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박병찬 육군군사연구소 2019 군사연구 Vol.- No.147
In the 1940s, Mao Zedong of China recognized nuclear weapons as a political weapon that could not be used in practice, as he described them as a "paper tiger." Therefore, he did not overlook the importance of nuclear weapons but did not feel the urgent need for nuclear development in the early days of its founding. So, what is the reason behind China's belated move to develop nuclear weapons? Also, what nuclear strategy did China take in the early stages of nuclear development to overcome its relatively poor nuclear power? At that time, the trend of nuclear development by major international powers and the threat of nuclear strikes from the West, led by the United States, changed the order of China's national tasks. Recognizing that through the modernization of conventional forces, the forces of the U.S and the Soviet Union cannot be carried on within a short period of time, Mao Zedong decided to curb the threat of nuclear attacks by neighboring powers through the development of nuclear weapons. China, the last of the five major nuclear powers to develop nuclear weapons, has been limited by economic and technological restrictions to increase its nuclear power to the level. Thus, since its success in developing the atomic bomb in 1964, it has produced only about 50 nuclear weapons before 1970. This was less than 1percent of the U.S. and Soviet nuclear power at the time. However, the absolute destructive power of nuclear weapons enabled China to secure nuclear deterrence. In conclusionm China secured a minimum amount of nuclear power during the 1960s through the development of nuclear weapons amid external threats of nuclear attack and international nuclear development trends. In order to overcome its inferior nuclear power, China pursued a "existent deterrence strategy" by having the actual possession of nuclear weapons pursued by the early nuclear powers and being recognized as a nuclear power by the international community. 1940년대 당시 중국의 마오쩌둥(毛澤東)은 핵무기에 대해 ‘종이호랑이(Paper Tiger)’라는 그의 표현과 같이 실제 사용할 수 없는 정치적 무기로 인식하였다. 따라서, 핵무기의 중요성을 간과하지는 않았으나 건국 초기 핵 개발에 대한 급박한 필요성을 느끼지는 못하였다. 그렇다면 핵무기 개발에 한발 늦었던 중국이 뒤늦게 핵무기 개발에 뛰어들게 된 배경은 어디에 있을까? 또한, 상대적으로 열세한 핵전력을 극복하기 위해 핵 개발 초기 중국이 택한 핵전략은 무엇이었을까? 당시 국제적으로 주요 강국들의 핵 개발 추세와 미국을 필두로한 서방 세계로부터 받은 수차례의 핵공격 위협은 중국의 국가과제 순서를 바꾸어 놓았다. 재래식 군사력의 현대화를 통해 미국과 소련의 전력을 단시간 내에 따라 갈 수 없다는 것을 인식한 마오쩌둥은 핵무기 개발을 통해 주변 강대국들의 핵공격 위협을 억제하기로 결심했다. 주요 핵 보유국 5개국 중 가장 늦게 핵무기를 개발한 중국은 경제적·기술적 제한으로 인해 핵 강대국들 수준으로 핵전력을 증대시키기 제한되었다. 따라서, 1964년 원자폭탄 개발에 성공한 이래 1970년도 이전까지도 50여 개의 핵무기를 생산하는데 그쳤다. 이는 당시 미국과 소련의 핵전력과 비교했을 때 1%도 못 미치는 전력이었다. 하지만 핵무기가 갖고 있는 절대적인 파괴력으로 중국은 핵 억제력을 확보할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 중국은 외부의 핵 공격 위협과 국제적인 핵 개발 추세 속에서 핵무기 개발을 통해 1960년대 기간 동안 최소한의 핵전력을 확보하였다. 중국은 열세한 핵전력을 극복하기 위해 초기 핵개발 국가들이 추구하는 핵무기의 실질적 보유와 국제사회로부터 핵보유국으로 인정받음으로써 ‘실존적 억제전략’을 추구하였다.
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박병찬,박수경,정해관,Park, Byung-Chan,Park, Sue-Kyung,Cheong, Hae-Kwan 대한예방의학회 2002 예방의학회지 Vol.35 No.1
Objective : From an analysis of a community outbreak of measles in Youngju, Gyeongbuk, in March 2000, the authors evaluated the effectiveness of the measles vaccination and its determinants to Provide an epidemiologic basis for the establishment of a vaccination policy. Methods : Information was collected regarding the vaccinations from the health records of four primary schools and through a questionnaire surrey of the parents of students in two middle and two high schools (N=4638). Measles cases were surveyed from the patient list of each school and from case reports in the public health center. The attack rate and vaccine effectiveness of measles was evaluated by school; grade; frequency, region, and institution of vaccination. Results : The attack rate cf measles, 6.3% among the total subjects, was higher in middle school students (15.8%) than in primary (2.0%, p<0.05) and high school students (8.9%, p<0.05). The attack rate of the unvaccinated group was 4.6-fold higher than the vaccinated group in primary schools (p<0.05). Vaccine effectiveness was 83.2% among lower graders of primary schools, 34.0% among higher graders of primary schools,26.1% in middle schools, and -7.0% in high schools. In multiple logistic regression analysis, grade in school (odds ratio, 0.77; 95% CI=0.67-0.87) and frequency of vaccination (odds ratio, 0.57: 95% CI=0.37-0.58) were significant predictors of the outcome. Conclusions : We concluded that the explosive outbreak of measles in this area resulted from both inadequate vaccination coverage and secondary failure of vaccination. There was no evidence of any effect of the cold chain system on the vaccine failure.
