고구려의 건국과 현도군

김성한 ( Kim Sung-han ) 호남사학회 2021 역사학연구 Vol.84 No.-

前漢 武帝는 고조선을 멸망시키고 1년 뒤인 기원전 107년에 沃沮城을 치소로 하여 玄菟郡을 설치하고, (제1현도군), 沃沮와 濊貊 지역을 그 영역으로 했다. 기원전 75년 직전 遼東의 烏桓이 반란을 일으키자, 前漢은 三輔 및 郡國의 불량소년과 죄지은 관리를 징발하여 遼東에 주둔하게 하고 遼東에 玄菟城을 쌓고 현도군을 옮겨와 (제2현도군) 烏桓의 침입에 대비했다. 제2현도군은 토착세력인 句驪가 위치한 지역에 자리했기 때문에 句驪의 이름을 따서 그 지역을 句驪縣이라 하고 郡의 治所로 삼았다. 토착세력인 句驪는 前 漢으로부터 처음에는 縣級인 ‘侯’로 대우받았다가, 桓帝 때 烏桓이 투항하자 그 공로를 인정받아 桓帝의 뒤를 이은 元帝 建昭 2년(B.C. 37)에 郡級인 ‘王’으로 승격된 것으로 보인다. 『三國史記』에서 고구려가 기원전 37년에 건국된 것으로 표방한 것도 이 때문이었을 것이다. 이때 句驪는 前漢으로부터 ‘高’를 姓으로 사여 받아 국호를 句驪에서 高句驪로 변경했을 것이며, 前漢은 高句驪王에게 그 신분에 걸맞게 鼓吹伎人과 朝服을 사여했던 것이다. 이때 玄菟郡의 句驪縣도 高句 驪縣으로 명칭이 변경되어, 전한 말기의 상황을 전하는 『漢書』 地理志에 高句驪로 기재되었던 것이다. 그 뒤 고구려는 新나라를 건국한 王莽이 자신을 징발하여 匈奴를 정벌하려 하자, 기원후 12년 무렵 이에 반항하여 제2현도군의 경계를 벗어나 자립했다. 新나라의 뒤를 이은 後漢은 자립한 高句驪와 관계를 유지하기 위해 ‘王’의 호칭을 인정하고 제2현도군의 동쪽 경계에 幘溝漊라는 작은 城을 쌓아 高句驪로 하여금 歲時에 朝服과 衣幘을 가져가게 했던 것이다. e year after destroying Gojoseon, in 107 BC, Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, established Hyeondo (Xuantu) Commandery (First Hyeondo Commandery) with Okjeo Fortress as its ruling place, and put Okjeo and Yemaek under its jurisdiction. Shortly before 75 BC, when the Wuhuan of Liaodong revolted, the Western Han drafted delinquent youths and criminal officials from the metropolitan and provincial areas into the army and stationed them in Liaodong. It also relocated Hyeondo Commandery to Liadong (Second Hyeondo Commandery), with the construction of Hyeondo Fortress there to prepare against the invasion of the Wuhuan. As the Second Hyeondo Commandery was located in the area where the Guryeo, the indigenous tribe, resided, the area was named Guryeo County after this tribe and made the ruling place of the commandery. Guryeo was initially treated as a “hu,” which was equivalent to a county, by the Western Han, but as the Wuhuan surrendered during the reign of Emperor Huan, it was promoted to a “wang” (principality) that corresponded to a commandery in recognition of its contribution to the victory in 37 BC (second year of Jianzhao) during the reign of Emperor Yuan who succeeded Emperor Huan. This may be the reason why it is recorded in Samguk Sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms) that Goguryeo was founded in 37 BC. Around this time, the Guryeo was given “Go as their surname from the Western Han and changed their country’s name from Guryeo to Goguryeo, with musicians and performers granted by the emperor in celebration or its elevated status. At this time, the name of Guryeo County in Hyeondo Commandery was also changed to Goguryeo County, which appears in the “Treatise on Geography of the Book of Han that describes the situation of the late Western Han. Then, when Wang Mang, the founder of the Xin Dynasty, tried to subjugate the Xiongnu by mobilizing the people of Goguryeo, it rose up against the policy around 12 AD and became independent outside the boundaries of the Second Hyeondo Commandery. The Later Han Dynasty that succeeded the Xin Dynasty, recognized the title of wang” to maintain relations with the independent Goguryeo, and built a small fortress called Chaekguro Fortress on the eastern border of the Second Hyeondo Commandery where it bestowed o&cial uniforms, clothes and headwears on the people of Goguryeo at special occasions.

