선천눈꺼풀처짐 교정술 후 발생한 난시변화

이동섭,김준모,우경인,장혜란,Dong Sub Lee,Joon Mo Kim,Kyung In Woo,Hae Ran Chang 대한안과학회 2006 대한안과학회지 Vol.47 No.9

Purpose: To determine postoperative astigmatic changes after surgery for congenital ptosis and the astigmatic changes depending on surgical method and to discern cases of postoperatively developed anisometropia or amblyopia. Methods: Fifty-one patients who underwent surgery due to congenital ptosis were reviewed. Refraction or cycloplegic refraction was conducted preoperatively and 3 to 6 months after surgery to measure astigmatic changes. Astigmatic changes in operated eyes were compared to control eyes. Astigmatic changes were compared depending on surgical method. Results: The mean astigmatism was 1.33±1.29D preoperatively and 1.48±1.13D postoperatively (P=0.10) and the mean astigmatic change in the ptotic and control eye was an increase in cylinder +0.56±0.55D and +0.68±0.72D (P=0.37). The mean astigmatic change of patients receiving frontalis sling was +0.57±0.67D which was similar to those who received levator resection (+0.56±0.50D). Newly developed anisometropia was found in three patients postoperatively due to an increase in astigmatism, but newly developed amblyopia was not found. Conclusions: The increase of astigmatism by ptosis surgery was not statistically significant and there was no statistically significant difference when accounting for surgical method. However, it is necessary to monitor refractive error carefully in younger patients to prevent amblyopia because postoperative increase of astigmatism can cause anisometropia.

출산에 따른 그레이브스병의 재발 및 관련이자

임창훈,최현아,한승석,김해성,이창욱,정호연,한기옥,장학철,박원근,윤현구,한인권 대한내분비학회 2002 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.17 No.2

Background: Pregnancy affects the course of Graves' Disease (GD), and patients who initially maintain euthyroid function into their middle trimester with minimum doses of antithyroid drugs become exacerbated after delivery. Even patients who are completely cured, requiring no treatment during pregnancy, can relapse after delivery. In this study, we examined the postpartum changes in the thyroid functions of patients with GD, and attempted to determine the factors contributing to these changes. Methods: The study subjects were recruited from pregnant women visiting our outpatient clinic for routine prenatal evaluations. 45 women previously diagnosed with GD, who had been treated and cured with hyperthyroidism, and were no longer taking any thyroid medications, were evaluated for 1 year post delivery. Results: Among 45 patients, 20 (44.4%) developed thyroid disorders following delivery. Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) developed in 8 patients (17.8%), and GD developed in 12 (26.0%). The onset of the PPT disease 3.1 ± 1.4 months following delivery, which was significantly earlier than the 6.7 ± 2.7 months required for the post delivery onset of GD (p=0.003). The TBII values, measured during the thyrotoxic state in each womaen, were negative in women with PPT and positive in 71.4% of women with GD (p=0.030). The duration of treatment for hyperthyroidism prior or pregnancy, the number of recurrences, and the time interval without treatment, were not associated with the development of postpartum thyroid disorders. Whereas, the mean number of past pregnancies for women who developed PPT was 3.9 ± 2.1, and was significantly higher than the 2.2 ± 1.7 for women developing no thyroid dysfunctions (p=0.044). In 13 women their initial onset of GD occurred within one year postpartum, 7 (53.8%) having had a recurrence, which was significantly higher than in women whose disease onset occurred unrelated to delivery (5 of 32 women: 15.6%). Conclusion: Women with GD developed postpartum thyroid dysfunctions in 44.4% of cases. Women whose initial disease onset occurred within one year postpartum had higher recurrences of GD, and women who developed PPT had a history of higher gravidity compared to the euthyroid women postpartum. Therefore, if women with GD develop postpartum thyroid dysfunctions, the diagnosis should be made, and a treatment modality planned, following careful considerations of the patients' past obstetric history, changes in clinical manifestations and the TBII values

고감도 Ames test(microsuspension assay)와 임파구 소핵시험법을 이용한 변이원성에 관한 조사 연구

안지영,김해준,윤인재,성영자,김영환,장영철 大韓産業醫學會 1996 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.8 No.3

