Critical role of bile acid (BA) in the cellular entry and permissiveness of Hepatitis B virus in vitro

Hong‑Jai Lee,Bo‑Young Shin,Jae‑Seung Moon,Ailyn Fadriquela,Selikem Abla Nuwormegbe,Chun‑Chang Ho,Jin‑Su Shin,Jee‑Sang Yoon,Sang‑Kyou Lee,Soo‑Ki Kim 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2020 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.16 No.3

Background Lack of universal replication system for hepatitis B virus with narrow host range and organ tropism has hampered to uncover the pathogenesis of HBV. Previously, we reported the essentiality of humoral milieu and its components toward HBV and hepatitis C virus survival/viability in vitro. Of these components, the precise role of enterohepatic humoral milieu such as bile acid (BA) on HBV cultivation in vitro and in vivo is unknown. Objective We explored whether BA, specifically taurochenodeoxycholic acid (tCDCA) would directly regulate the viral DNA and surface antigen expression of HBV in vitro, consequently rendering HBV to enter into human or murine immortalized hepatocytes, and non-hepatocytes. Result We found that higher concentration of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (tCDCA) is able to preserve the genomic stability of HBV in cell-free DMEM, showing higher the surface antigenicity than taurocholic acid (tCA). In line, we found that in vitro cell culture condition (100 μmol/L of tCDCA coupled with 1 × 108 g e/mL HBV) would be optimal for HBV entry into target cells. Using this, human (HepG2, Huh7), and rodent (Hepa1c1c7, H4-II-E) hepatoma cell lines were infected by HBV, as evidenced by the presence of HBV biomarkers (HBsAg, and HBV DNA in culture supernatant, as well as HBcAg in cell). Further, cellular entry test revealed that HBV is able to infect 12 different non-hepatic cell lines regardless of species, and organ/tissue, consequently reproducing progeny as confirmed by HBV biomarkers. Last, reinfection test showed that the progenies of HBV from immortalized HepG2, and Hepa1c1c7 cells are able to enter into each or vice versa naïve HepG2, and Hepa1c1c7 cells with or without BA. Conclusion This study demonstrates that enterohepatic humoral milieu such as BA, specifically tCDCA would directly regulate HBV DNA and its surface antigen expression in vitro, consequently rendering HBV to enter into human or murine immortalized hepatocytes, and non-hepatocytes. This is the first note to render HBV permissive to human or rodent hepatic and non-hepatic cells via sole manipulation of humoral milieu, thus establishing the platform for in vitro robust replication system of HBV.

연령증가에 따른 혈압요소들의 좌심실비대 및 관동맥질환과의 관련성

박재석,박창규,박미영,박재형,김용현,나진오,신성희,서순용,홍순준,박성미,임홍의,김응주,서홍석,오동주,노영무 대한순환기학회 2004 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.34 No.2

장거리 해저 광전송망 분산보상 설계 및 구현

유재덕(Jae Duck Yoo),박홍태(Hong Tae Park),신현식(Hyun Sik Shin),김천석(Chun Suk Kim),신윤호(Yun Ho Shin) 한국전자통신학회 2006 한국전자통신학회 논문지 Vol.1 No.1

현재 국내.외 기간 통신망은 급격히 증가하는 고속 대용량 트래픽을 효율적으로 멀리 전송하기 위해 광증폭기를 이용한 파장분할다중화방식 (DWDM:Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) 광전송 시스템 통신망을 구축하고 있다. DWDM광전송 시스템에서 고속, 대용량 및 장거리 전송을 하기 위해서는 기존 3R 광 중계기시스템에서 크게 중요시 않았던 광 fiber의 비선형(non-linearity) 전송제약 요소를 고려하여 통신망을 설계하여야 한다. 광통신망에서 장거리 전송 시 신호펄스 파형의 왜곡을 최소화하기 위해 영분산(zero-dispersion)을 구현하여야 하지만, 영분산으로 인하여 파이버의 비선형 현상이 나타나 신호 스펙트럼 왜곡 현상이 발생하는 문제가 있다. 즉 영 분산과 파이버의 비선형 사이에 서로 상충관계를 해결하여야 고속 대용량 트랙픽을 장거리 전송할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 DWDM 해저 광 통신망에서 고속 대용량 트래픽을 장거리 전송하기 위한 기술을 알아보고, 영분산과 파이버의 비선형 사이에 상충문제를 해결 위한 분산관리 기법을 소개하고, 실제한국-홍콩간 해저 광통신 구간에서 분산 맵 (dispersion map)을 설계 구현하였다. Currently, Most of the Backhual and Submarine s networks are being installed using DWDM and EDFA to deal with dramatically increasing internet traffic. In a conventional type optical system, the so-called 3R repeater, fiber non- linearity was not significant factor but it is one of the most important consideration when designing new DWDM network based on the EDFAs. To minimize the signal pulse distortion in long-haul optical network, Zero-dispersion fiber is indispensable but causes the fiber non-linearity. Therefore this conflicting problems should be managed to transmit a high-speed capacity traffic. In this paper, key technologies in DWDM submarine optic network were found out for a high capacity traffic and introduced the dispersion management way for solving the conflicting problems between Zero-dispersion and non-linearity. Lastly designed a dispersion map in section between Korea and Hong-kong.