「무녀도」읽기 : 환경 비평의 시각에서

김한성(Kim Han Sung) 문학과 환경학회 2010 문학과 환경 Vol.9 No.2

Eco-criticism tends to be defined as “the study of nature writing by way of any scholarly approach or, conversely, the scrutiny of ecological implications and human-nature relationships in any literary texts” (Slovic, 27). Examining the negotiation between human and nature has tackled the field of Korean “pure” literature called Sunsumunhak. These writers advocate the purity of literature by turning their eyes to nature from socialist realism or Western “modernism.” Kim, Dongni(1913-1995) represents this flow of literature when Japanese colonial rule controlled Korean literary circles in late 1930's and early 1940s. His representative work, “The Shaman Painting”(1936) describes the atmosphere of Korean nature in a remote village near Gyeongju, the ruined capital of ancient Korea. In this fiction, Kim attempts to reinvigorate shamanism as Korean tradition against Western religion, Christianity. He treats Christianity as an unwelcome guest which persecutes shamanism. For this reason, literary critics tend to understand this work as a religious struggle between East and West. This point of view is plausible; however, his obsession with shamanism seems to divert from a religious category. I want to explore Kim's obsession with shamanism from an ecological and feministic perspective. The death scene of a heroine, a shaman, and fictional characters' and a narrator's ruined identity enlighten me that these characters are deeply connected with nature, stage, and background. Thus, I explore how human beings negotiate with the nature in “The Shaman Painting.” Then, I examine the essence of the Korean spirituality that Kim portrays here.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1998)

김재홍,김준호,반재용,이정우,황성주,정준규,정성태,강진문,조흔정,홍창의,정혜신,이한승,김이선,이봉길,이종호,선영우,한기덕,윤성필,이성훈,안종성,박석범,문승현,조항래,김형섭,류지호,황재영,박준홍,손상욱 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG), we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by menas of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. In 1998, 93 strians of N. genorrhoeae were isolated, among which 60(64.5%) were PPNG. The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 64.5% in 1998.

Disruption of rsmA Gene of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum LY34 and Effect on Pathogenicity

Kim, Min Keun,Kang, Tae Ho,Kim, Sung Kyum,Jeong, Yu Seok,Yun, Han Dae,Kim, Hoon The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2012 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.55 No.6

The rsmA gene was cloned from soft-rot bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum LY34 (Pcc LY34), and its role in pathogenicity was investigated by marker exchange mutagenesis. From a cosmid library of Pcc LY34 genomic DNA, a positive clone carrying the rsmA gene was selected, and the gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The gene is 186 bp in size and encodes a protein of 62 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 6,839 Da. The calculated pI of the RsmA is 8.16. The phylogenetic tree showed that the RsmA of Pcc LY34 appeared genetically identical to the CsrA of Pectobacterium atrosepticum SCRI1043 (100% identity) and similar to the CsrA of Yersinia pestis KIM10+(98.3%). The gene was disrupted by the $Km^r$ gene, and the cells became mutated (i.e., $RsmA^-$ mutant). The pathogenicity test revealed that the disease rating of the $RsmA^-$ mutant only differed slightly from that of the wild type on a slice of potato tuber and a Chinese cabbage stalk. These results suggest that RsmA is not an essential factor for the pathogenicity of Pcc LY34 and that the rsmA gene of Pcc LY34 is not completely derepressed in the $RsmA^-$ mutant for virulence-related genes, contrary to the results of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora $RsmA^-$ mutant, which proved hypervirulent for celery petioles. These results showed that the microenvironmental conditions of the host and/or strain of pathogen are important for the coordination of virulence gene expression.

