ZDF 랫드에서 당뇨병 치료제의 심장독성에 관한 연구

양현일,강진석 남서울대학교 2014 남서울대학교 논문집 Vol.20 No.1-2

Test substance is a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist with a thiazolidinediones (TZDs) structural motif, and is expected to improve insulin sensitivity and blood lipid profiles in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). However, existing PPAR-γ agonist by TZDs have been reported, this is accompanied by the induction of several undesirable side effects such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this study, we investigated potential cardiotoxicity of test substance and compared its toxicity with that of rosiglitazone (RGT) or pioglitazone (PGT) in ZDF rats. After 7 weeks repeated administration of test substance at doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg/day or RGT at dose of 40 mg/kg/day or PGT at dose of 300 mg/kg/day, animals were sacrificed for study of potential toxicities. Histopathological examination of heart was carried out and areas of cardiomyocytes were measured. And lipid accumulation and apoptosis in heart muscle were examined by oil red O staining and TUNEL staining, respectively. All test chemical induced the myocardial cell hypertrophy to varying degrees. And administration-dependent increasing tendency to myocardial cell hypertrophy was observed in RGT and PGT treatment groups. However, myocardial cell hypertrophy were not increasing tendencies of proportional relation to dose levels in test substance dose treatment groups. RGT, PGT or test substance low dose treatment groups induced significant increase in the area of cardiomyocytes in heart compared to control (p<0.01), in regular order as PGT , RGT and test substance. However, lipid accumulation and apoptotic changes in heart were not detected in all dosing groups. Taken together, the myocardial cell hypertrophy of test substance was relatively lower than that of RGT or PGT. It was suggested that test substance might be expected to become a useful antidiabetic agent for further preclinical and clinical study.

장애인활동보조인의 직무만족에 미치는 영향 : 장애인에 대한 태도와 소진을 중심으로

양현일,박석돈 한국장애인재활협회 2012 재활복지 Vol.16 No.3

본 연구는 활동보조인의 장애인에 대한 태도와 소진이 직무만족에 미치는 영향을 분석함으로써, 활동보조인의 직무만족도를 향상시킬 수 있는 방안을 모색하는데 연구목적이 있다. 활동보조인의 장애인에 대한 태도가 직무만족도에는 친교의 거부가 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 소진의 경우 감정적 고갈과 성취감 결여가 근무환경과 전체 직무만족도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 장애인에 대한 태도와 소진이 직무만족도에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 감정적 고갈과 성취감 결여, 친교의 거부와 기능제한의 요인이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과를 통해 볼 때 장애인에 대한 태도를 긍정적으로 형성할 수 있는 프로그램이 필요하며, 동료상담이나 슈퍼비전과 같은 소진의 예방책과 승급체계 및 추가적인 인센티브가 필요할 것이다. The purpose of this study is to find strategies for promoting job satisfaction of personal assistants for the disabled by analyzing how attitudes of personal assistants for the disabled to disabled people and their burnout affect their job satisfaction. The major results of this study that are summarized as follows: First, rejection of intimacy negatively affected to job satisfaction. Second, emotional exhaustion and lack of achievement negatively affected job environment and overall job satisfaction. Third, rejection of intimacy, emotional exhaustion negatively, emotional exhaustion and lack of achievements affected job satisfaction. Regarding the results of this study, suggestions to promote job satisfaction of personal assistants for the disabled are as follows: First, it might be effective to prepare previous basic education programs including field placement programs for personal assistants for the disabled in order to make their attitudes to disabled people positively. Second, it might be necessary to prepare some programs such as colleague counseling programs, supervision and promotion systems in order to prevent burnout of personal assistants for the disabled.