텐돈의 긴장력 손실에 따른 프리스트레스 콘크리트 격납건물의 거동해석

진재철,전영선,이홍표 충남대학교 산업기술연구소 2000 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.15 No.1

The prestressing force of tendon can be decreased by creep of concrete, shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of steel. In this paper, we describe some primary causes of time-dependent losses of prestressing tendon force. New stress reduction model is proposed to predicit time-dependent losses of prestressing tendon force in accurate way. It should be noted that the proposed model is based on the data, which are accumulated from the in-service inspection of posttensioned cotainment building system. Using the new stress reduction model, we carry out finite element analysis to investigate how the losses of prestressing force effect to the structural behaviour of containment building. From FE analysis with new stress reduction model, concrete creep appears as the primary factor which can influence the reduction of prestressing tendon force. It also appears that the relaxation of steel as the secondary influencing factor and shrinkage of concrete as the tertiary factor.

자주달개비 미세핵 분석법을 이용한 작업환경내 총 먼지 중 수용성 추출물의 유전독성 평가

신해식,김진규,이재환,황갑성,김균,이정주,이진흥 한국대기환경학회 2003 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.19 No.6

In this study, we evaluated genotoxicity of heavy metals among particulates with Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad - MCN) assay in the various working environment. In a synthetic fiber factory and a rubber factory, chromium concentration was higher than any other heavy metals. On the other hand, nickel concentration was the highest in a semi-conductor factory. The difference in genotoxicity among the working environment was statistically significant as Trad-MCN frequencies were 4.67±0.35 MCN/100 tetrads (p<0.01) for the synthetic fiber factory, 5.73±0.81 MCN/100 tetrads (p<0.0I) for the rubber factory, and 15.60±2.58 (p< 0.01) (p< 0.001) for the semi-conductor factory. As a result, heavy metals among particulates in the working environment can be considered to have hazardous potential to human health, although they cannot directly induce DNA damage to the workers in the working environments.

표백제에 따른 외인성 착색치아의 표백효과 및 표면변화에 관한 연구

홍찬의,신동훈,이재윤 大韓齒科保存學會 1995 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.20 No.2

<사씨남정기>의 선악 구도

신재홍 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 한국문학연구소 2001 한국문학연구 Vol.- No.2

This paper is a study of the ethical theme in the Korean classical novel SassiNamjeongGi written by Kim Man-Jung(1637∼1692). The previous discussions on this work were inclined to the realistic approach to the background of the work. In the process of discussion, the primary property of the work seems to be neglected. According to our study, the writer's basic intention is the examination of the good and evil nature of human beings in the ethical view of the oriental middle ages. Therefore this work would belong to the category of the ethical novel which examine the human beings' nature. The story of this work is developed with three directions. Namely, there is a way of the good on which habe been stepped by SaJeong-Ok, the first wipe of Yu Yeon-Su, a way of the evil stepped by Gyo Chae-Ran, the concubine of Yu Yeon-Su, who would become his second wipe later, and a way from the evil to the good stepped by Yu Yeon-Su. Each characters in three directions are the typical figures of the human beings' nature in the oriental middle ages. The action and reaction, the connection and opposition between the good and evil have been described finely and dramatically. SassiNamjeongGI were praised as an excellent work among the Hangeul novels in its day. The praise have a valid reason of the generality of theme and the high level of figuration. Above all this work is a ideal and ethical literary work. Hence the criteria for this work would be the writer's sincerity with which examine the good and evil of human beings. From this point of view, SassiNamjeongGi is one of masterpieces among the Korean classical novels, which examine the human beings' nature with sincerity and figurate the characters with fineness.

Metallo-β-lactamase 생성 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 및 포도당 비발효그람음성간균의 검출방법에 관한 연구