냉전체제와 내셔널 시네마의 혼종적 원천

김한상(Kim Han Sang) 한국영화학회 2011 영화연구 Vol.0 No.47

As is generally discussed, issues of "Korean cinema" as the national cinema have provoked controversies in diverse aspects. This concept remains an object hardly to define or draw boundary amid diverse controversies. In this article, I examine this indefinability of Korean national cinema by dwelling upon specific objects from the period of reconstruction after the Korean War. I give attention to the specific time in which the dimension of the state-building and the nation-building became combined, and to the fact that there existed long-lasting heterogeneity and hybridity in this process. Kim Ki-Young's films show how such characters appear on the sphere of the cinema. His public information films are under the legacy of American war films. Both of his two short documentaries I am a Truck (1954) and Diary of Three Sailors(1955) show unique presentation styles originated from the WWII films made by the US Army. However they also contain self-conscious moments when the director refuses to be identified as mere a successor of American documentaries. There are not only the processes of translation, adaptation and mimicry, but also obviously self-conscious expressions in order to overcome the one-sided reception. Kim’s first commercial film Boxes of Death(1955) also contains certain aspects that those are showing. This film, which is an anti-communist thriller, shows much influence from the Hollywood, while it also shows a connection with the tradition from the others, mainly European auteurism and the legacy of Japanese colony. However the most important point is that there is standing presence of America and the USIS in the identity of Kim Ki-Young and his film. This film is a product of the Liberty Production which was a local branch of the US Information Agency, and this fact was significant among discourses in Korean cinema at that time. Seen in this light, Kim Ki-Young, as well as many other film makers at that time, was placed in a highly complicated status. External agencies like the USIS continuously intervened in the lives of Korean film makers for bloc-building, and those film makers also actively engaged with these agencies to learn and use their rich resources. The hybridity in the process of the subject formation in Korean national cinema was one characteristic in common to many film makers at that time.

漢江下流部 水害輕減을 爲한 調査 硏究

金漢星,高在雄,李相鎔,玄義泰,柳興根 건국대학교 1974 學術誌 Vol.17 No.1

The effect of reducing flood magnitudes, flood stages, and flood damage by upstream reservoir regulation are investigated in this study. The analytical procedures which has been established newly, are treated through this study for 7 index stations and same numbr of reaches. The method of this study could be expressed briefly as following procedures. Using stage-frequency relations and the potential damage survey data, damage-frequency relations are established, and from this, average annual flood damages computed. By holding out portions of the floods with various amounts of flood control storage in 6 reservoirs in the basin, routing were made to establish modified stage-frequency relations. From damage frequency relation, average annual damages are computed with and without condition of each control volume. The study result are concluded as follows; (1) The relationtship of corresponding water level between nearby stations are useful tools to adjust error of the data due to observation error and change of the gaging location. (2) The number of records about 10 years could not be applied for the statistical methods of flood frequency analysis. (3) The regional skew factors are recommended to apply flood frequency study by the log-Pearson Type III method. (4) The effect of damage reductions are greatly affectedin accordance with the routed flood. Therefore application of the Typical Tributary Contribution Flood are reasonable for this type of study. (5) In the North Han, effect of damage reduction due to the lacation of control point are gradually increased from upstream to downward until the confluence of North and South Han. (6) In the South Han, control effect are increased from Chungju to Yeoju where the maximum effect are analyzed and then decrease gradually until the confluence. (7) Better hydrologic and topographic combinations for the flood control are existed in South Han to compare with North Han in this study results.