Expression Pattern of Early Growth Response Gene 1 during Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Embryonic Development

양현,이정호,노재구,김현철,박철지,박종원,김경길 한국발생생물학회 2014 발생과 생식 Vol.18 No.4

The early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) is a widely reported zinc finger protein and a well knowntranscription factor encoded by the Egr-1 gene, which plays key roles in many aspects of vertebrate embryogenesis and inadult vertebrates. The Egr-1 expression is important in the formation of the gill vascular system in flounders, which developsduring the post-hatching phase and is essential for survival during the juvenile period. However, the complete details of Egr-1expression during embryo development in olive flounder are not available. We assessed the expression patterns of Egr-1during the early development of olive flounders by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Microscopic observations showed that gill filament formation corresponded with the Egr-1 expression. Thus, we showed thatEgr-1 plays a vital role in angiogenesis in the gill filaments during embryogenesis. Further, Egr-1 expression was found to bestrong at 5 days after hatching (DAH), in the development of the gill vascular system, and this strong expression level wasmaintained throughout all the development stages. Our findings have important implications with respect to the biological roleof Egr-1 and evolution of the first respiratory blood vessels in the gills of olive flounder. Further studies are required toelucidate the Egr-1-mediated stress response and to decipher the functional role of Egr-1 in developmental stages.

Expression of Vimentin Intermediate Filament for Vascular Development in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

양현,이정호,노재구,이장욱,박철지,박종원,황인준,김성연 한국발생생물학회 2014 발생과 생식 Vol.18 No.2

Cardiovascular system is the primary organ to develop and reach a functional state, which underscores theessential role of the vasculature in the developing embryo. The vasculature is a highly specialized organ that functions in anumber of key physiological works including the carrying of oxygen and nutrients to tissues. It is closely involved in theformation of heart, and hence it is essential for survival during the hatching period. The expression of genes involved duringvascular development in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in the days after hatching is not fully understood. Therefore, we examined the expression patterns of genes activated during the development of flounder. Microscopicobservations showed that formation of blood vessels is related to the expression of the vimentin gene. Also, the temporalexpression patterns of this vimentin-like gene in the developmental stages and in the normal tissues of olive flounder. Thepurpose of this study was to examine the expression patterns of vimentin in normal tissues of the olive flounder and during thedevelopment of the vascular system in newly hatched olive flounders and HIF-1 plays a vital role in the formation of bloodvessels during development. Vimentin expression was strong at the beginning of the development of blood vessels, and waspresent throughout all developmental stages. Our findings have important implications with respect to the roles of vimentinand HIF-1 in the development and evolution of the first blood vessels in olive flounder. Further studies are required toelucidate the vimentin-mediated hypoxic response signal transduction and to decipher the functional role of vimentin indevelopmental stages.

지정토론문

양현아(토론자) 한국법학원 2010 저스티스 Vol.- No.121

법과 주체의 조명 ; 가정폭력 “피/가해자”의 탄생: 가정폭력 피해자의 처절한 사적 구제

양현아 ( Hyun Ah Yang ),김현경 ( Hyun Kyung Kim ) 서울대학교 공익인권법센터 2012 공익과 인권 Vol.12 No.-

