FOB·CIF의 比較 硏究

鄭賢宇 釜山水産大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.31 No.-

FOB and CIF are the chief terms used in international trade contracts. But the problem is that these terms are the outgrowth of custom and usages of merchants and the same terms are interpreted differently in different countries. I.C.C. (International Chamber of Commerce) and other organizations made attempts to provide uniform international rules for the interpretation of the terms. The major rules are Incoterms by I.C.C., Revised American foreign Trade Definitions (RAFTD), the Uniform Commercial Code(UCC) and Warsaw-Oxford Rules (W-O Rules). And another problems arises here. The interpretation of the terms provided by organizations are not the same, making slight difference in meaning and effect. Therefore, this study is designed to see into the historical background of the two main instruments FOB and CIF, analyze the fundamental differences between two terms FOB and CIF, and the differences in interpretation made by the organizations, clarify the uncertainties concerning these terms and present reasonable solution. Incoterms published by I.C.C. and revised in 1936, 1953 are accepted as most authoritative. RAFTD, adopted first in 1919 in National Foreign Trade Convention, U.S.A. and revised in 1941 are devised to suit the geographical characteristics of America. The Uniform Commercial Code, announced in 1952 and adopted first by Penn. State in 1954 covers almost all the states. W-O Rules, established by International Law Association in 1928 is the representative interpretation of CIF. The main differences found through this study of the international rules concerning FOB and CIF can be summed up as follows : 1) Transfer of Property a) In case of FOB, property in goods passes on shipment but the time of shipment is interpreted differently. Under Incoterms it is the time of effectively passing the ship's rail; under RAFTD it is when the goods are placed on board the vessel and under UCC, it is when the goods are placed on board the vessel. And in order to prove shipment, under Incoterms M/R is required and under RAFTD clean ship's receipt or on board B/L is required. b) In case of CIF, B/L is a matter of interest. On Board B/L is in principle required but RAFTD and UCC and W-O Rules accept received B/L. 2) Transfer of Risk The general rule for transfer of risk is that the risk passes with property but risk under FOB and CIF passes on shipment. The time of shipment is interpreted differently as shown in (1). 3) Cost or Charges FOB is not "C" of CIF in a strict sense, for the passing of property under CIF is based on documents an the cost should include the cost of tendering documents. And the following charges should be examined because it is not clear whether they are for account of seller or buyer. a) Stevedorage In case of Liner, stevedorage is paid by the party responsible for freight, that is, buyer under FOB and seller under CIF. But in case of charter, the owner of the goods should pay the stevedorage based on FIO (Free in Free out) which is accepted as general principle. But seller is responsible for shipping and loading, not stowing under Incoterms and so buyer should pay the stevedorage. Under RAFTD, seller is responsible for stowage, for seller's duty is to place the goods on board the vessel. The two rules take different positions and so prior agreement between seller and buyer is desired, employing such terms as "FOB ST" "FOB including Stowing". b) Auxiliary Documents As for B/L, Incoterms (FOB) requires seller only to furnish M/R and so the cost concerning B/L is for account of buyer but under RAFTD it is seller's account. As for auxiliary documents such as Certificate of Origin or Consular Invoice, both Incoterms and RAFTD require buyer to bear the costs and seller to assist with obtaining the documents. But W-O Rules stipulates that it should be equally borne by seller and buyer. c) Other Charges Clearance fee should be borne by seller under Incoterms but by buyer under RAFTD. Aand negotiation changes should be borne by seller but such other charges as commission, maildays or usance interest or cost of exchange are ambiguous. The agreement is also needed here, using such variations as CIF&E, CIF&I, CIF&C. 4) Variation of FOB and FOB of particular Contract Under FOB, transport and insurance arrangements should be made by buyer but there are occasions when seller does so in place of buyer. Yet, in this case it is different from CIF in legal position. Under variant FOB, the seller is requested to do so by buyer, so he is not responsible for the disadvantage in the event that the ships cannot be chartered or ship's space are not available and cannot be reserved. Particularly-contracted FOB, which is far from traditional FOB, is nowadays in much use with the increase L/C-based transaction. In this case, the property passes at the same time as CIF, that is, on tendering the documents. It is true that the risk passes on shipment, but the problem arises when buyer refuses to accept the documents, to pay the price or to accept the bill. The damage to or the loss of the goods cannot be recovered under the circumstances and seller is forced to bear the risk from the time of shipment because the passing of property under particularly-contracted FOB is retroactive to the time of shipment. FOB is the term which is historically older and in wider use, which has become more complicated with the introduction of RAFTD in America. CIF is the term which makes reasonable division in duties between seller and buyer naturally and it is increased use with L/C transaction. The comparison between two terms can be summed up in the following table: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- shipping insurance risk property delivery price port passing passing factor based -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FOB buyer buyer shipment shipment physical single shipment -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CIF seller seller shipment documents docum- complex destination tendered entary -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Therefore, CIF is generally better term than FOB or particularly-contracted FOB, for it suits well documents-based transactions with less problems. But FOB is advantageous to both parties in the following special cases; a) when buyer owns ships or has branch offices at the destination port to handle shipping and insurance in an advantageous position or the goods are such bulk cargo as to charter a vessel and b) seller as a producer or manufacturer is not specialized in international trade or the market for shipping and insurance are not stable and freight and insurance premium are expected to rise. So, for more use of CIF which is more desirable to both parties, the way to be able to adopt CIF to container transport and air cargo should be sought by recognizing and accepting received B/L, and transforming Airway Bill into B/L.

