was collected before the angiography and centrifuged. SDF-la analysis was performed by ELISA. Plasma level of SDF-la is significantly increased in patients with stable angina(n=20) and unstable angina group(n=28) compared with healthy control group(n=27). the risk factors do not influence the plasma level of SDF-la in coronary artery diseases. In this study, plasma level of SDF-la is increased in patients with stable angina and unstable angina groups compared with healthy control group(P<0.05). the risk factors do not influence the plasma level of SDF-la in coronary artery diseases.

림프종 환자에서의 갈륨, TI-201 그리고 Tc-99m MIBI 섭취의 비교

천경아,조인호,원규장,이경희,이형우,현명수,이재태,이규보 영남대학교 의과대학 2002 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.19 No.2

Purpose; Ga-67 scintigraphy has been used for the evaluation of tumors, especially lymphoma. Recently, Tl-201 and Tc-99m MIBI were also used to tumor imaging. Tl-201 and Tc-99m MIBI had better physiologic characteristics than Ga-67, so we studied 32 biopsy proven lymphoma patients (male 24, female 8, mean age 46 years) with Ga-67, Tl-201 or Tc-99m MIBI and compared the scan findings. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three of 32 patients were injected 74-111 MBq (2-3 mCi) of Tl-201, before chemotherapy and imaged with dual-headed SPECT (Prism 2000, Picker, USA) at 30 minutes after injection. Delayed images were obtained after 3 hr in 8 patients. Twenty seven of 32 patients were injected 740 MBq (20 mCi) of Tc-99m MIBI and imaged at 30 minutes after injection. 111-185 MBq (3-5 mCi) of Ga-67 was injected in 12 patients and imaged at 48 and 72 hours after injection. Twenty eight patients were diagnosed as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and others were Hodgkin's lymphoma. Results: Twenty patients were positive on Tl-201 scan and 3 patients showed negative findings. One of these 3 patients, Tc-99m MIBI and Ga-67 scan were positive. Twenty two patients were positive on Tc-99m MIBI scan and 5 patients showed negative findings. One of these 5 patients, Tl-201 was positive and 2 were positive on Ga-67 scan. Ten of 12 patients showed positive findings on Ga-67 scan. The sensitivity of these agents were 83.3%, 87.0% and 81.5% for Ga-67, Tl-201 and Tc-99m MIBI, respectively. The sensitivity was highest in Tl-201 scan, but there were no significant differences among three tests. In this study, there was no significant difference of uptake ratios between early and delayed images of Tl-201. Conclusion: Scintigraphy with Tl-201 and Tc-99m MIBI in lymphoma patients have similar sensitivity with Ga-67.

공기 정압 저어널 베이링에서 동강성 측정에 관한 실험적 연구

이종렬,이준석,이득우,김태형,박보선 한국공작기계학회 2001 한국공작기계학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2001 No.-

This paper has been presented the dynamic effect by the journal speed, eccentricity and source positions in order to overcome the defects of air bearing such as low stiffness and damping coefficient. Choosing two row sources position of air bearing is different from previous investigations in the side of pressure distribution of air film by the wedge effects. An experimental study was performed to compare theoretical analysis. The dynamic stiffness was measured in actual cutting. It helps predicting of air spindle's characteristic in machining of die more precisely. The results of investigated characteristics was applied to air spindle for high speed milling.

이행성 협심증 환자에서 운동부하 심전도 검사

이정우,박형서,박용규,노상필,이유선,정승현,김보영,이재환,최시완,정진옥,성인환 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1

