머리염색이 인체에 미치는 영향

윤형식,황성호,이현륭,김수호,박연석,권낙현,정호진,김동훈,노현주,홍성호,박병찬,이관,정해관 東國大學校醫學硏究所 2002 東國醫學 Vol.9 No.1

일상생활에서 모발염색은 흔히 접할 수 있는 미용의 한 종류로 특히 젊은층을 중심으로 폭발적으로 유행하고 있다. 염색을 위항 사용하는 약제는 표백제와 발색제 등 각종 화학약품이 사용되고 있으나 이로 인한 건강장해에 대한 연구는 그리 많지 않다. 저자들은 염색이 인체의 모발건강에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 염색과 관련된 주관적 증상과 모발의 변화에 대한 실험적 연구를 시행하였다. 동국대학교 경주 캠퍼스 재학생 80명을 대상으로 설문조사를 시행하여 염색 유 ·무 및 염색 후에 경험한 증상에 대해 설문 조사하였고, 의과대학 재학생 46명을 대상으로 피부 반응 테스트를 실시하였다. 또한 염색 전후의 모발 탄성도를 측정하였고 모발의 상태를 파악하기 위해 전자 현미경검사를 실시하였다. 설문조사 결과 염색 전에 비하여 염색 후 안구혼탁, 안구건조, 시력저하, 발진 및 접촉성 피부염, 모발손상, 모근손상 등의 증상을 더 많이 경험한다고 호소하였다(p<0.05). 모발손상과 모근손상은 헤어드라이어 사용 빈도에 따라 증가하는 것으로 조사되었다(p<0.05). 피부반응검사에서 가려움증이 가장 많은 증상이었으며 이는 여성보다는 남성에서 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 염색 전후의 모발장력은 염색 전 134.5±10.37g, 염색 128.0±30.69g, 염색 이틀 후 112.5±19.69g으로 나타났다. 염색 전후의 모발의 전자현미경 케라틴 층이 현저히 감소하고 모발이 가늘어지는 차이를 보였다. 염색은 모발손상, 모발 케라틴 손상 및 모근 손상, 발진 및 접촉성 피부반응, 안구혼탁, 안구건조, 시력 저하를 유발한다. 따라서 염색약으로 인한 손상에 대한 주의와 예방이 필요하다고 생각한다. 예방대책으로 염색 전 피부테스트를 통한 적합성 여부를 판단하는 것이 필요하며 가급적 염색을 피하는 것이 좋을 것이다. 염색약에 발암물질이 포함되어있다는 보고도 있어 염색 제조사의 철저한 실험과 염색 물질의 선별이 염색으로 인한 부작용을 최소화하는데 중요한 역할을 할 것이다. Hair coloring has became one of the most popular cosmetic activities to younger generations during last decade. However, there are few studies on the health effect of widespread use of chemical dyes. This study was conducted to study the effects of hair coloring dye on hair and other systems. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 80 persons in Kyongju campus, Dongguk University. We have done open patch skin test on 46 medical students. We also conducted scanning electron microscopy to examine the hair strength and structure before and after hair coloring process. Injury of hair and hair bulb, contact dermatitis, turbid eyes, xerophthalmia, and poor visual acuity were the main symptoms complained after hair coloring (p<0.05). Injury of hair and hair bulb were increased by frequency of hair-dryer use(p<0.05). In open patch test, pruritus was complanined by more than half of the subjects. Mean strength of hairs before and after hair coloring was as follows; 134.5 (SD 10.37)g before hair coloring, 128.0 (SD 30.69)g immediately after hair coloring, and 112.5 (SD 19.69)g after two days. The scanning electron microscopic findings of hair surface before and after hair coloring showed decreased keratin layer and thinning of the hair. Hair coloring induces injury to hair, its keratin layer, and hair bulb as well as contact dermatitis, turbid eyes, xerophthalmia, and poor visual acuity. Therefore, we think that precaution is needed in use of hair coloring dye. To prevent complications induced by hair coloring dye, it is necessary, especially to those with allergy or skin disorders, to perform skin test before action and avoid hair coloring whenever possible. Longterm health effects of hairdye should be studied and manufacturing companies should try to minimize complications induced by hair coloring dye.

