태연혈(太淵穴)의 유침 시간에 따른 체온 변화 -적외선체열촬영(赤外線體熱撮影)을 중심으로-

이봉효 ( Bong Hyo Lee ),이경민 ( Kyung Min Lee ),박지하 ( Ji Ha Park ),김민서 ( Min Seo Kim ),김산들 ( San Deul Kim ),박병규 ( Byeong Gyu Park ),양현동 ( Hyun Dong Yang ),예성호 ( Sung Ho Yea ),이호정 ( Ho Jung Lee ),최재원 ( Jae 경락경혈학회 2012 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.29 No.2

Objectives: This study was performed to find the desirable remaining time of needle in the acupuncture treatment. Methods: The 21 volunteers were given acupuncture at LU9 vertically and needles were remained for 2 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, respectively. The thermographic change induced by acupuncture was measured with Digital Infrared Thermographic Image at the following acupoints: LU11, LU10, LU9, LU8, LU5, LU1, and PC7. The statistical significance of thermographi change was evaluated using paired t-test and post hoc Wilcoxon test. Results: The most significant changes after acupuncture were produced when needles were remained for 10 min or 15 min. LU11, LU5, LU1, and PC7 were the point at which all of the remaining time produced significant change commonly. At LU11, the biggest change was produced when needle was remained for 15 min, while at LU5, LU1, and PC7, the biggest change was produced when needle was remained for 30 min, and the smallest change was produced when needle was remained for 10 min at all of acupoints of LU11, LU5, LU1, and PC7. The unbalance between left side and right was decreased the most largely in 15 min group. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the desirable remaining time of acupuncture needle might be 15 min.

The Effect of pH and Various Cations on the GTP Hydrolysis of Rice Heterotrimeric G-protein α Subunit Expressed in Escherichia Coli

Seo, Hak-Soo,Jeong, Jin-Yong,Nahm, Min-Yeop,Kim, Sam-Woong,Lee, Sang-Yeol,Bahk, Jeong-Dong Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2003 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.36 No.2

Previously, we reported the biochemical properties of RGA1 that is expressed in Escherichia coli (Seo et al., 1997). The activities of RGA1 that hydrolyzes and binds guanine nucleotide were dependent on the $MgCl_2$ concentration. The steady state rate constant ($k_{cat}$) for GTP hydrolysis of RGA1 at 2 mM $MgCl_2$ was $0.0075{\pm}0.0001\;min^{-1}$. Here, we examined the effects of pH and cations on the GTPase activity. The optimum pH at 2 mM $MgCl_2$ was approximately 6.0; whereas, the pH at 2 mM $NH_4Cl$ was approximately 4.0. The result from the cation dependence on the GTPase (guanosine 5'-triphosphatase) activity of RGA1 under the same condition showed that the GTP hydrolysis rate ($k_{cat}=0.0353\;min^{-1}$) under the condition of 2mM $NH_4Cl$ at pH 4.0 was the highest. It corresponded to about 3.24-fold of the $k_{cat}$ value of $0.0109\;min^{-1}$ in the presence of 2 mM $MgCl_2$ at pH 6.0.

가토에서 Vecuronium bromide 의 용량에 따른 근육이완 효과

김동원,이동호,민경호,전세웅,유희구,김경헌,승익상,김교상,서정국 대한마취과학회 1987 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.20 No.6

The introduction of muscle relaxants was an epoch making event in the development of clinical anesthesia and their use has hecame essential to anesthesia practice. Vecuronium, one of the newest muscle relaxants, many advantages; it is .apid acting, non-accumulating, has minimals side reactions and is promptly antagonized by anticholinesterases. However, its pharmacological effect, like other conventional muscle relaxants depends upon the dose and is influenced br many factors including body temperature, blood flow, interaction with other drugs, antibiotics, diuretics and so forth, To obtain a dose·response relationship which is important for clinical use, the effect of the vecuronium in various doses on the neuromuscular block in rabbits was investigated. The results were as follows. 1) In the vecuronium 0.025 mg/kg group, maximal twitch depression was varied between 75 to 92% with a mean value of 84,9%. The spontaneous recovery index was 141.0 seconds (2.35 min). 2) In the vecuranium 7.75 mg/kg group, thmean maximum twitch depression and spontaneous recovery index were 98.4% and 218.6 seconds (3.64 min.) respectively. 3) In the vecuronium 7.1 mg/kg group, maximum twitch depression was 100% and the spontaneous recovery index was markedly prolonged to 627.8 seconds (10.35 min).