信用狀 統一規則의 4次 改正

鄭賢宇 釜山水産大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.35 No.-

Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) operated world-widely has been revised four times and the recent revision made in June, 1983 which came into effect on October 1, 1984. International Chamber of Commerce (I.C.C.; funded in 1919) draws up the rules on the documentary credits which are used to effect payment for goods, keeping up with major changes which affects international trade. UCP was established in 1933 with the support of United States. The position of America in international trade has become greater since World War 1 and they faced various disputes on credits over 1930s world depression. That's why U.S. welcomed the idea of uniforming the rules on credits. UCP, made up of General Rule, 5 parts, 49 articles, was not adopted at first by U.s. and U.K. They made some reservation for adoption. The reservations were made about charter party B/L, received B/L, Insurance Certificate, partial shipment. And so the established rule was mostly based on European principle. * * * UCP was revised first in 1951(effective January 1, 1952). This revision covered American references and made harmoney with the existing European principle. The countries adopting this rule increased to 77 countries and standard from of letter of credit was adopted. UCP was revised again in 1962(effective July 1, 1963) with UK adoption of this rule. The language of UCP was changed from French into English and UCP became world-wide except some communist countries (Red China). UK principle affected this rule, making it stricter, comprehensive, abstract. For example, the governing clause should be contained in L/C and UK contended that option clause(may) should be abolished. For the third time UCP was revised in 1974 (effective ON October 1, 1975) to keep up with the development of combined transport. The definition of combined transport and the acceptability of received B/L were made and clauses (except clause 41) were abolished. * * * The fourth and l test revision, adopted in June 1983 and become effective on October 1, 1984, supplemented the third revision mainly in the field of combined transport, also covering the change of payment method-stand-by L/C and deferred payment L/C. and more or less clause(±3%→±5%). The structure has been changed into 6 chapters, 55 articles. And the shipping documents are now called transport documents. The summing-up of the fourth revision in case of transport documents is as follows: -Copies are treated as originals. -Transport documents are divided into three kinds: 1) Transport documents excluding marine B/L, post certificate 2) Marine B/L 3) postCertificate -Division of the acceptability has been made: 1) will accept 2) will not reject, 3) will reject -Post certificate: accept and partial shipment possible with same certificate -In case of marine B/L: almost the same as the old rule: Combined Transport Documents: much change; Refer to the follwing table for the chaange and comparision between old rule and new rule: oldrule newrule form specify or accept as presented short from, blank endorsement issuer " " carrier or his agent freight forwarder and person locally qualified " indication of on-board on board or not indicated dispatch taking in charge, or on board "intended"(vessel,port) none not reject transhipment:definition reloading of the goods reloading of good and the conveyance(vessel) acceptability B/L for entire voyage B/L for the course of carriage Revision trend can be concluded as follows: 1) Keeping with the development of means of transportation and communication and other technologya; Clearer definition of combined transport and its document; accepting copies as originals 2) Realization of new types of transaction: stand-by L/C, deferred payment L/C, BWT, more er less clause 3)Compliance with other international rules: CIP, expected profit 4) Strict interpretation: option clause abolished; insertion of governing clauseRevision trends 1) 3) are desirable for the rules to be living and interlinking with other rules, but strict interpretation draws our attention because stricter interpretation will make L/C transaction strict, which will cause decrease in international trade. Therefore, clear guideline of rules and cooperation of the parties concerned are more desirable. If not, more service of the banks is required. And clearer definition of stand-by L/C is also required in terms of form, revocability, ect.