3차원 전산화단층촬영 영상을 이용한 안면 연조직 두께 계측의 임상적 유용성

정호걸,김기덕,한승호,허경석,이제범,박혁,최성호,김종관,박창서 대한구강악안면방사선학회 2006 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.36 No.2

Purpose : To evaluate clinical usefulness of facial soft tissue thickness measurement using 3D computed tomographic images. Materials and Methods : One cadaver that had sound facial soft tissues was chosen for the study. The cadaver was scanned with a Helical CT under following scanning protocols about slice thickness and table speed; 3 mm and 3 mm/sec, 5 mm and 5 mm/sec, 7 mm and 7 mm/sec. The acquired data were reconstructed 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 mm reconstruction interval respectively and the images were transferred to a personal computer. Using a program developed to measure facial soft tissue thickness in 3D image, the facial soft tissue thickness was measured. After the ten-time repeation of the measurement for ten times, repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was adopted to compare and analyze the measurements using the three scanning protocols. Comparison according to the areas was analyzed by Mann-Whitney test. Results : There were no statistically significant intraobserver differences in the measurements of the facial soft tissue thickness using the three scanning protocols (p>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between measurements in the 3 mm slice thickness and those in the 5 mm, 7 mm slice thickness (p>0.05). There were statistical differences in the 14 of the total 30 measured points in the 5 mm slice thickness and 22 in the 7mm slice thickness. Conclusion : The facial soft tissue thickness measurement using 3D images of 7 mm slice thickness is acceptable clinically, but those of 5 mm slice thickness is recommended for the more accurate measurement.

터빈 속도검출신호의 자동 백업 장치 개발

김관행,김호찬 濟州大學校工科大學産業技術硏究所 1998 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.9 No.2

A speed detector of governor. which control the output and speed of a generator. Is important because a detector failure can have caused the shutdown of a power plant. Thus, it is necessary to introduce the switching method with two complementary detectors. This paper presents a comparative study of speed signal detector switching methods. One method has been tested at a power plant in Buk-cheju and the approach described here is expected to be of wide applicability.

韓·美 會計情報基準의 比較硏究

尹寬鎬 배화여자대학 1993 培花論叢 Vol.11-12 No.-

Contemporary business enterprises have a significant social implicants because their activities are closely related to the interests of inverters, creditors, surbodinates, as well as of the nation and people as a whole. The purpose of this study is to systematize accounting information standards for effectively utilizing the available accounting standards for business enter-prises. Accounting information standards in the America today considers accounting as an information system based on the usefulness of accounting information as supreme objective. It is revealed in ‘A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory (ASOBAT)' by American Accounting Association (AAA), which was issued in 1966. It is suggested that the four standards of relevance, verifiability, freedom from bias and quantifiability as accounting information standards that that could be to judge the usefulness of accounting information. Howard J. Snavely suggested the systematic accounting information standards which consisted of four stages. Eldon S. Hendriksen classified accounting information standards into two constrants; user constrants and measurement constrants. Accounting Principles Board Statement No.4 (APB Statement No.4), Basic Ceoncept and Accounting Principles Underlying Statement of Business Enter-prises was issued by American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) in 1970. If suggested seven standards of relevance, understandability, verifiability, neutrality, timeliness, comparability and completeness. These suggestions are integrated as SFAC No.2 by FASB in 1980. It follows that the scope of this study is limited to FASB SFAC No.2 in the America and the general principles of accounting standards for Korean business enterprises. By comparing the above two different approaches, following result, are obtained. First, priority should be given to clearly defining and setting up the optimal of general principles of accounting standards for Korean business enterprises. Second, principle of sufficiency must be integrated based of the principle of clearness. Third, principle of consistency must be substituted for comparability.