In order to evaluate the mutagenic effects of extractable indoor air pollutants (organic matters), we measured the mutagenic activities by sensitive microsuspension Ames test using new tester strains (YG 1024 and YG 1029). And additionally to evaluate the mutagenic effects on vital cell, we examined the frequencies of micronucleus appearing in lymphocytes from dye handling workers and controls. This study was conducted from Jan. to May, 1995. The extractable indoor air pollutants were collected by low volume air sampler in a general office room and 3 of dye handling factories. And the environment of general office room divided into 3 different groups according to the type of room heaters. To determine the frequencies of micronucleus appearing in lymphocytes, we sampled peripheral venous blood from 20 of dye handling workers and 20 of controls, and cultured, and then examined the lymphocytes. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The indirect mutagenic activities of extractable organic matters from suspended particulates collected in a general office room were higher than the direct one. 2. The strain YG 1024 was the most sensitive, and the increasing order of test strains that showed higher number of revertant were YG 1024, YG 1029, TA 100, TA 98. 3. In the general office room, the room using kerosene heater showed the highest mutagenecity, and the next was buthan gas heater, and non-heating room in order. 4. The mutagenic effects of suspended particulates in dye handling factories on the strain YG 1024 was 1.2 times higher than YG 1029. 5. The frequencies of micronucleus appearing in lymphocyte of the circulating blood of dye handling workers and the control were 5.65±2.97‰ and 4.65±0.97‰, respectively. And the difference was statistically significant.

Hematologic and hemodynamic findings during hemodialysis in 13 beagle dogs

Chang-Moo Ji, Hae-Won Jung, Hyo-Mi Jang, Jong-Hyun Moon, Dong-In Jung 충북대학교 동물의학연구소 2014 Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research Vol.15 No.2

Hemodialysis is an effective therapy for renal failure in veterinary practice. To evaluate hematologic and hemodynamic changes during hemodialysis, 13 dogs were treated with hemodialysis, after which complete blood cell counts (CBC), serum chemistry, and mean systolic blood pressure were analyzed. For CBC, white blood cells (WBC) and platelets underwent significant changes. In serum chemistry, there were significant differences in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulin, amylase, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus contents. Further, mean systolic blood pressure suddenly increased in early hemodialysis and decreased significantly thereafter. During hemodialysis, adverse effects were observed in some dogs as follows: bleeding (1 dog), anemia (2 dogs), leukopenia (8 dogs), thrombocytopenia (2 dogs), and hypotension (1 dog). This study demonstrates hematologic and hemodynamic effects during hemodialysis as well as complications similar to human medicine. Before applying the commercialized human hemodialysis system to canine renal failure patients, we monitored hematologic and hemodynamic findings during hemodialysis in healthy beagle dogs.

하우스 장미 切花裁培 技術確立에 관한 硏究 : Ⅰ. 新稍生長 및 開花에 대한 溫度 輔光處理 果와 組織培養 技術을 利用한 幼苗 生産 The Effect of Temperature and Supplemental Lighting on Shoot Growth and Flowering of Rose and the Seedling Production used Tissue Culture Technique