울릉도 소의 전염성 병원체 감염률 조사

서민구 ( Min Goo Seo ),도재철 ( Jae Cheul Do ),우인옥 ( In Ohk Ouh ),조민희 ( Min Hee Cho ),김중규 ( Joong Kew Kim ),김영환 ( Young Hoan Kim ),박노찬 ( No Chan Park ),곽동미 ( Dong Mi Kwak ) 한국가축위생학회 2011 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.34 No.4

Prevalence of infectious agents, including Brucella abortus (BA), Mycobacterium bovis (MB), bovine leukemia virus (BLV), M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MP), Neospora caninum (NC) and Toxoplasma gondii (TG), was investigated in all the cattle raised in Ulleung island during 2007∼ 2010. For BA, the prevalences in head and farm were 8.1% (44/545) and 5.5% (4/73) in 2007, all negative in 2008∼2009, and 0.5% (4/774) and 1.7% (1/58) in 2010, respectively. For MB, no sample was positive by PPD or ELISA in 2007∼2010. For BLV and MP, no sample was positive by ELISA in 2007∼2009. For NC, seroprevalences in head and farm were 0.2% (1/545) and 1.4% (1/73), respectively, in 2007 and all negative in 2008∼2009. For TG, seroprevalences in head and farm were 17.6% (97/552) and 54.8% (34/62) by ELISA in 2009. By regions, the seroprevalences of TG in Ulleung-eup, Seo-myeon and Buk-myeon were 26.0%, 9.8% and 16.7%, respectively, which had significant differences (P<0.0001). Tiger cattle were more resistant to TG infection than Hanwoo. The seroprevalence of TG in summer was higher than in autumn. The seroprevalence of TG in cows was higher than in oxen. The seroprevalence of TG in cattle was increased with age. In conclusion, this study indicates that the prevalences of six infectious diseases, except for TG which are widely spread, are relatively low in cattle reared in Ulleung island.

D-Amphetamine이 니코틴성 흥분작용에 의한 카테콜아민 분비작용에 미치는 영향

임건한,서유석,민선영,임지연,김용직,나광문,임동윤 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2005 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.30 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 d-arphetamine이 흰쥐의 적출부신 관류모델에서 니코틴 수용체 흥분에 의한 카테콜아민(CA) 유리작용에 미치는 영향을 검색하여 그 작용기전을 규명하고자 하였다. D-amphetamine은 흰쥐 부신정맥내로 60분간 관류시 d-amphetamine자체는 약한 CA 분비작용을 나타내었으나, d-amphetamine (30 μM)을 비롯한 강력한 neuronal nicotine 수용체 작용제인 cytisine (50 μM) 및 epibatidine (30 μM)에 의한 CA 유리작용을 처음 4-10분 동안만 유의하게 증강시켰다. 또한, d-amphetamine (30 μM)은 60분간 부신정맥 내로 관류한 상태에서 dihydropyridine L-형 칼슘통로 개방약물인 Bay-K-8644 (10 μM)과 세포질내 칼슘저장고에서 Ca^(2+) ATPase 억제제인 cyclopiazonic acid (10 μM)의 CA 유리작용을 처음 4분간만 유의하게 증강시켰다. 그러나, 고농도의 d-amphetamine (500 μM)은 상기한 모든 분비촉진제의 CA분비작용을 오히려 억제하였다. 이와 같은 연구결과로 보면, 흰쥐 관류 부신수질에서 d-amphetamine은 낮은 농도에서는 콜린성 니코틴 수용체 흥분에 의한 카테콜아민 분비반응을 증강시키지만, 고농도에서는 오히려 억제적으로 작용함을 시사한다. 따라서, d-amphetamine은 용량에 따라서 흰쥐 적출 관류부신수질의 니코틴 수용체의 작용제 및 길항제로 이중 작용(dual action)을 나타내는 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 d-amphetamine의 작용은 흰쥐 부신수질 크롬친화세포의 dihydropyridine계 L-형 칼슘통로의 활성화 및 세포 내 칼슘저장고로부터 칼슘유리작용과 관련성이 있는 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of d-amphetamine on CA release evoked by nocotinic receptor stimulation from the isolated perfused model of the rat adrenal gland, and to establish its mechanism of action. D-amphetamine(30 μM), when perfused into an adrenal vein of the rat adrenal gland for 60 min, enhanced the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 mM), nicotine (30 μM), cytisine (50 μM, a selective neuronal nicotinic Nn-receptor agonist) and epibatidine (30 nM, a selective neuronal nicotinic Nn receptor agonist) only for the first period (4~10 min), although it alone has weak effect on CA secretion. Moreover, d-amphetamine (30 μM) in to an adrenal vein for 60 min also augmented the CA release evoked by BAY-K-8644, an activator of the dihydropyridine L-type Ca^(2+) channels, and cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic Ca^(2+) ATPase only for the first peroid (4 min). However, in the presence rather inhibited the CA secretory responses evoked by the above all of secretagogues. Taken together, these experimental results suggest that d-amphetamine at a low concentration enhances the CA secretion from the rat adrenal medulla evoked by stimulation of cholinergic nicotininc receptors, but at a high concentration it rather inhibits them. It semms that d-amphetamine has dual action acting as both agonist and antagonist at nicotinic receptors of the isolated perfused rat adrenal medulla, which are might be dependent on the concentration. It is also thought that these actions of d-amphetamine are probably relevant to the activation of the dihydropyridine L-type Ca^(2+) channels located on the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cell membrane and release of Ca^(2+) from the cytoplasmic store.