金銅線刻涅槃變相板 小考

李浩官 龍仁大學校 傳統文化硏究所 1998 丹豪文化硏究 Vol.- No.3

This relic was purchased by the Woohak(宇鶴) Foundation several years ago. It was treated for preservation and temporarily exhibited in the National Museum of Korea in 1988 before possessed by the Foundation. Yo˘lbanbyo˘nsangp'an(涅槃變相板, the Nirva­na, illustration from Buddhist su­tras, engraved on gilt-bronze plate)is roughly in the shape of incomplete pentagon in which its both sides and the base are square but the middle of the upside protrude. In the facet of the protruded side, it is described that Buddha is dying before the Buddhist Apostles in grief. The relic is 22.6cm wide in the base, 14.4cm high in the highest length and 0.45 m/m~0.65m/m thick. The purpose of this paper is to make a decision of the time it was made through a study of its technique. In the whole structure, bo trees(菩堤樹), Buddhist disciples, flying fairies, dying Buddha, pedestal and animals were characteristically inscribed in line by a graver with the tip of triangle. From the Three Kingdom Period(三國時代) passing the Unified Shilla(統一新羅) until the Koryo˘ Dynasty(高麗), it was usual that metal wares, sarira ritual wares, mirror plate and accessories had been decorated in the techniques of continually carving by a straight graver, a bell graver or a dot graver, or inscribing patterns, figures and characters in line by a delicate chisel. However, a remarkably different inscribing method can be seen in this relic. no example can be found in the other metal sarira wares out of some stupa produced from the late 7th century to the 8th century that had designs expressed by a special triangle graver like in this relic. There is no example with the technique using such a triangle graver even in those of Koryo˘ period which is estimated as followers of the Unified Shilla. This relic is the first Yo˘lbanbyo˘nsangp'an found in domestic cultural reality with a unique technique of continuous carving by a triangle graver. Domestically, only three examples of Yo˘raeyo˘lbansang(如來涅槃像, the Image of Nirva­na) in relief in the 10 Storied Pagoda of Wo˘ngaksa site(圓覺寺址十層石搭)the last altar portrait of Buddha among the picture of eight images attached to the four walls inside the P'alsangjo˘n(捌相殿) of Po˘pchusa(法住寺) Temple and this relic. Therefore, I think that it is rude to mention of the authenticity of this relic. It is also difficult for me to know what kind of relations between this relic and the Yo˘lbandangwhasang(涅槃銅畵像, one bronze work of Nirva­na) described in the documents of Kilsangt'ap(吉祥塔誌) in Haeinsa(海印寺). Only I can say that it is the first and only example of Yo˘lbansang with linear graving in a gilt-bronze plate and it is necessary to stud further and deeper the technique and the Pyo˘nsangp'an itself.

肥前陶磁器硏究

禹寬壕,千宗業 홍익대학교 1998 弘大論叢 Vol.30 No.-

History explains the reasons for making a particular area famous for one aspect of life, as in the case of Hizen, situated in the northwestern part of Kyushu, Japan. Hizen is the old name referring to the are known as Saga-Ken and Nagasaki-Ken to Koea. Areas such as Karatsu, where the Nagoya place was built, together with Arita, Takeo, Taku, Hirado, etc., became the Korean Potters' settlements. These areas acted as basis for the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and Korean Potters were brought here as hostages. They are also referred to as the place of origin in the development of today's ceramic culture in Japan. Among these severl kiln sites of Japan, there were potteries even before the Japanese Invasion of Korea. Pots were being made by Chosun Potteries. However, many changes took place with the discovery of Pottery stone, a raw material for porcelain, by Lee Sampyung(Lee Sampei) in the Izumi mountain region of Arita. Karatsu remained as an area producing earthenware pots and as an active area for making earthenware, the name Karatsu itself, describes the distinct qualities of this particular area. Other area besides Karatsu, fought to produce porcelain wares. Particularly in Hirado, the Keogwan Family-Imamura father and son-discovered a new type of Pottery stone and hence together with Arita, this area began to produce produce porcelain. Furthermore, it has been recorded that in Takeo, a senior to Lee Sampyung, the potter Jongjun, flourised the ceramic culture of Hizen, simultaneously as firm ceramic foundstion by building kilns and so on. At the bases of such a historical development, the efforts of the Chosun potters is no doubt prominent. Yet at the same time, it would not have been possible without the support of the provincial office-Daimyo Pottery, in Hizen as well as in other areas, was a symbolic way of expressing the dignity and the grace of Korea. Therefore, porcelain wares of Japan are referred to as Hanyo(Daimyo's Ceramic studio) porcelain because contains the nature of a particular group rather than the will of an individual. The residence of HIzen Nabesima Daimyo, were determined to continue giving birth to skilled potters. They strategically aimed at creating potters, generation after generation and hence produced what is known as Iro Nabesima and Nabesima ceramics. Moreover, a Korean style kiln known as Kakiemon, was self-developed. Its influence not only spread in Japan itself but also in Europe. It became a product of export through Imari. Takeo, Taku, Hirado and other areas, were no exception in developing ceramic wares with their own distinct characteristics. This study aims to find the relationship between the origins and the development of ceramics in a particular place. I have concentrated in conducting research works on the areas where Korean influence was most prominent without simply focusing on Hizen-Karatsu, Arita, Takeo, Taku, Hirado and so on. Furthermore, research was done on the specific strategies and conditions which enabled the development of Japanese ceramics a part from the influence of the Korean potters on hostage. I hope that this study will contribute to similarities in terminology between the two nations and the continuous research on Japanese-Korean Ceramic Research.