北漢山의 植物資源調査硏究 : 第1部 管束植物 Resources in Mt. Buk-Han PartⅠTracheophyta

鄭台鉉,李愚喆 成均館大學校 1962 論文集 Vol.7 No.-

Mt. Buk-han is located in the northern side of Seoul, Korea; whose flara has been seriously destroyed due to the population increase of the city the constant Mountain climbers. The Plants of this mountain were first collected by Gotlsche, C. in 1883 when he collecetd plants in the entire vicinity of Seoul, and the flora of this mountain has been partly surveyed by several scholars, but no one has ever comprehensively surveyed the flora of this mountain as such. The writers is now presenting the results of their 9 times survey made from 1961 to 1962 as a part I of the entire flora specified as Tracheophyta. The result of this study is as follows: 1) The plants of Mt. Buk-han are composed of 114 families, 228 genera, 347 species, 94 varieties, 9 forma and 450 kind in all. 2) As the population of Seoul City has increased and their footprints got frequent, a disorder of the original flora of this mountain has occurred; Buxus Koreana, Utricularia bifida, Lactuca chelidonifolia, Sasamorpha purpurascens var. borealis have been disappeared consequently. 3) Comparing the flora of Mt. Buk-han with that of other mountains, 262 species were in common with Mt. Hanla (Ir. Querpart), 142 species are with Ir. Dagelet (Ulneung), 226 species with Mt. Sulak, and 18 species with Mt. Baek-doo. These facts show that the sothern floral elements such as Cocculus trilobus, Akebia quinata, Achgranthes japonica, Zelkova serrata, Viburnum erosum var. punctatum are believed to thrive in Mt. Buk-han which is in accord with northern line of temperate zone T. Nakai had named by means of climate of Korea.

소아과 입원 환자에 대한 통계적 고찰

정용현,서우식,유재홍,변상현 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1995 충남의대잡지 Vol.22 No.2