The Effect of pH and Various Cations on the GTP Hydrolysis of Rice Heterotrimeric G-protein α Subunit Expressed in Escherichia Coli

( Hak Soo Seo ),( Jin Yong Jeong ),( Min Yeop Nahm ),( Sam Woong Kim ),( Sang Yeol Lee ),( Jeong Dong Bahk ) 생화학분자생물학회 2003 BMB Reports Vol.36 No.2

Previously, we reported the biochemical properties of RGAl that is expressed in Escherichia coli(Seo et al., 1997). The activities of RGAl that hydrolyzes and binds guanine nucleotide were dependent on the MgCl_(2) concentration. The steady state rate constant (k_(cat)) for GTP hydrolysis of RGAl at 2 mM MgCl_(2) was 0.0075±0.0001 min^(-1). Here, we examined the effects of pH and cations on the GTPase activity. The optimum pH at 2mM MgCl_(2) was approximately 6.0; whereas, the pH at 2 mM NH_(4)Cl was approximately 4.0. The result from the cation dependence on the GTPase (guanosine 5`-triphosphatase) activity of RGAl under the same condition showed that the GTP hydrolysis rate (k_(cat)=0.0353 min^(-1)) under the condition of 2mM NH_(4)Cl at pH 4.0 was the highest. It corresponded to about 3.24-fold of the k_(cat) value of 0.0109 min^(-1) in the presence of 2mM MgCl_(2) at pH 6.0.

LDPC 부호의 복호를 위한 양자화 성능과 반복 횟수 통계

서영동(Young-Dong Seo),공민한(Min-Han Kong),송문규(Moon-Kyou Song) 대한전자공학회 2008 電子工學會論文誌-TC (Telecommunications) Vol.45 No.-

LDPC 복호기의 성능과 하드웨어 복잡도는 양자화 과정의 설계 변수인 클리핑 임계치(clipping threshold) cth와 양자화 비트 수 q, 그리고 복호과정의 최대 반복 횟수에 의존한다. 본 논문에서는 이상적인 Min-Sum 알고리즘과 양자화된 Min-Sum 알고리즘을 비교하기 위해서 시뮬레이션을 통해 클리핑 임계치 cth와 양자화 비트 수 q에 따른 LDPC 부호의 비트 오율 성능을 평가하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과 클리핑 임계치 cth = 2.5, 양자화 비트 수 q = 6일 경우에 이상적인 Min-Sum 알고리즘에 가장 근접한 비트 오율이 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 반복 횟수의 통계적 분석을 통한 반복 횟수의 확률 밀도 함수를 이용하여 q와 반복 횟수에 따른 복호 복잡도를 계산하고, 부호어 에러율(word error rate; WER) 성능을 추정하였다. 이상의 결과는 LDPC 복호기 설계에서 부호의 성능과 복호 복잡도 사이의 절충을 위해 사용될 수 있다. The performance and hardware complexity of LDPC decoders depend on the design parameters of quantization, the clipping threshold cth and the number of quantization bits q, and also on the maximum number of decoding iterations. In this paper, the BER performances of LDPC codes are evaluated according to the clipping threshold cth and the number of quantization bits q through the simulation studies. By comparing the quantized Min-Sum algorithm with the ideal Min-Sum algorithm, it is shown that the quantized case with cth = 2.5 and q = 6 has the best performance, which approaches the idea case. The decoding complexities are calculated and the word error rates (WER) are estimated by using the pdf which is obtained through the statistical analyses on the iteration numbers. These results can be utilized to tradeoff between the decoding performance and the complexity in LDPC decoder design.