일본 근대 도자의 특성에 관한 연구

우관호,이성훈,석창원 홍익대학교 산업디자인 연구소 2004 미술디자인 논문집 Vol.- No.9

cdma2000 기지국용 수신기 설계 및 구현

신관호,오창헌 한국기술교육대학교 2001 論文集 Vol.8 No.1

Abstract In this paper, we design and implement an RF receiver for cdma2000 base station and evaluate its performance through experiment. The receiver down-converts the received 1.9GHz RF signal into 70MHz IF signal. The receiver has 1.23MHz channel bandwidth, wide dynamic range, better channel selectivity and sensitivity. From the experiment results, it is confirmed that designed receiver has above 80dB dynamic range, -105dBm sensitivity, 9dB noise figure. Therefore, designed receiver satisfies the design specifications of the cdma2000 radio part.

소프트웨어 원가계산에 관한 연구

尹寬鎬 배화여자대학 2003 培花論叢 Vol.22 No.-

Software industry . is the most brain-intensive information industry and high value-added one. Therefore the industry is fit for Korea which has enough high skilled human resource but poor natural resource. The selection of software cost accounting system became very important because the size of software sales is big enough to affect the financial statement and business decision. The purpose of this study is to present the basic structure of software cost accounting which is applicable to software industry in accordance with current cost accounting standards in Korea. There are no standards which are generally accepted in the field of software cost accounting in Korea. In order to establish the theory behind the development of software cost accounting standards, this study examined the standards which have been discussed in America, Japan and other countries. It has been known that in software cost accounting the standards were hard to be developed because the relationship between input and output is obscure. Also the cost control was difficult since software goods and work-in-process are intangible. But mechanism through in the process of software production and standardization through the skill which have been accumulated in software industry have been underway. Thus the software cost accounting procedures which are objective and reasonable could be developed in the near future. The study tried to present the basic structure of software cost accounting for software industry. This study suggests that the accurate estimate of software cost is very important for copying with severe competition in software industry. In such a situation more rational cost accounting system will be needed for the effective budgetary planning and control as well as performance control.

DBD 반응기에서 플라즈마 방전형태에 따른 PFC_(s) 가스의 분해 특성

김관태,김용호,차민석,송영훈,김석준,류정인 한국대기환경학회 2004 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.20 No.5

Perfluorocompounds(PFC_(s)), such as tetrafluoromethane (CF₄) and hexafluoroethane (C₂F_(6)), have been widely used as plasma etching and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) gases for semiconductor manufacturing processes. Since these PFC_(s) are known to cause a greenhouse effect intensively, there has been a growing interest in reducing PFC_(s) emissions. Among various CF₄ decomposing techniques, a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is considered as one of a promising candidate because it has been successfully used for generating ozone (O₃) and decomposing nitrogen oxide (NO). Firstly, optimal concentration of oxygen for CF₄ decomposition was found to figure out how many primary and secondary reactions are associated with DBD process. Secondary, to find effective discharge method for CF₄ decomposition, a streamer and a glow mode in DBD are experimentally compared, which includes (ⅰ) coaxialcylinder DBD, (ⅱ) DBD reactor packed with glass beads. and (ⅲ) a glow mode operation with a helium gas. The test results showed that optimal concentration of oxygen was ranged 500 ppm~1% for treating 500 ppm of CF₄ and helium glow discharge was the most efficient one to decompose CF₄.