목적 : 관상동맥의 경련에 의한 이형성 협심증환자에 있어서 운동부하 심전도 검사의 결과는 매우 다양하다. 이에 저자들은 충남대학교병원 순환기내과에서 관상동맥조영술상 이형성 협심증으로 확진된 환자를 대상으로 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행하여 이에 대한 결과를 연구하였다. 방법 : 1995년 1월부터 2002년 3월까지 흉통을 주소로 충남대학교병원 순환기 내과에 입원하여 관상동맥조영술을 시행하여 관상동맥의 내경이 50% 미만의 협착이 있고, 에르고노빈(ergonovine) 유발검사도 이형성 협심증으로 진단을 받은 233명중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행 받은 183명의 환자를 연구 대상으로 하였다. 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과의 판독시 발생할 수 있는 오류를 줄이기 위해서 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행하기전 심전도상 ST분절의 상승(5예)이나 하강(8예)이 있는 경우 EH한 T파의 역위(19예)가 있는 32명의 환자를 제외한 총 151명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 운동부하는 Marquette사의 case 15 답차를 이용하였고, Bruce protocol에 따라 증상이 나타날 때까지 최대로 실시하였으며 각 stage 및 운동후의 혈압을 측정하고 12 유도 심전도를 기록하였다. 결과 : 1) 임상적 특성 - 내원시 임상 상은 안정형 협심증이 39예(25.8%), 불안정형 협심증이 103예(68.2%), 심근경색증이 9예(6.0%)이었다. 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과 양성 군과 음성군간에 있어서 당뇨병, 고혈압, 비만도, 총 혈청콜레스테롤치, 현재의 흡연 여부, 병력상 운동시 흉통의 유무, 내원시 임상적 진단, 협착의 정도, 연축의 수 등을 조사하였는 바 어떠한 인자들도 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 2) 운동부하 심전도 검사 - 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행 받은 151명의 환자중 음성인 경우는 134예(88.8%)이었고, 양성인 경우는 17예(11.2%)이었다. 양성 소견을 보인 환자들중 ST 분절의 상승이 4예(2.6%), ST 분절의 하강이 13예(8.6%)이었다. 3) 관상동맥조영술 - 관상동맥조영술상에서 혈관 경력 위치는 우관상동맥이 70예(46.1%), 좌전하동맥이 44예(28.9%), 좌회선동맥이 17예(11.2%)의 순으로 나타났다. 운동부하 심전도 검사상 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 예중 Ⅱ, Ⅲ, aVF에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 1예는 관상 동맥조영술상 우관상동맥에서 경련이 발생하였고, V2-V4에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 2예중 관상동맥조영술상에도 좌전하행동맥에서 경련이 나타난 예는 1예이었으며 다른 1예는 좌회선동맥에서 경련이 나타났고, V5-V6에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 1예는 관상동맥조영술상에도 좌회선동맥에서 경련이 나타났다. 운동부하 심전도 검사상 V5 또는 V6에서 ST 분절의 하강이 있엇던 13예중 6예(46.1%)는 관상동맥조영술상 우관상동맥에서 경련이 발생하였고, 3예(23.1%)는 좌전하행동맥에서, 1예(7.7%)는 좌회선동맥에서, 나머지 3예(23.1%)는 2개의 혈관이나 기타 분지에서 경련이 발생하였다. 결론 : 1) 이형성 협심증 환자는 운동부하 심전도 검사에서 11.2%의 양성소견을 보였다. 이중 ST 분절의 상승은 2.6%이었고, ST 분절의 하강은 8.6%이었다. 2) 이형성 환자중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 실시하여 음성을 보이는 경우 다혈관 관상동맥질환이기 보다는 이형성 협심증일 가능성이 더 높다고 예측할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 3) 이형성 협심증 환자중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 실시하여 ST 분절의 상승을 보이는 경우 다혈관 관상동맥질환이기 보다는 이형성 협심증일 가능성이 더 높다고 예측할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 4) 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과에 대한 당뇨병, 고혈압, 비만도, 총 혈청콜레스테롤치, 현재의 흡연여부, 병력상 운동시 흉통의 유무, 내원시 임상적 진단, 협착의 정도 등 어떠한 인자들도 3그룹(ST 분절의 상승, ST 분절의 하강, 음성)간에 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 5) ST 분절의 상승 부위와 관상동맥조영술상 관상동맥의 연축이 일어나는 혈관과의 상관관계는 매우 높았다. No reports in the literature describe the results of exercise testings in a large number of patients with pure variant angina(coronary stenosis <50%) in Korea. In this report, We present the results of treadmil exercise testing in 151 patients with variant angina. 151 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery spasm underwent a treadmil exercise test. The clinical characteristics of variant angina patients classified according to ST-segment response to exercise were analyzed. Of 151 patients underwent a treadmil exercise test, negative result was seen in 134 patients(88.8%) and positive result was in 17 patients(11.2%). Of 17 patients saw positive result, exercise-induced ST segment elevation was present in 4 patients(2.6%) and ST segment depression was seen in 13 patients(8.6%). There was not a significant relationship between the ST segment response to exercise and the clinical variables(diabetes, hypertension, obesity, total cholesterol, current smoking, effort angina, clinical diagnosis, and degree of stenosis) assessed. Of 4 patients with ST segment elevation in treadmil exercise test, 1 patient with ST segment elevation in Ⅰ,Ⅲ,aVF had spasm in right coronary artery(100%) on coronary angiography, of 2 patients in V2-V4 had spasm in left anterior descending coronary artery in 1 patient(50%) and 1 patient in V5-V6 had spasm in left circumflex artery(100%). Positive treadmil exercise test was present in 11.2% of variant angina patient. If we have negative treadmil exercise result in patients with clinical manifestation of unstable angina at admission, we may have a suspicion of variant angina rather than multi-vessel disease. If we have exercise-induced ST segment elevation in patients with clinical manifestation of unstable angina at admission, we have a suspicion of variant angina rather than multi-vessel disease. Our result suggests that the correlation between the site of the ST segment elevation and the artery involved is quite good.