For the purpose of assessing the disease patterns by the body organ system in patients of the pediatric age, we performed a statistical analysis of diseases of patients admitted to the department of pediatrics at Chungnam National University Hospital from January 1990 to December 1994. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Total numbers of in-patients were 8,007, of which 4,923 were male and 3,084 were female. The ratio male to female was 1.60 : 1. 2. Prevalence of the diseases classified by body organ system was in the following order : neonatal diseases (34.6%), respiratory diseases (17.4%), infectious diseases (11.5%), congenital anomalies (5.5%), digestive diseases (5.1%), genitourinary diseases (4.9%), neoplasm (4.7%), blood diseases (3.3%), nervous system diseases (2.8%), metabolic and endocrine diseases (2.4%), circulatory system diseases (2.3%), skin and subcutaneous diseases (1.3%), musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases (1.2%), mental and behavior disorders (0.4%). 3. Major diseases in each body organ system were as follows : 1) infectious diseases : unspecified acute gastroenteritis (35.9%), viral meningitis (10.4%), Rotaviral enteritis (6.8%), sepsis (6.7%), measles (5.8%). 2) neoplasm ; ALL (34.1%), AML (15.8%), Wilms tumor (12.8%), NHL (8.2%), neuroblastoma (5.6%) 3) blood diseases : allergic purpura (24.2%), aplastic anemia (17.1%), ITP (16.4%), iron deficiency anemia (15.8%). 4) metabolic and endocrine diseases : short stature (22.0%), hypocalcemia (13.8%), metabolic acidosis (9.6%), IDDM (6.4%). 5) mental and behavior diseases : neurosis (47.7%), mental retardation (18.2%). 6) Nervous and sensory system diseases : epilepsy (43.2%), cerebral palsy (12.1%), otitis media (9.3%), encephalopathy (6.2%). 7) circulatory system diseases: congestive heart failure (29.2%), dilated cardiomyopathy (8.0%), rheumatic fever (8.0%), mitral insufficiency (6.8%), hypertension (6.4%). 8) respiratory diseases : pneumonia (40.1%), URI (9.6%), acute tonsillitis (9.4%), asthma (8.5%), acute bronchiolitis (8.3%), croup (7.1%), acute bronchitis (4.1%). 9) digestive system diseases : unspecified hepatitis (22.8%), acute gastritis (13.8%). CAH (12.6%), intussusception (7.8%), constipation (7.1%). 10) skin and subcutaneous diseases : cellulitis (23.1%), lymphadenitis (19.7%), urticaria (15.6%), atopic dermatitis (8.8%), furuncle (8.2%). 11) musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases : Kawasaki disease (76.8%), JRA (8.5%), SLE (7.0%). 12) genitourinary system diseases : UTI (29.0%), minimal change nephrotic syndrome (27.3%), APSGN (7.6%), APN (4.9%). 13) congenital or chromosomal abnormalities : VSD (38.7%), ASD (10.5%), TOF (8.4%), PDA (5.2%), CHPS (4.5%), Down syndrome (4.1%). 14) neonatal diseases : jaundice (32.0%), prematurity (12.7%), RDS (5.7%), sepsis (4.5%), birth asphyxia (3.0%), SGA (3.0%). 15) Others : febrile convulsion (45.6%), failure to thrive (9.2%), FUO (8.9%), drug intoxication (8.2%). 4. Common diseases for admission in pediatrics were in the following order : jaundice, pneumonia, unspecified acute gastroenteritis, VSD, RDS, URI, acute tonsillitis, acute lymphadenitis, ALL, sepsis, asthma, acute bronchiolitis, UTI.

파킨슨씨병 환자에 있어서 자가부신수질 이식술

정상섭,박상근,오성훈,김선호,윤도흠,박정수,양우익,최인준,안영수,김경환,박창일,김진수,이현철 대한신경외과학회 1988 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.17 No.6

Recent experimental studies and clinical cases have suggested that grafting tissue from the adrenal medulla into the brain may alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Autologous adrenal medullary grafts into the striatum was performed stereotactically in two patients with Parkinson's disease. Both patients were bedridden preoperatively, but 4 months after the surgery both became ambulatory and one was even capable of returning to his job. Even though the number of cases was small⑵ and the follow-up period was short, this study shows that adrenal medullary transplantation into the striatum may have some beneficial effects in patient with Parkinson's disease. Further experimental and clinical trials are necessary to see whether this procedure will be a recommendable surgical treatment for patients suffering from Parkinson's disease.