가정폭력 피해자가 오랜 가정폭력에도 불구하고 법적 구제를 받지 못하다가 가해자를 사망케함으로써 도리어 가해자가 되어 ``법 앞에 섰을 때`` 법은 이 복합적 주체를 어떻게 보아야 할 것인가. 우리 법과 법정은 이러한 주체성을 다룰 시각과 논리를 가지고 있는가. 이 글에서는 이 복합적 주체를 “피/가해자”라고 이름 붙이며 이러한 질문을 시론적으로나마 다루어 보고자 한다. 법원이 가진 피/가해자에 대한 시각은 우선 정당방위와 심신장애 판단에서 드러난다. 정당방위 판단에서 법원은 동등한 힘을 가진 남성을 그 주체로 상상함으로써 가정폭력 피해자가 가진 ``방위의 감각``을 배제하여 침해의 현재성을 인정하지 않는다. 또한 가정을 ``사랑의 공간``으로만 추상적으로 상정함으로써 그 공간 안에서 실제적으로 신음해 온 피/가해자에게 가정 내 공격에 대한 사회 윤리적 제한을 이유로 방위행위의 상당성을 부정한다. 한편 심신장애 판단에서는 미국의 피학대여성증후군(Battered Woman syndrome)을 수용하지만, 피/가해자의 ``피해자성``에만 천착함으로써 능동적으로 행위했고 행위하는 피/가해자의 주체성은 도리어 고의적 살인 행위에의 추정을 강화시키게 된다. 피/가해자의 주체성을 이해하기 위해서는 그녀의 가정폭력 피해 경험을 섬세하게 살펴야 한다. 피/가해자는 학습된 무력감을 겪고 있기 때문만이 아니라 법과 국가의 부재 속에서 적절한 도움을 받을 수 없었기 대문에 폭력의 순환을 감당했던 것이다. 현재 ``가정폭력방지법``은 가정 보호를 그 목적으로 삼아 보호가치를 혼돈하고 있으며, 법을 집행하는 국가기관은 가정폭력을 용인하고 사소화함으로써 적절한 구제를 행하지 못하고 있다. 가정폭력은 은폐된 사적 공간 안에서 지속적으로 발생한다는 점에서 더 심각하게 이해되어야 하지만, 공/사 영역 이분법과 가족주의 하에서 오히려 사소화되고 용인되어 왔다는 점에서 법과 국가의 대응은 가정 공간에 대한 왜곡된 이해에 기반하고 있다고 해석된다. 이 결과, 법적 구제의 바깥에 놓인 가정폭력 피해자는 가정폭력에 시달리면서 이를 종결지을 어떠한 방도도 찾지 못한 채 최후에는 가해자를 살인하는, 강요된 선택에 이르게 된다. 이 점에서 피/가해자의 선택은 법적 절차가 정지한 곳에서 행한 ``처절한 사적 구제``라고 본 연구자들은 해석한다. 때문에 피/가해자를 마주하는 법과 국가는 이러한 피/가해자가 다시는 출현하지 않도록, 성철적 자세로 가정폭력에 대한 실무적 대책에 부심해야 할 것이다. 또한 피/가해자를 처벌하는 것에 집중하지 말고 이들의 목소리를 제대로 듣고 그 복합적 주체성을 해독하여 치유하고 회복하는 사법의 역할을 다해야 할 것이다. How could the law see the complex subjectivity such as the one who has been a long-time victim of domestic violence, being left without legal protection and eventually killing her abusive husband? This article names this complex subject a “victim/perpetrator” and attempts to deal with the question raised above. First of all, the current judicial system cannot possibly listen to the voices of a victim/perpetrator due to its limited standard of illegality and responsibility. The perspectives of the court can be found in the interpretation of self-defense and insanity. In interpreting the self-defense, the court in Korea does not recognize the imminent attack as it assumes that a victim/perpetrator has the same masculine power and thus ignores the complex situation of a victim/perpetrator. It also rejects the defense of the imminent attack under social and ethical grounds, as it abstractly defines a home as a place of love and care, ignoring a brutal reality of the home where the victim/perpetrator could not be escaped. In interpreting the insanity, the court only focuses on victimized aspects and thus fails to capture active aspects of a victim/perpetrator, even though it accepts battered woman`s syndrome(BWS) developed in the United States. In order to ensure that voices of a victim/perpetrator are to be heard, her own experiences of domestic violence should first of all taken into account. A victim/perpetrator appears to endure the cycle of violence because of learned helplessness as well as absence of legal protection. The existing the Special Act on Punishment of Domestic Violence aims to protect the family, that seems to confuse the protected interests of the law. In relation, public institutions charged with the execution of laws condone or trivialize domestic violence and fail to provide adequate remedies. The author interprets that the ineffectiveness of the laws and the inaction of the government reflect their biased understanding of the family. Under the public/private dichotomy and familism, the violence in the in the family has rather been trivialized and bypassed. As a result, a victim/perpetrator who has been left suffered and endured the domestic violence on her own without having any legal and social support and help, and is forced to kill her abusive husband as the last solution to stop the violence. in this regard, her killing is understood as ``a desperate private remedy`` under the circumstances with no legal remedy to rely on. in this regard, it is the state that should share the responsibility of this atrocity - the murder with the victim/perpetrator. Also, it is for this reason that the law and the state should develop the practical measures to stop the domestic violence. In order to fulfill its role as the reparative institution, the judiciary tries to listen and take the voices of a victim/perpetrator seriously.