배달 미니 게임 개발:"최고의 웨이터를 꿈꾸며"

김정훈,정한교,김영옥,김중곤,박정윤,윤진성,김경식 호서대학교 반도체제조장비국산화연구센터 2001 반도체장비학술심포지움 Vol.2001 No.-

본 미니 게임은 웨이터라는 직업을 모티브로 하여서 남녀노소 누구나 재미를 느낌과 동시에 기억력 향상시켜 주는 게임제작이라는 목적아래 제작되었다.본 논문에서는 이 게임의 제작과정을 기술하고자 한다.이 게임은 제3회 AGC(한국 아마추어 게임제작 공모전)에서 우수 작으로 선정되었다.

2형 당뇨 환자에 있어서 C형 간염의 유병률에 관한 연구

김구영,서광섭,유광렬,임병욱,채선애,강남훈,김창훈,권영우,김희수,류성태,이정환,박성우,오웅식,김정한 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 2003 中央醫大誌 Vol.28 No.1

Background: We have doubt about the truth that Type 2 DM is associated with chronic hepatitis C infection. The aim of our study was to prove a close relationship between chronic HCV infection and type 2 DM in korean patients. Methods: We reviewed the out-patient's medical records of 466 patients with type 2 DM who visit the Sung-ae hospital from March 2000 to August 2001. Diabetic patients were analyzed for the following variables: age, sex, waist circumference, weight, waist/hip ratio, using of self monitoring of blood glucose, method of therapy, duration of disease, experience of previous transfusion, major surgical procedure, accompanied disease, liver function tests (LFT), HbA1 c. We ruled out patients with liver cirrhosis. Results: Hepatitis C virus infection was observed more frequently in patient with Type 2 DM. Of 466 Type 2 DM patients, 13 patients were infected with Hepatitis C virus (2.79%). Compared with mean prevalence of Korean population (1.3~1.6%), it's value is very high. the other hand, 21 patients were infected with Hepatitis B virus (4.5%). Such results are similar to mean prevalence of the general public (4~5%). Conclusions: Prevalence of hepatitis C was closely associated in korean patients with type 2 DM. And an increased prevalence is independent of cirrhosis.

만선신부전 환자에서 관상동맥조영술 소견에 관한 연구

한대희,김성구,박상호,김성한,조원영,방덕원,조윤행,정의룡,은영근,권영구 순천향의학연구소 2003 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.9 No.1

Background : Patients with chronic renal fialure have a substantially elevated risk of death from cardiovascular diseases than do the general population. the patients with chronic renal failure are at significantly increased freqeuncy of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus which are known to the risk factors of the coronary artery diseases, and the prevalence of the coronary artery diseases in chronic renal failure patients is highly associated with the hemodynamic disorder and metabolic abnormalities. therefore we expected that the coronary angiographic findings in patients with chronic renal failure should be different from the general population (control groups) and investigated the risk factors contributing to coronary artery diseases. Method : we have retrospectively compared the coronary angiographic findings of 44 patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis with that of 88 patients in the general population and investigated the factors contributing to the development and acceleration of coronary artery diseases in patients with chronic renal failure Result : Hypertension and diabetes mellitus which is risk factors for coronary artery disease is significantly increased in patients with chronic renal failure, in coronary angiographic finding the severity of the lesion is worse. the incidence of PCI or CABG of patients with chronic renal failure is more than that of control group but statistically no difference between patients with chronic renal failure and control group. the sex, the duration of disease, the duration of dialysis, serum creatinine in patients with chronic renal failure have no correlation to the prevalence of coronary artery disease and severity of lesion. hyperglycemic patients with chronic renal failure have high incidence of coronary artery disease and are worse in the severity of lesion Conclusions : There is significantly increased the pevalence and severity of involving multiple coronary artery diseses in hyperglycemic patients with CRF.

황색포도구균의 균혈증에서 초기 항생제 치료가 예후에 미치는 영향

김성한,박완범,이기덕,강철인,최영주,김홍빈,박상원,김의석,오명돈,김의종,최강원 대한감염학회 2002 감염 Vol.34 No.5