프롤린 함량 증가 및 내건성 강화 관련 새로운 RING-Type E3 유비퀴틴 리가아제 애기장대 atrzf1 돌연변이체의 생리적 기능 연구

주현우,민지희,정문수,김철수 전남대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2021 농업생명과학연구동향 Vol.59 No.-

The covalent attachment of ubiquitin to proteins plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cellular function through biological events involving abiotic of biotic stress responses, immune responses, and apoptosis, Here, we characterize the biological function of the Arabidopsis thaliana RING Zinc Finger 1 (AtRZF1) in dehydration response. AtRZF1 was significantly reduced by drought stress. The atrzf1 mutant was less sensitive to osmotic stress than the wild-type during early seedling development, wheareas transgenic pants overexpressing AtRZF1 were hypersensitive, indicating that AtRZF1 megatively regulates drought-mediated control of early seedling developmeng. Moreover, the ectopic expression of the AtRZF1 gene was very significantly influential in drought sensitiv parameters including proline content, water loss, membrance ion leakage and the expression of dehy-dration stress-relat genes. ARZF1 is a functional E3 ubiquitin ligase, and its conserved C3H2C3-type RING domain is likely important for the biological function of AtRZF1 in drought response. Together, these results suggest that the E3 ligase AtRZF1 is an important regulator of water deficit stress during early seedling development.

複合運送의 貿易價格條件

鄭賢宇 釜山水産大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.33 No.-

The mode of transport had a great effect on trade patterns and sales contracts. Combined transport developed with container transport has made a great change in trade. The established forms of trade contracts are the terms only based on marine transportation. And the new trade have been made to meet the conditions of combined transport by I.C.C. (International Chamber of Commerce) in 1980. They are 1) Free Carrier (named point) : FRC, 2) Freight, Carriage Paid to(named point of destination) : DCP and 3) Freight, Carriage and Insurance Paid to(named point of destination) : CIP. FRC based on the same principle as FOB is the term that the seller fulfills his obligations when he delivers the goods into the custody of the carrier at the named point. DCP, based on the same principle as CNF is the term that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination. This term, which was applied only to inland transportation, is now extended to cover combined transport. CIP, based on the same principle as CIF is the term that only adds the seller's obligation of effecting insurance to that of DCP. It is rather alleviating to employ these terms which are specifically based on such conventional terms as FOB, CNF and CIF. So, in order to find out the cores of the new terms it is most desirous to compare FRC with FOB including FOB Airport, DCP with CNF, and CIP with CIF. 1) FRC/FOB In case of FOB, the transfer of property in goods and risks arise on shipment(on the basis of ship's rail according to INCOTERMS) but in FRC on the delivery of the goods into the custody of the carrier. 2) FRC/FOB Airport(FOA) In FOA the carrier becomes the air carrier. And unlike that of FOB and FRC, the obligation to make a transport contract lies in principle with the seller. 3) DCP/CNF In case of DCP, the risk and the property in the goods pass on the delivery of the goods into the custody of the carrier but the cost includes the expenses incurred until the goods arrive at the destination. And the big difference is that CNF is the symbolic trade term under which the property transfers on the tender of documents but DCP is the physical, actual term. 4) CIP/CIF CIP is an addition of insurance to DCP. So, the observation of the differences between CIP and CIF in terms of insurance is sufficient. CIF requires seller to furnish marine insurance policy or, if qualified, certificate in a negotiable form with the minimum insurance term FPA, but CIP requires to provide transport insurance policy or he evidence of insurance effected with no minimum term but appropriate conditions and to make the buyer the insured. Common to all combined transport terms are the carrier, transport documents if customary and notification by telecommunication channels. And all are actual, physical terms. The comprehensive comparison of the new trade terms is shown in the following table : Comprehensive Comparison -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FRC FOA DCP CIP -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- transport buyer seller seller seller freight buyer buyer seller seller insurance buyer buyer buyer seller cost passing carrier air carrier destination destination risk passing carrier air carrier first carrier first carrier -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In combined transport, the carrier becomes important since he is responsible for the carriage of the goods to the destination, employing various modes of transport. So, the stricter qualification of the carrier (so-called freight forwarder) is required on national and international basis. And clearer definition of "delivering the goods into the custody (charge) of the carrier" is needed since it makes confusion in case of LCL cargoes. Lastly, the most urgent for traders in Korea is more recognition and understanding of the new trade terms in view of the development of combined transport.

