멀리서 읽는 “우리” ― Word2Vec, N-gram을 이용한 근대 소설 텍스트 분석

徐在玄 ( Seo¸ Jae-hyun ),金炳俊 ( Kim¸ Byung-jun ),金民雨 ( Kim¸ Min-woo ),朴素晶 ( Park¸ So-jeong ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2021 大東文化硏究 Vol.115 No.-

우리말 표현 ‘우리’를 설명하고자 하는 논의는 최근까지 이어져 왔지만 각각의 결론에 도달했을 뿐, 포괄적인 설명을 내놓지 못한 채 고착에 빠져있다. 본 논문에서는 멀리서 읽기(distant reading)로 통칭되는 정량적 연구방법론을 적용함으로써 이 상황을 벗어날 새로운 방향을 모색하고자 한다. 본 연구에서 분석 대상으로 삼는 1900년대 초반부터 한국전쟁 이전까지의 신소설로부터 해방기에 이르는 소설 텍스트 자료들은 통시적 관찰을 가능하게 할 뿐 아니라 한문과 한글, 문어와 구어의 경계에 서서 우리다운 표현에 대한 고민이 축적된 지적 산물이라는 점에서 의의를 가진다. 이 텍스트를 수집하고 정제한 말뭉치를 대상으로 기계학습을 활용한 디지털 방법론(Word2Vec분석 및 N-gram분석)을 적용해나가는 과정을 통해 인간의 눈에 의해 포착되지 못한 새로운 통찰에 대한 가능성을 확인하고자 한다. 이를 통해 얻은 문제의식을 바탕으로 가까이 읽기와 멀리서 읽기를 상호보완적으로 병행함으로써 얻은 풍부한 사례들을 토대로 ‘우리’연구에 새로운 방향을 제시하려고 한다. Although it has taken quite a long time to discuss the Korean term ‘Uri’ until recent days, it is still in a stalemate without a clear explanation. Through applying quantitative research methodology so-called ‘Distant Reading’, this paper explores the new way to solve the problem. While covering the preceding researches, the research targets to improve the quality and amount of the data, and to apply data analysis using machine learning methodology(Word2Vec and N-gram) to overcome the bias and highlight the unexcavated usages of ‘Uri’. It can be said that the corpus of modern Korean novels is an accumulated intellectual source that is recorded by the literate stratum (of Korean society) since they had struggled to devise the proper term over time. Through the series of each process(collecting and parsing the data, analyzing the corpus with machine learning methodology) the researcher would capture the unseen insights. In the end, it is expected that ‘Close reading’ would use jointly as a cooperative methodology with ‘Distant reading’ collinearly.

미성숙영구치의 복합항생제 적용에 의한 변색의 처치: 증례보고

박소연,김영재,김정욱,장기택,이상훈,김종철,한세현,현홍근 大韓小兒齒科學會 2012 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.39 No.1

The concept of revascularization of necrotic pulps regained interest and became an alternative conservative treatment option for young permanent teeth with immature roots. Revascularization of immature teeth with apical periodontitis depends mainly on disinfection of the canal. Since the infection of the root canal system is considered to be polymicrobial, a combination of drugs would be needed to treat the diverse flora. A triple antibiotic mixture of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and minocycline was used as an intracanal medicament. However, discoloration was developed after applying the triple antibiotic mixture. It is believed that the marked discoloration is related to the use of minocycline. The aim of this article was to present cases of coronal discoloration after triple antibiotic therapy in immature tooth and was treated with bleaching technique to control coronal discoloration. In conclusion, revascularization by using triple antibiotics promotes a paradigm shift in treating endodontically involved permanent teeth. However, we should understand that triple antibiotics containing minocycline induces tooth discoloration. Further research to prevent coronal discoloration should be investigated and suggested for the safe use of triple antibiotics. 괴사된 미성숙영구치의 치수치료에 있어서 치수의 재혈관화를 통해 치근단 발육 및 치근형성을 지속하려는 개념이 소개됨 으로써 현재 미성숙영구치의 치수치료의 대안으로 제시되고 있다. 이러한 치근단 염증을 가진 미성숙 영구치의 재혈관화를 위해서는 가장 중요한 것이 근관내 감염된 부분을 확실히 제거하는 살균(disinfection)이다. 근관 내 감염은 여러 세균의 복 합작용으로 일어나기 때문에 철저한 살균에 사용되는 약제의 조합은 다양한 범위의 균주를 모두 제거 가능해야한다. Metronidazole(MN), ciprofloxacin(CF), minocycline(MC)의 세 가지 복합항생제가 약제로 사용되고 있으나 이 복합항생 제 적용 후 치관변색을 일으키는 사례가 보고되고 있다. 이러한 치관변색은 항생제의 성분 중 MC에 의한 것으로 여겨지고 있으며, 본 증례에서는 복합항생제 적용에 의해 야기된 치관변색의 증례를 소개하고 이를 표백술로 처치하여 최종 수복한 증 례를 보고하였다. 복합항생제 적용을 통해 미성숙영구치의 치수치료에 새로운 패러다임을 제시한 것은 분명하지만 치관변색 등의 부작용이 있음을 인지하고 치관변색을 사전에 예방하고 최소화하기 위해 다양한 방법이 강구되어야 할 것이다.