蘇寅燮,權五均,玄海男,康勳,張田益 濟州大學校 亞熱帶農業硏究所 1992 亞熱帶農業硏究 Vol.9 No.-

本 硏究는 濟州地域의 冬季 장미 切花裁培를 위한 技術開發의 側面에서 栽培的 品種選拔을 위하여 露地裁培에 대한 可能性을 檢定하며, 土壤과 비배관리를 위한 基礎資料와 組織培養技術을 利用한 優良苗生産技術을 確立하기 위하여 修行하였던바 얻어진 結果는 다음과 같다. 晝夜間의 溫度變化가 심한 環境下에서도 잘適應했던 品種은 'Innocencia'와 'Madelon'이었다. 화경장은 無加溫 비닐하우스가 加溫 유리온실보다 좋았으며, 切花量은 약간 적었지만 濟州道의 西歸浦 地域에서 장미의 冬季 生産을 위한 無加溫 비닐하우스 栽培도 可能한 것으로 나타났다. 加溫과 輔光處理는 開花日數를 10-15일 가량 앞당겼으며 花質과 採花量도 向上시켰지만, 經濟的인 側面에서 볼 때 비닐하우스 無加溫 栽培도 비교적 良好한 結果를 보였다. 共試品種中 無加溫 비닐하우스 輔光栽培에 適合한 轢으로는 'Lorena', 'Dallas', 'Golden Madelion', 그리고 'Carl-red'等 이었다. 장미재배 土壤의 物理性은 孔隙率이 크기 때문에 배수성과 통기성이 장미재배에 적절하였으며, 재배 기간동안 유리온실 토양의 pH, 置換性 Ca, Mg 및 K, 有效燐酸의 함량은 비닐과 露土 토양에 비하여 높게 유지되었다. 不定芽 發生에 대한 基本 배지로는 MS배지 보다 WPM배지가 共試된 品種 모두 월등한 結果를 보였다. 生長點 培養時 0.1-1.0mg/l의 NAA와 2.5-5.0mg/l의 BA 混用處理가 苗의 生産과 生體重 向上에 좋은 結果를 나타냈다. 幼苗의 發根과 根數, 根長 그리고 活着率 모두 1㎖/l IBA處理보다 活性炭 2g/l添加 處理에서 良好하였다. The purpose of this study is to extract useful information for selecting a suitable variety of cultivation for cut flowers of rose. To meet this purpose three different ways of cultivation, such as non-heated and heated cultivations in vinyl house, and outdoor cultivation, were tested in terms of developing cultivation technique for cut flowers of rose during winter period in Cheju island. In addition, the research attempts to obtain basic idea for soil and culture condition and to develop production technique for a superior plantlet by using the technique of tissue culture. After analyzing the results we have reached the following conclusions: 1. 'Inocenia' and 'Madelon' were the most adaptable varieties under the wide temperture changes during day and night. 2. For the flower stem length, the non-heated vinyl house was preferred to the heated glasshouse. 3. It was found that the non-heated vinyl house is possible during winter period in Seogwipo city area. 4. The treatments of heating and supplemental lighting allowed not only to push about 10 to 15 days ahead of the flowering time but also to improve the quality and the amount of flowers. In terms of the economy, however, the treatments of non-heating and supplemental lighting might be preferrable to the one just described. 5. Among the tested cultivars, 'Lorena', 'Madelon', 'Dallas', 'Golden Madelion' and 'Carl-red' were suitable for the cultivation of non-heating and supplemental lighting. 6. Physical properties of the soil in the treatments were suitable for house culture of cut-rose, and pH, available phosphorus, exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K and nitrate concentration of soil in glasshouse were higher than vinylhouse and open field. 7. The results from the test of basic media about the generation of adventitious rooting showed that the WPM medium is better than the MS medium for tested six cultivars. 8. It was identified that the application of 0.1-1.0 mg/l NAA and 2.5-5.0 mg/l BA at the time of meristem culture came out with likable outcomes for plantlet production and improvement of fresh weight. Treatment of 2 g/l activated charcoal is better than 1 mg/l IBA for rooting, root number, root length, and rooting percentage of a plantlet.

기아시 버들치 Rhynchocypris oxycephalus(Sauvage and Dabry)의 일부 영양조건에서의 효과 : 2. 체 절단면 계측형질의 변화 2. Characteristics of the Morphometric Changes in the Sectioned Body

박인석,임재현,정창화,노재구,김윤해,이영호 한국어류학회 2002 韓國魚類學會誌 Vol.14 No.1

버들치 Rhynchocypris oxycephalus(Sauvage and Dabry) 기아시의 영양 상태 평가를 위하여 비만도, 내장괴지수, dreessing 비를 비롯한 체 횡단 절단면에서의 형태적 변화를 조사였다. 9주간의 기아시 비만도, 내장괴지수 및 대부분의 체 횡단 절단면 계측 형질들에서의 감소를 보였다(P<0.05). 본 연구 결과, 실험에 적용된 영양성 parameter는 본 종의 영양 상태 파악에 유용한 지표임을 시사한다. 연구 결과를 자세히 해석하여, 버들치에서의 주요 체 절단 형질의 산업성을 논의하였다. The effects of starvation on the morphometrical changes in sectioned body traits, condition factor, viscera index and dressing percentage were determined for evaluating nutritional conditions of Rhynchocypris oxycephalus(Sauvage and Dabry). Starvation for nine weeks resulted in a decrease in most sectioned traits as well as in condition factor and viscera index(P<0.05). These findings suggest that nutritional parameters used in this study appear to be a useful index for nutritional status in this species. The data has been interpreted in detail and some important body sectioned values of interest to commercial growers discussed.