Pit식 방파제에 의한 파랑의 회절에 관한 연구

이홍식,이보형,A. Neil Williams 中央大學校 建設環境硏究所 1997 環境科學硏究 Vol.8 No.-

Wave diffraction has been studied for the prediction of wave interaction due to a pit breakwater. The present model is based on the linear wave theory and boundary element approach. The fluid domain is divided into two regions; an interior region whose boundary consists of the projection of the outline of the pit and an exterior region consisting of the remainder of the fluid domain. By utilizing an appropriate Green's theorem in each region, a pair of simultaneous integral equations has been derived for the velocity potential and its normal derivative at the imaginary fluid interface between the two regions. These integral equations have been discretized, and resulting system of algebraic equations solved by standard matrix techniques. Based on this solution technique, diffraction patterns in wave fields have been shown by the different various pit geometries. Finally, a numerical example for a navigation channel has been illustrated to present the effect of wave decay. In accordance with the condition of each pit breakwater, wave heights in the direction of leeward can be found reduced to 5 ~ 10% for the incident wave height.

식물성 기름의 단독 및 혼합이 도우넛 튀김유로서의 특성에 미치는 영향

李根保,金亨烈 瑞逸專門大學 1991 論文集 Vol.9 No.-

시판 옥배유, 면실유, 대두유 및 미강유를 각각 단독 및 2~4종 혼합한 혼합유를 도우넛 튀김용 기름으로 사용하여 185±2℃에서 5시간동안 가열하면서 매 시간별로 도우넛을 튀긴 다음 이 도우넛으로부터 기름성분을 추출하여 본 연구의 시료유로 하였다. 이 시료유들의 산값, 과산화물값, Lovibond color, 발연점 및 AOM 안정성을 측정하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 즉, 도우넛 튀김유로서는 면실유와 미강유가 우수하였고, 옥배유와 대두유는 부적당하였다. 이러한 결과들로 볼 때 도우넛 튀김용 기름으로는 면실유-미강유, 옥배유-면실유-미강유 및 옥배유-면실유-대두유-미강유의 혼합유계가 가장 적합하였다. Frying oils for doughnut, used for the investigation, were domestic corn germ, cottonseed, soybean and rice bran oil as well as all sorts of blented oils. Blending ratio of constituent oils for manufacturing of sample blended oils was same amount(v/v). Sample oils in this investigation are obtained by solvent extraction used for diethyl ether from doughnut samples. At thisn time, doughnuts are fried during 5 hours at 185±2℃, which is carried out 1 hour unit. We are obtained as followed result from changes of acid and peroxide value, Lovibond color, smoke point AOM stability of these sample oils. That is to say, frying stability was increased to the blending oils, cottonseed and rice bran oil were suitable but soybean and corn germ oil were not suitable as base oil of blended oil in oder to frying of doughnut. From these results, frying oil of doughnut was most suitable blended oils, which is cottonseed oil-rice bran oil, corn germ oil-cottonseed oil-rice bran oil and corn germ oil-cottonseed oil-soybean oil-rice bran oil etc.

건조조건 및 가수량이 건면의 품질에 미치는 영향

이근보,김형열 瑞逸專門大學 1993 論文集 Vol.11 No.-

Influencing factors in the manufacturing process of dry noodle products, in the case of consideration to water absorption ratio, cooking time, developing of gluten molecules, texture, volume expansion ratio and water soluble solid matters content etc., were drying method and treating amount of saline solution. Quality improvement was accomplished according to change from hot air drying to cold blast drying method. Quality of the dry noodle products was a direct proportional improved according to increase of treating amount of saline solution as to the same wheat flour. In ASW wheat flour, the suitable treating amount of saline solution was 45-50%(w/w).

어항입구 부근에서 Pit식 방파제를 이용한 쇄파 발생억제 연구

이홍식,이보형 中央大學校 建設環境硏究所 1998 環境科學硏究 Vol.9 No.1

The effect of wave decay due to single pit breakwater has been studied for restraining from occurring breakers in the vicinity of a fishing harbor entrance. Firstly, by utilizing Green's theorem and boundary element approach, wave diffraction due to a pit breakwater is performed to investigate wave interaction with linear wave theory. Diffraction patterns in wave fields have been shown by the different various pit geometries. Secondly, by using an appropriate numerical model based upon the time-dependent analysis including wave refraction, diffraction, and partial reflection is adopted to study the effect of various pit geometries near to a harbor entrance. Application of various pit breakwaters for a fishing harbor been illustrated to present the effect of wave decay. Finally, in accordance with the condition of each pit breakwater, wave heights in the direction of leeward can be found reduced to 10~20% for the incident wave height.

한국음악의 '시김새'연구방법 시론 : 민속음악을 중심으로

이보형 한양대학교 음악연구소 1999 音樂論壇 Vol.13 No.-