신경섭,김원식,손재철,홍승복,최재운,형성민 충북대학교 의과대학 충북대학교 의학연구소 2003 忠北醫大學術誌 Vol.13 No.2

연구목적: Metallo-β-lactamse (MBL)는 carbepenem를 포함하는 대부분의 β-lactam 항균제를 가수분해할 수 있으므로 MBL 생성균의 확산은 이들 균에 의한 감염의 치료에 큰 문제를 야기할 수 있다. 따라서 MBL 생성균에 의한 감염의 확산을 막기 위해 이들 균의 조기 검출이 필요하다. 저자들은 MBL 생성균을 검출할 수 있는 세 가지 방법을 PCR 방법과 비교하여 보았다. 재료 및 방법: Imipenem의 MIC가 8 μg/mL 이상인 50개의 포도당 비발효 그람음성 간균을 대상으로 EDTA-double disk synergy test (EDTA-DDS), Etest MBL, Hodge 변법을 시행하였으며 대조 검사로 IMP-1, VIM-1, VIM-2에 대한 PCR을 시행하였다. 결과: 총 50 균주 중 MBL 생성균은 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 균주, Alcaligenens xylosxidans 7 균주 등 8 균주(16%)가 검출되었다. 이들 균주는 모두 VIM-2 형이었으며, EDTA-DDS, Etest MBL은 PCR 방법과 100% 일치하였다. Hodge 변법은 8 MBL 생성균주 중 2 균주를 검출하지 못했다. 결론: 50 균주 중 8 균주가 MBL 생성균이었고 모두 VIM-2 형이었다. Etest MBL은 가격이 비싸 검사실에서는 EDTA-DDS가 적당할 것으로 사료된다. Purpose: Because metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) has activity to hydrolysls against most β-lactam drugs, dissemination of MBL producing bacteria may cause problems of treatment of infection by their microorganisms. Early detection or screening for MBLs will contribute to prevent further spread of resistance. Authors compared three MBL detection methods with PCR for MBLs. Materials and Methods: For 50 isolates of g1ucose nonfermentative gram negative bacilli with reduced susceptability against imipenem (MIC≥8 μg/mL), EDTA-double disk synergy (EDTA-DDS), Etest MBL and modified Hodge test were compared with PCR detection method for MBLs. Results: Among 50 isolates of glucose nonfermentative microorganisms, eight MBL producers including a Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 7 Alcaligenes xylosoxidans were detected. Those isolates were VIM-2 producer. The results of EDTA-DDS and Etest MBL completely agreed with PCR for MBL detection. Two isolates among eight MBL Producers were not detected in modified Hodge test. Conclusion: All of MBL producing bacteria were VIM-2 genotype. In conclusion, EDTA-DDS may be useful method for MBL detection in clinical laboratory due to high cost of Etest MBL strip.

실용적인 전자투표 프로토콜 제안

홍영기,이재신,김순석,김성권 중앙대학교 정보통신연구소 1999 정보통신연구소논문집 Vol.1 No.1

정보화 시대에 세계적으로 컴퓨터의 보급 및 네트워크의 발달로 컴퓨터 응용분야에서 많은 발전이 이루어지고 있다. 그 중에서도 암호학을 이용한 전자투표는 전자화 되어 가는 민주 사회에서 필요한 요소로 부각되고 있다. 그러나 지금까지의 전자 투표는 중요성에도 불구하고 많은 문제점이 지적되었다. 본 논문에서는 추적할 수 없는 통신망[1]과 신뢰할 수 있는 선거관리센터를 가정함으로써 전자 투표의 요구사항인 안전성, 공정성, 투표자의 비밀성, 선거 집계의 정확성 등을 만족하는 대규모적이고 실용적인 전자투표 프로토콜을 제안한다. 블라인딩기법(Blinding Technique)을 이용하여 투표자의 투표내용을 노출시키지 않고 투표권을 획득하며, 부정할 수 없는 도전 및 응답프로토콜(Challenge and Responsible Protocol)을 사용하여 투표자와 집계자 사이의 부정을 확인할 수 있으며, 투표자나 집계자의 부정으로 인한 전자 투표의 무결성과 투표자의 프라이버시를 보호하기 위해 투표자의 익명을 기반으로 안전한 전자투표를 방식을 제안한다. We have seen a lot of developments on computer application areas with the wide spread use of computers and the rapid growth of communication network. It is necessary to use a cryptographic technique for electronic voting, but, at present, despite of its importance electronic voting protocols so far have many shortcomings. In this paper, with the assumption of untraceable communication channels and trustable voting centers we propose a large-scale and practical electronic voting protocol satisfying protocol requirements, such as secureness, fairness, privacy of voter and correctness. Voters are able to get a vote without revealing their voted information by using the blinding technique. We can find the injustice between a voter and the tallier by using undeniable challenge and responsible protocol. Also, we proposes a secure protocol that compensates a integrity of electronic voting and protects a privacy of voter from outer attacks as using a anonymity of voter.

동하중을 받는 FRAME 구조물의 확률유한요소해석 및 신뢰성해석

신재철,김진홍,정인수,한성호 충남대학교 산업기술연구소 2003 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.18 No.1

Most dynamic systems have various random properties in excitation and system parameters. Therefore, in this paper, reliability analysis for structural response is proposed fro the linear dynamic system with random properties in both excitation and system parameters. The system parameters and responses with random properties are modeled by the perturbation technique. A displacement and bending moment of frame structure is acquired in Stochastic Finite Element Method Program(SFEMP) and Dynamic Stochastic Finite Element Method Program(DSFEMP) using perturbation method, and Direct Monte Carlo Simulation Program(DMCSP) is used to verify and compare previous results. Comparing outputs of SFEMP and DSFEMP with them of DMCSP, it show that they are similar to each other. Also DMCSP need much time to analyze a complicated structure, but SFEMP and DSFEMP can reduce quite time. In this study, it is assumed that excitations, system parameters and response are Gaussian. The results of response for the analysis are compared to those of numerical simulation. Also the probability of failure are calculated for using Advanced First Order Second Moment(AFOSM) of the general reliability analysis method.