大邱市民의 牛乳消費實態와 仁識度

朴恒均,張仁浩,權海秉,金永洪 경북대학교 교육대학원 1977 논문집 Vol.9 No.-

This survey is for getting references to establish a plan for increasing milk demands and the improvement of dairy hygiene by studing the amount of milk consumption, tendency of milk consumers and the recognition of milk in Daegu City. One hundred eighteen thousand and three hundred seventy four homes of pupils who are attending the elementary school in Daegu-City were surveyed for milk consumed or not and 1,280 homes consumed milk and 1,561 homes, non-drinking milk were studied from September 28, 1977 to October 10, 1977 as follows: 1) The annual consumption of milk is 11,497M/T, 4.65% of 247,000M/T national milk production. And dairy cattles fed in Daegu area are 4,752, 4.13% of 115,000 heads fed in Korea. 2) Daily consumption milk is 31,000㎏ and a shortage of 5,000㎏ arose in the summer while there was a 8,000-9,000㎏ over abundance in the winter. 3) Home delivered milk for 118,374 homes that have pupils was 10,560, 8.92%. 4) According to monthly income, 29.7% of 1,280 homes delivered milk was less than 100,000 Won for monthly earnings, and 43.7% for 1,561 homes not delivered milk was less than 1000,000Won for monthly earnings. The number of homes that were not delivered milk was two times as much as home consumed milk. 5) Depending on housewife's school career, middle school graduates were 33.0%, high school 66.9% while among homes that had not consumed milk, 46.37% housewife attended middle school and 49.6% high school. 6) If the price is lower than now, homes requiring more milk was 84.6% but childrens high school year. And if it was low price, 88.4% homes wanted to begin drinking milk, 35.43% by their children's high school year. This indicates that an increasing number of homes required milk. 7) The consumption of 2 bottles (360㎖) or more per homes is 79.69% and one bottle (180㎖) per home is 20.31%. 8) Homs delivered for one year more were 75.7% and less than one year 34.6%. 9) Delivered milk placed in refrigerators was 69% and others 31.4%. People who drank cold milk was 81.56% and hot milk were 18.44% 10) Milk price delivered was: A high of 45.94% and a low of 2.97% and a reasonable 51.09%. 11) The reasons for drinking milk were: Weakened body 49.6%, taste 18.04%, and instead of a rice meal 31.02%. 12) The physical effects after drinking were: Good 65.47%, bad 0.5%. 13) Homes which liked to have delivered milk in the morning were 85.31% and daily 97.19%. 14) Milk quality was: Good 27.89% and normal or of poor grade 72.8%. 15) Milk delivery systems were: Good 65.31% and not good 29.65%. 16) The mainreason for not drinking milk taste 20.88%, Yogurt used instead 20.50%, and powdered milk used instead 22.74%, and unwholesome milk 16.02%.

Mn-DPDP가 간의 자기공명영상과 양자자기공명분광에 미치는 영향

배인영,서창해,정원균,조순구,Bae, In-Yeong,Seo, Chang-Hae,Jeong, Won-Gyun,Jo, Sun-Gu 대한영상의학회 2002 대한영상의학회지 Vol.46 No.4