A comparative study of sorafenib and metronomic chemotherapy for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancerstage C hepatocellular carcinoma with poor liver function

양현,우현영,이순규,한지원,장보현,남희철,이해림,이성원,송도선,송명준,오정석,천호종,장정원,Angelo Lozada,배시현,최종영,윤승규 대한간학회 2017 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.23 No.2

Background/Aims: Metronomic chemotherapy (MET) is frequently administered in comparatively low doses as a continuous chemotherapeutic agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and overall survival (OS) of MET compared to sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT). Methods: A total of 54 patients with advanced HCC and PVTT who had undergone MET were analyzed between 2005 and 2013. A total of 53 patients who had undergone sorafenib therapy were analyzed as the control group. The primary endpoint of this study was OS. Results: The median number of MET cycles was two (1-15). The OS values for the MET group and sorafenib group were 158 days (132-184) and 117 days (92-142), respectively (P=0.029). The Cox proportional-hazard model showed that a higher risk of death was correlated with higher serum alpha fetoprotein level (≥400 mg/dL, hazard ratio [HR]=1.680, P=0.014) and Child-Pugh class B (HR=1.856, P=0.008). Conclusions: MET was associated with more favorable outcomes in terms of overall survival than was sorafenib in patients with advanced HCC with PVTT, especially in patients with poor liver function. Therefore, MET can be considered as a treatment option in patients with advanced HCC with PVTT and poor liver function.

Mobile WiMAX 시스템에서 미세 주파수 동기화 기법의 성능 분석

양현,이경일,이재훈,정광수,유영환 한국통신학회 2008 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.33 No.8

Carrier frequency offset (CFO) is one of the most important problems in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, which seriously degrades the performance of the systems due to its time-variant behavior. In this paper, the performance of a pilot-assisted fine CFO estimator in OFDM-based mobile WiMAX systems is analyzed. Analytical closed-form expression of the mean square error (MSE) of the post-FFT based CFO synchronization scheme is reported for time-variant fading channels. Taking into account the frame structure of the IEEE802.16e standard, simulation results are used to verify the theoretical analysis developed in this paper. OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) 시스템에서 주파수 동기 오차는 시변 특성으로 인해 시스템 성능 저하를 유발하는 가장 중요한 문제 중의 하나이다. 본 논문에서는 OFDM 기반의 이동 WiMAX 시스템에서 파일럿 심벌 기반의 미세 잔여 주파수 동기 오차 추정기의 성능을 분석한다. FFT 과정 후 수행되는 파일럿 기반의 미세 주파수 동기 오차 추정기의 MSE (mean square error) 성능을 시변 페이딩 채널에서 수식적으로 유도한다. 본 논문에서 유도된 MSE 성능 검증을 위하여 미세 주파수 동기화 기법을 IEEE802.16e 표준의 프레임 구조에 적용하여 모의실험을 수행한다.

A Case of Three Consecutive Events of Acute Myocardial Infarctions in Three Different Vessels

양현,허성호,박만원,조정선,김찬준,권종범,노상미,박윤경 대한심장학회 2013 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.43 No.10

A 51-year-old man was being admitted to the emergency department with chest pains. He had a history of acute myocardial infarction (MI) on two prior occasions and was successfully treated with drug eluting stents. He was diagnosed with 3 consecutive events of acute MI in 3 different vessels. The consecutive events of acute MI in different vessels are a very rare case. He did not have risk factors, such as coagulation abnormality, clopidogrel resistance, patient’s compliance and vessel abnormality, except for his cigarette smoking. We reported the first case with 3 consecutive events of acute MI in each 3 vessels during a long-term interval.

식민주의의 견지에서 본 2000년 여성국제법정: 일본군 성노예제라는 ‘전시 성폭력’