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기도유지기 마스크 환기마취를 이용한 비관혈적 비골골절 정복술
박병찬,남현재,이준호,김용하,허민정,서일숙 대한두개안면성형외과학회 2008 Archives of Craniofacial Surgery Vol.9 No.2
Purpose: The majority of nasal fractures have been treated by closed reduction. And they were manipulated under local anesthesia or general anesthesia. Under the local anesthesia, patients can feel the pain and fear, so general anesthesia through the endotracheal intubation became popularized recently to treat the nasal fracture. But it has still the drawbacks of postanesthetic complication. Therefore, under the mask ventilation anesthesia using oral airway, we tried to manipulate the nasal fracture. Methods: From July 2007 to November 2007, we worked with fifty patients that were manipulated the nasal fracture. Fifty patients were divided into two groups, general anesthesia with the endotracheal intubation group(n=25) and the mask ventilation using oral airway group(n=25). We checked up the anesthesia time, postanesthetic complication, postoperative aesthetic & functional problem of nose in two groups. Received August 14, 2008 Revised September 23, 2008 Accepted September 30, 2008 Address Correspondence: Yong-Ha Kim, M.D., Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, 317-1 Daemyung 5-dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-717, Korea, Tel: 053)620-3482/Fax: 053)626-0705/E-mail: yhkim@med.yu.kr *본 논문은 2008년 대한성형외과학회 제 64차 춘계학술대회에서 구연 발표되었음. Results: In total operation time and sore throat frequency among the postoperative anesthetic complications, there was statistically significant difference between the mask ventilation group and the endotracheal intubation group(p<0.05). But there was no difference statistically in nausea frequency(p>0.05). And no patients complained of postoperative nasal complication such as septal deviation, septal perforation, nasal obstruction and hump nose in two groups. Conclusion: Through the mask ventilation using oral airway, we could reach satisfactory results in the anesthetic time and postanesthetic complication.
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휴대폰 조립 작업을 수행하는 여성 근로자에서 발생한 전방 골간 신경증후군
박병찬,임현술 東國大學校醫學硏究所 2003 東國醫學 Vol.10 No.2
전방골간신경증후군은 정중 신경의 순수 운동 가지인 전방골간신경이 압박되어 발생하는 드문 질환으로 장무지굴근, 심수지굴근 및 방형회내근이 마비되지만 감각은 정상인 것이 특징이다. 전방 골간신경증후군은 전형적인 임상증상과 근전도 검사로 진단할 수 있다. 본 증례는 휴대폰 조립 작업을 수행하는 22세 여성 근로자로 입사 후 6개월이 지나 좌측 장무지의 골곡 약화를 호소하여 검사를 시행하였다. 이학적 검사상 좌측 무지의 지간 관절의 굴곡이 되지 않았고 감각은 정상이었다. 바늘 근전도 검사에서 장무지굴곤 심수지굴근, 방형회내근에서 탈신경화 소견이 관찰되어 전방골간신경증후군으로 진단받고 신경 박리술을 시행한 후 증상이 호전되어 퇴원하였다. 저자들은 과도하고 반복된 작업으로 인한 전방 골간 신경 증후군의 사례를 경험하여 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. The anterior interosseous nerve syndrome involves paralysis of the flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus of the index and long fingers, and the pronator quadratus. Most commonly reported etiologies include lesion of the median nerve following fracture of the radius and ulna, acute or repeated trauma, or prolonged pressure on the forearm. In 5 November, 2002, a 22-year-old woman who had worked in mobile phone manufacturing company for 6 months was evaluated for weakness of the left flexor pollicis longus. Nerve conduction study showed prolonged compound muscle acition potential latency of right median nerve and needle electromyography revealed fibrillation and sharp wave in the left flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus and flexor digitorum profundus. She was diagnosed as anterior interosseous nerve syndrome at the clinical studies and recovered after neurolysis with surgical exploration. We report a case of work related anterior interosseous nerve syndrome, which was not related to trauma.
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High Efficiency Optical Phased Array Using Silicon Nitride Waveguide
박병찬,유난이,손성진 한국물리학회 2020 새물리 Vol.70 No.9
A high-efficiency grating antenna and a multimode interference beam splitter using a siliconnitride waveguide have been studied for an optical phased array with an operating wavelength of 1550 nm. A waveguide grating antenna with patterned top cladding and a 1x2 multimode interference beam splitter with a tapered waveguide are considered. The optimized waveguide grating antenna and the multimode interference beam splitter offer above 70% directionality and 98% high single-mode transmission, respectively. These results indicate the possibility of using silicon nitride as a waveguide for a high-efficiency optical phased array.
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