가변 LDPC 부호의 성능과 반복횟수 통계

서영동,공민한,송문규,Seo, Young-Dong,Kong, Min-Han,Song, Moon-Kyou 한국정보통신학회 2008 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.12 No.1

WiMAX 표준인 IEEE 802.16e의 OFDMA 물리 계층에서는 채널 환경과 다양한 전송 성능의 요구에 부응하기 위해서 다양한 부호율과 부호 길이를 갖는 총 114가지의 가변 LDPC 부호를 정의하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 AWGN 채널에서 Min-Sum 복호 알고리즘을 사용한 시뮬레이션을 통해 부호율 및 부호 길이에 따른 LDPC 부호들의 성능을 평가한다. 부호율은 감소하고 부호의 길이는 증가할수록 우수한 성능을 보임을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 각각 동일한 부호율에 대해 2가지의 LDPC 부호가 정 의 되 어 있는 2/3과 3/4의 부호율의 경우는 2/3A와 3/4B이 2/3B와 3/4A보다 우수한 성능을 보임을 확인하였다. 또한 반복횟수의 통계적 분석을 통한 반복횟수의 확률밀도함수를 통해 복호 복잡도를 파악하고, WER 성능을 추정하였다. 이상의 결과는 LDPC 복호기의 설계에서 부호의 성능과 복호 복잡도간의 절충을 위해 사용될 수 있다. The OFDMA Physical layer in the WiMAX standard of IEEE 802.16e adopts 114 LDPC codes with various code rates and block sizes as a channel coding scheme to meet varying channel environments and different requirements for transmission performance. In this paper, the performances of the LDPC codes are evaluated according to various code rates and block-lengths throueh simulation studies using min-sum decoding algorithm in AWGN chamois. As the block-length increases and the code rate decreases, the BER performance improves. In the cases with code rates of 2/3 and 3/4, where two different codes ate specified for each code rate, the codes with code rates of 2/3A and 3/4B outperform those of 2/3B and 3/4A, respectively. Through the statistical analyses of the number of decoding iterations the decoding complexity and the word error rates of LDPC codes are estimated. The results can be used to trade-off between the performance and the complexity in designs of LDPC decoders.

Comparative evaluation of the algorithms for parametric mapping of the novel myocardial PET imaging agent ¹⁸ F-FPTP

Kim, Ji Who,Seo, Seongho,Kim, Hyeon Sik,Kim, Dong-Yeon,Lee, Ho-Young,Kang, Keon Wook,Lee, Dong Soo,Bom, Hee-Seung,Min, Jung-Joon,Lee, Jae Sung Springer Japan 2017 Annals of nuclear medicine Vol.31 No.6

<P><B>Objective</B></P><P>(<SUP>18</SUP>F-fluoropentyl)triphenylphosphonium salt (<SUP>18</SUP>F-FPTP) is a new promising myocardial PET imaging tracer. It shows high accumulation in cardiomyocytes and rapid clearance from liver. We performed compartmental analysis of <SUP>18</SUP>F-FPTP PET images in rat and evaluated two linear analyses: linear least-squares (LLS) and a basis function method (BFM) for generating parametric images. The minimum dynamic scan duration for kinetic analysis was also investigated and computer simulation undertaken.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P><SUP>18</SUP>F-FPTP dynamic PET (18 min) and CT images were acquired from rats with myocardial infarction (MI) (<I>n</I> = 12). Regions of interest (ROIs) were on the left ventricle, normal myocardium, and MI region. Two-compartment (<I>K</I><SUB>1</SUB> and <I>k</I><SUB>2</SUB>; 2C2P) and three-compartment (<I>K</I><SUB>1</SUB>–<I>k</I><SUB>3</SUB>; 3C3P) models with irreversible uptake were compared for goodness-of-fit. Partial volume and spillover correction terms (<I>V</I><SUB><I>a</I></SUB> and <I>α</I> = 1 − <I>V</I><SUB><I>a</I></SUB>) were also incorporated. LLS and BFM were applied to ROI- and voxel-based kinetic parameter estimations. Results were compared with the standard ROI-based nonlinear least-squares (NLS) results of the corresponding compartment model. A simulation explored statistical properties of the estimation methods.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>The 2C2P model was most suitable for describing <SUP>18</SUP>F-FPTP kinetics. Average <I>K</I><SUB>1</SUB>, <I>k</I><SUB>2</SUB>, and <I>V</I><SUB><I>a</I></SUB> values were, respectively, 6.8 (ml/min/g), 1.1 (min<SUP>−1</SUP>), and 0.44 in normal myocardium and 1.4 (ml/min/g), 1.1 (min<SUP>−1</SUP>), and 0.32, in MI tissue. Ten minutes of data was sufficient for the estimation. LLS and BFM estimations correlated well with NLS values for the ROI level (<I>K</I><SUB>1</SUB>: <I>y</I> = 1.06<I>x</I> + 0.13, <I>r</I><SUP><I>2</I></SUP> = 0.96 and <I>y</I> = 1.13<I>x</I> + 0.08, <I>r</I><SUP><I>2</I></SUP> = 0.97) and voxel level (<I>K</I><SUB>1</SUB>: <I>y</I> = 1.22<I>x</I> − 0.30, <I>r</I><SUP><I>2</I></SUP> = 0.90 and <I>y</I> = 1.26<I>x</I> + 0.00, <I>r</I><SUP><I>2</I></SUP> = 0.92). Regional distribution of kinetic parametric images (<I>αK</I><SUB>1</SUB>, <I>K</I><SUB>1</SUB>, <I>k</I><SUB>2</SUB>, <I>V</I><SUB>a</SUB>) was physiologically relevant. LLS and BFM showed more robust characteristics than NLS in the simulation.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Fast kinetics and highly specific uptake of <SUP>18</SUP>F-FPTP by myocardium enabled quantitative analysis with the 2C2P model using only the initial 10 min of data. LLS and BFM were feasible for estimating voxel-wise parameters. These two methods will be useful for quantitative evaluation of <SUP>18</SUP>F-FPTP distribution in myocardium and in further studies with different conditions, disease models, and species.</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12149-017-1171-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>