양현아 ( Yang Hyunah ) 민주주의법학연구회 2021 민주법학 Vol.0 No.75

2000년 일본군성노예전범 여성국제법정이 일본 도쿄에서 개최된 지 20여년이 지났다. 2000년 여성국제법정은 2000년 12월, 아시아 등지의 10여 개국의 피해자, 단체, 법률가 등 전문가 등이 참여했던 초국가적 시민법정으로서 여성법정이자 아시아의 법정이자 ‘아래로부터의’ 법정이자 남북코리아의 법정이었다. 법정은 일본군 성노예제에 관하여 일본 정부와 그 고위 공직자들에게 법적 책임이 있음을 명확하게 선고하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 조선의 피해자들의 입장에 보면 피해자들에게 자행된 범죄양상에 내재해 있는 식민지성 내지 식민주의에 대한 조명이 미흡하다는 평가가 있다. 이 논문은 2000년 여성국제법정의 유산을 계승한다는 생각에서 식민주의의 시각에서 여성국제법정과 일본군 성노예제의 성격을 조명하고자 한다. 이를 위해서 먼저 2000년대 이후 형성된 ‘전시 성폭력 법리’를 참고하기 위해서 구 유고슬라비아국제형사법정과 르완다형사법정에서 내려진 판결들과 유엔 특별보고관들의 보고서를 통해 살펴보았다. 다음, 조선의 여성들에게 자행되었던 성노예제 범죄의 사실관계에 부합하는 새로운 법 논리를 구성할 것을 제안한다. 사실관계에서는 조선 여성들의 동원, 이동, 배치, 성폭력과 전후 처리에서 식민지 성이 어떻게 관통하였는지를 살펴보았고, 이를 통해서 ‘식민지인임에도 불구하고’가 아니라 ‘식민지인이었기 때문에’ 당했던 피해라는 논리를, 단지 ‘의사에 반함’이라는 강제성이 아니라 ‘강압적 상황’에 관한 입체적인 체계의 논리를, 그리고 조선인 여성과 일본 군인이 아군과 적군의 이분법으로 포착되지 않는 식민지적 관계성에 관한 논리를 구성해야 한다고 제안한다. 이 글은 현재의 국제형사법은 전시성폭력에 관해서 새로운 논거와 기준들을 마련해 왔음을 살펴보았고 이를 적용해서 식민지 조선의 역사적 현실을 반영하고 그 범죄양상에 부합하는 일본군 성노예제에 관한 법 논리가 구성되어야 한다는 것을 강조한다. 이에 따라 ‘젠더에 기초한 폭력’(Violence based on Gender)’에서 한 걸음 더 나아가 ‘식민지성에 기초한 젠더폭력(Gender Violence based on Coloniality)’ 개념으로 일본군 성노예제를 바라 볼 것을 제안하고 있다. 식민지성에 기초한 젠더폭력의 법리는 한국과 아시아의 일본군 성노예제를 설명하는데 중요할 뿐 아니라 서구와는 다른 근대화를 경험했던 많은 국가와 사람들에게도 널리 의미를 가질 것이다. Twenty years have passed since the Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal in 2000 on Japanese Military Sexual Slavery(hereafter, Women’s International Tribunal in 2000) was held in Tokyo, Japan. It was an unprecedented tribunal initiated and organized by the citizen’s-NGO’s, surviving victims, and legal professionals, etc. from more than 10 countries from Asia and beyond. It was mostly courageous victim-survivors’ and women’s efforts that rendered sexual slavery including other human rights violations accountable and punishable. Nonetheless, it has been pointed out that colonialism or coloniality embedded in the patterns of the crimes and in the damage the women particularly those from colonized Korea who were the largest ethnic group of the victims was only insufficiently dealt with in the Tribunal. This article attempts to view the 2000 women’s international tribunal as well as Japanese military sexual slavery(hereafter, JMSS) from the perspective of colonialism and coloniality. For this purpose, this study analyses wartime sexual violence cases such as Akeyasu held by ICTR and Frundžija and Kunarac held by ICTY. It also reviews the Special Rapporteur’s Reports on Systematic Rape and Sexual Slavery submitted to the UN. This study then examines the damages in the process of Korean women‘s forcible mobilization, transportation to foreign soil, and is located at the numerous Japanese military stations virtually all over the place where the Japanese Military fought. In this examination, the study tries to see how coloniality influenced this process. Based upon the jurisprudence offered from the cases at ICTR and ICTY and the overview of the facts, I try to suggest the reasoning for the jurisprudence of Japanese Sexual Slavery. First, we need to develop the legal reasoning of ‘because of coloniality’ rather than ‘despite colonialism,’ and secondly, the coercive circumstances in the colonial rule of law and society need to be articulated. Thirdly, the relationality between Japanese Soldiers and Korean girl/women need to be theorized, that is neither one of the enemy nor that of the ally. In conclusion, this article proposes the notion such as ‘gender violence based on coloniality’ and ‘wartime sexual violence based on coloniality’ as a very important mode of wartime sexual violence.