좌심실 이완기 장애 평가에서 Atrioventricular Plane Displacement의 임상적 중요성

정연손,조구영,이태유,김근숙,최창순,류제헌,최민호,박우정,임종윤,이영 대한순환기학회 2003 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.33 No.12

태권도 품새 수련이 아동의 심박수, 심근산소소비량, 에너지 대사에 미치는 영향

정성태,전태원,박익렬,정덕조,우재홍,이광희,이동기,강현주 서울대학교 체육연구소 2000 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.21 No.1

The Taegeuk Poomse 1 through 8 of Taekwondo are based upon eight major branches of philosophical theories. The propose of this study was to investigate the nfluence of Taekwondo poomse trainning on heart rate, MVO2, energy metabolism in primary school students. Subjects for this study were eight male the fifth∼sixth grades students who participated in exercise program consist of Taekwondo poomse trainning in dojang which is located in Shinlim-2dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul(12.7± 0.5years, 150.8 ±4.6cm, 45.1 ± 9.4kg, 24.9 ± 9trainning length). The results of thet this study are as follows: 1) The average of heart rate was Taegeuk Poomse 1 through 8 of Taekwondo 90.57± 4.gbeats/min in rest and 139.7 ± 17.5beats/min in exercise. The minimum heart rate was 89.0±2.8, peak heart rate was 167.1 ±6.4 in exercise. It was ranged from 42% to 80% 2) of the max heart rate and ranged 42 to 65%HRmax. Taegeuk 1 Jang was differenced with others Jangs significantly(p<0.05), 2) The time of the Taegeuk 1 through 8 Jang of Taekwondo was 5minutes 12seconds. Heart rate was ranged from 90.6 ± 7.85beats/min to 171.8 ±8.Ibeats/min and increased linearly. 3) The average of the MVO2 was 11.1 ±0.78mmHg · bpm-3 in rest and 19.1 ± 1.2mmHg ㆍbpm-3 in exercise. MVO2 was ranged from 10.5mmHg · bpm-3 to 20.3mmHg · bpm-3. There were not difference between Taegeuk Poomses(p<0.05). 4) The energy metabolism was as follows: Mean VO2 Respiratory exchange ratio, energy consumption were 0.51(V02L/min),0.71(RQ),2.32Ckca1/min) in rest respectively. but In exercise Mean VO2 Respiratory exchange ratio, energy consumption were 0.89 ± 0.18( V 02L/min), 0.79±0.08(RQ), 4.26±0.51(kcal/min) respectively . The difference was only between Taegeuk 1 Jang and Taegeuk 3 Jang(p<0.05). This study showed that the Taekwondo Poomse trainning was proper exercise for fitness, body composition and weight control in normal, abnormal(obese) children because the Taekwondo trainning are dynamic and exciting sport.

여성과 남성 그리고 차별의 경제학 : 성차별과 생산성차별 접근 Sex Discrimination and Production Discrimination Approach

우재현,정영숙,박충선 大邱大學校 社會科學硏究所 1996 社會科學硏究 Vol.3 No.1

본 연구에서는 여성의 고용환경을 사회·경제·문화적 측면에서 긍정적 요인과 부정적 요인별로 살펴보고, 남녀임금격차에 영향을 미치는 요인은 무엇이며, 임금격차가 성차별로 인한 것인지 아니면 생산성 차이로 인한 것인지를 분석하고자 하였다. 자료는 대구시에 있는 98개의 기업체에 근무하는 910명의 근로자를 대상으로 1995년 9월에 설문조사를 실시하여 수집하였다. 분석결과는 여성에게 성차별이 존재하듯이 남성에게는 생산성차별이 존재하고 있음을 시사하고 있다. 즉 남녀임금격차 중 63%는 여성의 낮은 생산성 때문이고 나머지 37%는 논리적 근거을 갖지 못한 남녀차별에 의해 발생한 것이라는 것을 말해 주고 있다. 연구결과를 토대로 여성에 대한 임금차별을 불식시키고 여성의 경제활동참가율을 높이기 위한 제언과 정책대안을 제시하고자 하였다.