추출방법에 따른 감귤 과피 유래 Flavonoid의 추출효율 및 항산화 효과에 대한 비교

최찬익 ( Chan Ick Cheigh ),정원근 ( Won Guen Jung ),정은영 ( Eun Young Chung ),고민정 ( Min Jung Ko ),조상우 ( Sang Woo Cho ),이재환 ( Jae Hwan Lee ),장판식 ( Pahn Shick Chang ),박영서 ( Young Seo Park ),백현동 ( Hyun Dong Paik 한국산업식품공학회 2010 산업 식품공학 Vol.14 No.2

본 연구에서는 감귤 과피 가공부산물로부터 기능성 polyphenol 및 flavonoid가 새로운 추출방법인 아임계 추출법을 통해 추출되었고, 열수(80oC), 에탄올, 설탕용액을 이용한 기존 추출법과의 추출효율이 비교 분석되었다. 건조된 감귤 과피로부터 총 polyphenol(27.25±1.33mg QE/g DCP) 및 flavonoid(7.31±0.41mg QE/g DCP)에 대한 최대수율이 아임계 추출법(190°C, 1300 psi, 10 min)을 통해 획득되었으며, 이것은 기존 추출법 가운데 가장 높은 수율을 보인 에탄올 추출법을 통한 총 polyphenol(3.79±0.73mg QE/g DCP) 및 flavonoid(0.86±0.27mg QE/g DCP) 수율 대비 7.2배와 8.5배 이상 더 높은 것이었다. 추출방법에 따른 감귤 과피 추출물의 항산화 활성은 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 이러한 결과는 건조 감귤 과피 1g 당 아임계 추출법(190oC, 1300 psi, 10 min)에 의한 항산화 성분의 상대 수율(relative yield, %)이 다른 추출방법을 통해 획득된 것보다 대략 9.5배 이상 더 높다는 것을 설명하는 결과로, 아임계 추출법이 기존의 전통적 추출법에 비하여 감귤 과피의 기능성 polyphenol 및 flavonoid를 추출하는데 매우 적합한 방법임을 제시하고 있다. The extraction of polyphenol and flavonoid from citrus peel was performed by the ethanol, sugar, hot water (80oC), and subcritical water extraction methods. The maximum yields of total polyphenolic compounds (27.25±1.33mg QE/g DCP, QE and DCP indicate quercetin equivalent and dried citrus peel, respectively) and flavonoids (7.31±0.41mg QE/g DCP) were obtained by subcritical water extraction (SWE) with operating conditions of 190oC, 1300 psi, and 10 min. The yields by SWE were over 7.2-, and 8.5-fold higher than those of total polyphenols (3.79±0.73mg QE/g DCP) and flavonoids (0.86±0.27mg QE/g DCP) obtained using the ethanol extraction, which showed the highest extraction efficiency among tested conventional methods, respectively. Antioxidant activities of extracts obtained by different methods showed no significant differences. However, the relative antioxidant yield per 1 g dried citrus peel by SWE (190oC, 10 min) was over 9.5-fold higher than that by the ethanol extraction.