오메프라졸과 베타-시클로덱스트린과의 포접화합물 형성에 따른 특성

소재일,이창현,이계주 충남대학교 약학대학 의약품개발연구소 1991 藥學論文集 Vol.7 No.-

To increase the stability and bioavailability of Omeprazole(OMP), which is used newly as a proton-pump inhibitor, inclusion complex of OMP with β-cyclodextrin(β-CD) was prepared by coprecipitation method and its characteristics were ascertained by means of solubility test, DSC, IR, and the accelerated stability analysis. The type of OMP inclusion complex is classified as Bs-type on phase solubility diagram, and the stoichiometric ratio of OMP: β-CD complex is 1:2 and formation constant is 80.82/mole. The solubility of the complex could be increased remarkably by complexation compare with OMP. Degradation process of both OMP and OMP complex followed apparent first-order kinetics, of which degradation rate constants and activation energies are k_25=8.1×10^(-4)/day, E_a=22 Kcal/mole (OMP), and k_25=4.65×10^(-6)/day, E_a=35 Kcal/mole (complex), respectively. These results show the increase of the stability and solubility of OMP markedly, therefore it is believed that the improvement of stabilization for OMP by inclusion complexation might be practically available.

항암화학요법 관련 오심과 구토 완화를 위한 비약물요법에 관한 연구동향

소향숙,최자윤,조인숙,김영재,김지영,김애숙,김옥미,김춘심,김현오,설영애,안정옥,이애리,이영자 성인간호학회 2003 성인간호학회지 Vol.15 No.3

Purpose: Purposes of this study were to understand the current trends on complementary therapy in relieving chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and to suggest the future research direction. Method: Subjects were selected on CINAHL, MEDLINE, Korean Academy Data Base from 1980 to 2001 which used nausea, vomiting, chemotherapy and complementary therapy as key words in experimental studies. Eight korean articles and twenty-one international articles were analyzed in terms of general characteristics, research methods, and types of complementary therapy. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical methods. Result: Since 2000, researchers have more actively used complementary therapy. In subject characteristics, mean age was 35.5 years old, 45% of the researchers were performed with high level of incidence of chemotherapy induced vomiting, 14% of them set limit of consecutive cycle during research, and 65% of them did not comment the selecting criteria of sample. About 60% of them were designed post-test only control group: 35% used INV by Rhodes, 31% used Likert scale, and 24% used VAS for dependent variable. Muscle relaxation therapy was mostly applied for relief of nausea and vomiting. Conclusion: Further studies will be needed to control extrinsic variables affecting nausea and vomiting in research design and to accumulate evidence with studies applying various complementary therapies.

여성 골프 웨어 발달에 관한 고찰 : 1900년대 이후의 미국 VOGUE 지를 중심으로

김소현,박재옥 漢陽大學校 韓國生活科學硏究所 2000 韓國 生活 科學 硏究 Vol.- No.18

Recently there arises a remarkable popularity of sportswear in Korea as well as in other countries in the world. There has been rapid increase not only in the numbers of golfers but also in people's concern on sports. However, golf wear has not been developed much comparing to the popularity and interest of people in Korea. The research investigated developmental stage for American golf wear and its characteristics and influence. The major characteristics in sports wear are as follows : First, equality in sex has brought blue-jean and uni-sex mode. Second, many production has caused the development of industrial wear and sports wear. Third, recently, sports wear has been the fashion leader in the modern clothing. Beginning of the 21s1 century, increasing people who enjoy the golf. As the number of increase, golfers demand more improved and specialized golf wear. According to the development of golf wear, the research suggests the direction for next movement. First, golf wear industries have to solve the problems of changing body accompanied during golf-gesture. Second, golf wear need to be functional, elegant, and neat since golf honors manner and rule. Third, special brands for golf wear should appear. Golf is not sports for upper-class only. Its popularity and interest among people is increasing everyday. Accordingly, the research and project for golf wear need to be increased much.