목적: Manganese dipyridoxyl diphosphate(Mangafodipir trisodium, Teslascan, Nycomed, 이하 Mn-DPDP)가 간의 자기공명영상(이하 MRI)과 양자 자기공명분광(이하 MRS)에 미치는 대상과 방법: 시험관연구로서, 4.7 테스라자기공명영상기기를 이용하여 다양한 농도의 지질용액에 Mn-DPDP를 가하기전과후에 MRS 스펙트럼을 얻어 1.3 ppm 지질피크의 변화를 보았다. 생체연구로서, 가토간조직의 망간함량변화를 알아보기 위해 Mn-DPDP(10 $\mu$mol, 1ml/kg) 를 가토에 주사하기 전과 주사 후 10분, 20분, 30분, 1시간, 2시간, 4시간, 24시간에 간조직을 원자흡광분광분석기로 분석하였다. 같은 시간에 T1-강조영상을 얻어 간의 신호강도를 구하고 상대적조영증강정도를 계산하였으며, MRS스펙트럼을 얻어 각 대사산물들의 피크면적을 구하고 이를 지질피크면적으로 나눈 상대비를 계산하여 간조직의 망간함량변화와 비교하였다. 결과: 시험관내 연구에서 Mn-DPDP는 1.3 ppm의 지질피크를 억제하는 효과를 보였다. 간조 직의 망간함량은 Mn-DPDP 주사 후 차츰 증가하여 20분에 최고에 도달하고 점차 감소하여 24시간에 정상수준에 도달했다. Mn-DPDP 주사 후 T1-강조영상에서 간조직의 신호강도변 화는 간조직의 망간함량변화와 유사한 형태를 보였다. MRS에서 Mn-DPDP 주사 후 1.3 ppm의 지질피크면적은 간조직의 망간함량과 역으로 변했다. 결론: Mn-DPDP는 MRI의 T1-강조영상에서 간의 조영증강효과를 보이고, MRS에서는 1.3 ppm의 지질피크를 감소시키며 이는 간조직의 망간함량변화와 잘 일치하였다. Purpose: To determine the influence of manganese dipyridoxyl diphosphate (Mn-DPDP) on MRI and proton MRS. Materials and Methods: In an in-vitro study designed to determine changes in the lipid peak at 1.3 ppm, 4.7T MR equipment was used to obtain proton MR spectrographic images of a lipid solution of varying concentration, with and without Mn-DPDP. Before; at 10, 20, and 30 minutes; and at 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours after the IV injection of Mn-DPDP (10${\mu}$mol, 1ml/kg), the concentration of Mn in liver tissue was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. At the same intervals, T1-weighted MR images were obtained, the signal intensity of the liver was thus determined, and the relative enhancement ratio was calculated. MRS of rabbit liver was performed serially at the same intervals, and the peak areas of metabolites, as well as their peak areas relative to lipids, were calculated. The findings were correlated with tissue Mn concentration. Results: At 1.3 ppm with Mn-DPDP, MRS showed that the peak area of the lipid had decreased. Tissue Mn concentration increased just after Mn-DPDP injection and peaked after 20 minutes, decreasing to a level within the normal range after 24 hours. Serial changes in the signal intensity of the liver, as seen at MRI, showed similar pattern to that of Mn concentration. There was reverse correlation between serial change in the peak area of lipids at 1.3 ppm and Mn concentration after Mn-DPDP injection. Conclusion: At T1-weighted MR imaging, the injection of Mn-DPDP led to the enhancement of liver tissue, and at MRS, the lipid peak at 1.3 ppm decreased. There was close correlation between these effects and tissue Mn concentration.

Overexpression of Insulin Degrading Enzyme could Greatly Contribute to Insulin Down-regulation Induced by Short-Term Swimming Exercise

Min Sun Kim,Jun Seo Goo,Ji Eun Kim,So Hee Nam,Sun Il Choi,Hye Ryun Lee,In Sik Hwang,Sun Bo Shim,Seung Wan Jee,Su Hae Lee,Chang Joon Bae,Jung Sik Cho,Jun Yong Cho,Dae Youn Hwang 한국실험동물학회 2011 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.27 No.1

Exercise training is highly correlated with the reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), although it enhanced insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake and glucose transporter expression to reduce severity of diabetic symptoms. This study investigated the impact of short-term swimming exercise on insulin regulation in the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat as a non-obese model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Wistar (W/S) and GK rats were trained 2 hours daily with the swimming exercise for 4 weeks, and then the changes in the metabolism of insulin and glucose were assessed. Body weight was markedly decreased in the exercised GK rats compare to their non-exercised counterpart, while W/S rats did not show any exercise-related changes. Glucose concentration was not changed by exercise, although impaired glucose tolerance was improved in GK rats 120 min after glucose injection. However, insulin concentration was decreased by swimming exercise as in the decrease of GSIS after running exercise. To identify the other cause for exercise-induced insulin down-regulation, the changes in the levels of key factors involved in insulin production (C-peptide) and clearance (insulin-degrading enzyme; IDE) were measured in W/S and GK rats. The C-peptide level was maintained while IDE expression increased markedly. Therefore, these results showed that insulin down-regulation induced by short-term swimming exercise likely attributes to enhanced insulin clearance via IDE over-expression than by altered insulin production.

QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF PERMEABILITY IN THE ADHESIVE INTERFACE OF FOUR ADHESIVE SYSTEMS

장주혜,이기욱,김혜영,이인복,조병훈,손호현 대한치과보존학회 2009 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.34 No.1

본 연구는 현재 시판 되고 있는 여러 개의 상아질 접착제를 임상 술식에서와 같은 방법으로 사용한 다음 열순환 후 접착계면의 변화를 관찰 비교하고자 했다. 발거 한 지 한 달 이내인 대구치 28개의 교합 면 상아질 표면에 4종의 상아질 접착제 (OptiBond FL [OP], AdheSE [AD], Clearfil SE Bond [CL], Xeno Ⅲ [KE] 중 하나를 적용한 뒤 복합 레진 (Premisa, Kerr)을 1mm두께로 올린 후 광중합 하였다. 4℃ 증류수에서 6일간 보관한 뒤 치아의 정중선으로부터 수직으로 절단하여 그 중 절반의 치아에서 2mm 두께의 시편을 얻은 다음 남은 반쪽의 치아는 10.000회의 열순환을 가한 뒤 (5˚-55˚, 침지 시간 25초 대기 시간 5초) 같은 방법으로 2 mm 두께의 시편을 얻었다. 연마한 시편을 24시간 동안 50% ammoniacal silver nitrate solution에 담근 다응 photo-developing solution에서 8시간 동안 환원시켰다. 계면을 가로지르는 5개의 line 상에서 wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) detector를 이용하여 주사선상에 있는 원소들의 중량비를 계산하였다 또한 열순환 전과 후의 시편에서 얻어진 5개의 silver 측정치를 서로 비교하였다. 열순환 전의 접착제층(adhesive layer)에서는 OP에서 가장 적은 silver의 투과가 관찰되었으며 (P<0.0001), CL. AD, XE 순으로 투과 량이 중가함을 보였다. 혼성층 (Hybrid layer) 에서는 CL의 투과량이 가장 적었다 (p=0.0039) 열순환 후에 접착제층과 혼성층에서 silver의 투과량은 증가하지는 않았다. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) 사진을 통하여 각 시편의 접착 계면에서 접착제에 따른 특이적인 silver의 투과상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 전반적으로 OP와 CL의 접착계면이 열순환 과정 중에도 온전히 유지됨을 볼 수 있었다. 접착 계면에서의 수분 투과 양상은 각 접착제예 따라 다른 형태를 보였으며 열 순환에 의해 유의할 만한 변화를 야기하지는 않았다. The purpose of this study was to perform quantitative comparisons of water permeable zones in both the adhesive and the hybrid layer before and after thermocycling in order to assess the integrity of the bonding interface. Twenty eight flat dentin surfaces were bonded with a light-cured composite resin using one of four commercial adhesives [OptiBond FL (OP), AdheSE (AD), Clearfil SE Bond (CL), and Xeno Ⅲ (XE)]. These were sectioned into halves and subsequently cut to yield 2-mm thick specimens: one specimen for control and the other subjected to thermocycling for 10,000 cycles. After specimens were immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate for 24 h and exposed to a photo developing solution for 8 h. the bonded interface was analyzed by scanning election microscopy (SEM) and wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) at five locations per specimen Immediately after bonding thc adhesive layer of OP showed the lowest silver uptake followed by CL, AD, and XE in ascending order (p< 0.0001) the hybrid layer of CL had the lowest silver content among the groups (p=0.0039) After thermocycling none of the adhesives manifested a significant increase of silver in either the adhesive or the hybrid layer. SEM demonstrated the characteristic silver penetrated patterns within the interface. It was observed that integrity of bonding was well maintained in OP and CL throughout the thermocycling process. Adhesive-tooth interfaces are vulnrable to hydrolytic degradation and its permeability varies in different adhesive systems, which may be clinically related to the restoration longevity.