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Numerical study on thermal stress cutting of silicon wafers using two-line laser beams
최성호,장경영 대한기계학회 2019 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.33 No.8
We propose a method of cleaving silicon wafers using two-line laser beams. The base principle is separating the silicon wafer using crack propagation caused by laser-induced thermal stress. Specifically, this method uses two-line laser beams parallel to the cutting line such that the movements of the laser beam along the cutting line can be omitted, which is necessary when using a point beam. To demonstrate the proposed method, 3D numerical analysis of a heat transfer and thermo-elasticity model was performed. Crack propagation was evaluated by comparing the stress intensity factor (SIF) at the crack tip with the fracture toughness of silicon, where crack propagation is assumed begin when the SIF exceeds the fracture toughness. The influences of laser power, line beam width, and distance between two laser beams were also investigated. The simulation results showed that the proposed method is appropriate for cleaving silicon wafers without any thermal damage.
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담연의 수행론에서 돈(頓)·점(漸) 개념 용례 분석 -교판론을 중심으로-
최성호 한국불교선리연구원 2010 禪文化硏究 Vol.8 No.-
This article is intended to analyze Zhanran 湛然’s doctrinal classification system (敎判), then explain his ideas. There have been many articles about Zhanran that have intended to explain the relation between Zhanran and Tiantai 天台 School. Because the identification of Tendai School was fixed after Zhanran's period, there are some differences between Zhanran’s beliefs and the general principles of Tiantai School. Especially, the presentative doctrinal classification system of Tiantai School, which was established by Diguan 諦觀, is very different from Zhanran’s classification. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze Zhanran’s classification based on his own articles. Zhanran’s classification was established to interpret many sutras that had been translated into Chinese and which seemingly have different contents among them. Classifying sutras systemically and consistently is one of the major issues of conflict among Chinese Buddhists. Zhanran suggested his own classification, which was mainly focused on the usefulness of a sutra to enlighten people. He thought that Buddha's words were important because they helped people attain enlightenment, and that it was necessary for there to exist many versions of Buddha's words because there were many kinds of people. So in his perspective, the sutra which is able to help all people attain enlightenment is the most valuable. Zhanran’s attitude is well shown in his argument of gradual enlightenment (i.e. jiandun 漸頓) and sudden enlightenment (i.e. dundun 頓頓). Those who disagreed with him argued that the two ways to attain enlightenment are suggested in the sutras:one, which is to attain it through gradual training, and the other, which is to attain it suddenly. In contrast, Zhanran argued that there was only one kind of enlightenment which could be attained suddenly. Many sutras expounded this enlightenment in many respects in order to have people understand easily. However, Zhanran interpreted the term of jian 漸 differently. He insisted that gradual enlightenment does not mean that people can attain enlightenment gradually; rather, it means that Buddha gradually has had people attain enlightenment. Therefore, Zhanran claimed that the term “gradual” refers to Buddha and not to ordinary people. 본 논문에서는 담연의 교판론에 대한 분석에 근거해서 그의 사상을 밝히고자했다. 담연에 대한 기존의 연구 성과는 그를 천태종 전통 내에서만 이해하려 했다는 점에서 한계가 있다. 천태종의 사상은 담연이 활동한 시기보다 훨씬 후대에정립된다. 후대에 정립된 천태종의 사상은 담연의 사상과 완전히 일치하지 않는다. 특히 담연의 교판론은 후대에 제관에 의해 정립된 교판론과 여러 가지 면에서차이가 있다. 그런 면에서 담연의 교판론을 담연의 저술에 근거하여 새롭게 분석할 필요가 있다. 필자는 담연의 교판을 한역(漢譯) 경전에 대한 체계적인 분류라는 측면에서분석하였다. 당시 중국 불교계는 내용이 서로 다른 한역 경전을 일관되게 이해하는 것이 과제였다. 담연은 경전을 부처가 중생을 교화해 나가는 과정과 연결 지어서 설명한다. 그는 부처의 언설을 중생교화의 측면, 즉 기능적 측면에서 의미를찾는다. 또한 다양한 경전이 성립한 이유를 깨닫지 못한 자들의 이해 능력(근기)차이에서 찾는다. 담연은 부처가 체험한 깨달음은 한 가지라고 생각하고, 그것을돈의 원리라고 표현하고 있다. 그는 깨달음과 깨달음에 이르는 방식은 한 가지뿐이라고 보고, 다만 이것을 설명하는 방식이 다양할 뿐이라고 주장한다. 이런 담연의 입장은 그가 점오와 돈오(“점돈”과 “돈돈”) 논쟁을 정리하고 자신의견해를 밝히는 부분에서 잘 드러난다. 담연의 논적은 경전에서 깨달음에 이르는방식에 두 가지가 있다고 주장한다. 깨달음에 바로 나아가는 방식(頓)과 단계를밟아서 나아가는 방식(漸)이 제시되어 있다고 본다. 이에 반해 담연은 모든 경전은 돈의 원리만 설명하고 있다고 주장한다. 다만 그것을 설명하는 방식이 다를뿐이라고 본다. 담연은 경전이 깨달음을 돕는다는 측면에서 의미가 있다고 보기때문에, 다양한 경전이 있는 것에 긍정적인 의미를 부여한다. 깨달음에 대해 여러측면에서 설명할수록, 더 많은 수행자가 깨달음을 이해할 수 있다고 보기 때문이다. 그런 면에서 다양한 설명방식, 방편을 갖춘 법화경이 가장 훌륭한 경전이라고주장한다.
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최성호 조선대학교 지식경영연구원 2022 기업과 혁신연구 Vol.45 No.3
The unclaimed receivable is an account that the contractor reflected in the calculation of the progress rate, but did not claim it because the ordering firms did not recognize it. Normal unclaimed receivable can be recovered in cash after the project is completed. However, the unclaimed receivable that the ordering firms did not recognize until the project was completed is converted into an expense. Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering reported large loss by converting unclaimed receivable into expenses in 2015. Accordingly, investors demanded the transparent disclosure of construction contract information. Therefore regulators implemented an improvement plan for raising the accounting transparency of the construction other-taking industry subsequent to the financial year 2016. The improvement plan strictly regulated accounting, strengthened audit and supervision, and expanded disclosure. Therefore, regulators expected improved accounting transparency to enable investors to make reasonable investment decisions. This study verified the effectiveness of improvement plan. Whether there were any significant changes in the effectiveness of unbilled receivable on accounting opacity after implementing the improvement plan was investigated. The results the effect of unbilled receivable on accounting opacity insignificantly after implementing the improvement plan compared to the pre-implementation. In summary, the effectiveness of the improvement plan was not great as expectations.
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