고등학생의 인터넷 사용정도와 학교적응, 친구관계에 대한 연구

이현주,김미연,이희재,권소영,김민정,김민주,방은혜,이경희,김수지,이자형 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2004 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.38

Today, almost all families are quipped with computers. At the same time, we can find lots of side-effects because of computers. If young students, who tend to be unable to control their impulses once they are immersed in internet, the problem will be more serious. It could be happened that the young students can't distinguish the real from the image. Therefore, it is important to grasp the actual condition of juvenile Internet addicts and their practical life, and to come up with basic materials necessary for working out countermeasures. This study surveyed 339 high school students from three high schools in the area of Seoul. Data collection were collected from 22nd of December, 2003 to 27th of December 2003. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS program using T-test, ANAVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results were as follows: First, of the 333 respondents 9.61% of them were high-risk internet using group, 15.02% of them were potential-risk internet using group. 25% of then were identified as addicted group. Second, the more addicted the subjects are, the lower their level of school adjustment becomes. For the addicted group, it is difficult to adjust their school and to have a good relationship with friend. Third, the more addicted the subjects are, the lower their level of friendship becomes. The subordinate areas of friendship have same results as the level of Internet addiction and the extent of friendship. If students are addicted to Internet, it is difficult to find friends who can give them encouragement in practical life. Firth, there was a negative relationship between Internet addiction and school adjustment, and, there was a negative relationship between Internet addiction and friendship. Through this study we have seized the relationship between Internet addiction and school adjustment and friendship. As a result, the more addicted, the more difficult to adjust to school. And for the students who were addicted, it is difficult to make a friend.

구강악안면외과에서 의식하진정에 필요한 Midazolam용량에 관한 연구

장재현,김성민,김소희,박영욱 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2002 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.24 No.3

Conscious sedation is a minimally depressed level of consciousness that retains the patients' ability to maintain the airway continuously and to respond appropriately to physical stimulation and verbal command at any time, produced by a pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic method or a combination thereof. In dental anesthesia, a state of sedation in which the conscious patient is rendered free of fear, apprehension and anxiety through the use of pharmacologic agents. Midazolam is a useful drug of benzodiazepine on minor operation of dentistry. The purpose of this study is to estimate the appropriate dosage protocol of Midazolam to the patient receiving intravenous sedation at the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Total subject was fifty-one patients and fifteen patients of this subject were decided to control group that they were not received intravenous sedation. The experimental group was randomly subdivided into two groups and each of those groups was administrated to 0.05 ㎎/㎏ and 0.08 ㎎/㎏ each other. All patients of the subject were surveyed with postoperative one day questionaire to evaluate the level of sedation. We found that the result was statistically significant between the experimental and the control, and so we present the protocol of the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Kangnung National University Dental Hospital.

여호와의 증인 환자에서 산과적 출혈 후 무수혈 치료 2예

김재령,여소진,이해혁,김정식,김태희,남계현,이권해,이임순,박진화,황경호 순천향의학연구소 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.2

Jehovah's Witness comprise a unique obstetric population. Their refusal of blood stems from an interpretation of a literal translation of the Bible, and it is this belief that puts them at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality if hemorrhage occurs. We report two cases of a Jehovah's Witness who bled massively due to obstetric hemorrhage, refused blood transfusion and had profound anemia. The patients were treated with recombinant human erythropoietin, parenteral iron and oxygen. And they were treated on an intensive care unit with intermittent positive pressure ventilation. We reviewed with literature considering the therapy for acutely anemic patients who refuse transfusion to decrease the duration of the most severe anemia.

자궁암세포(HeLa)에 대한 사군자탕과 수종 항암제의 병용투여 효과

은재순,김현욱,소준노,오찬호,이송재 又石大學校 1993 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

The studies were conducted to investigate the combined effects of Sa Kunja Tang(SKT) and several anti-cancer drugs. The effects of SKT and several anti-cancer drugs on the proliferation of HeLa cells, human cervical cell line, was estimated by MTT colorimetric assays. The SKT extract inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cell at 10^-4g/ml. The inhibitory action of the mitomycin C(MMC), mercaptopurine(MCP) and 5-fluorouracil(5-Fu) treated group, respectively, on the proliferation of HeLa cell was increased by the SKT. When the mice were treated by the MMC, the number of leukocyte was decreased significantly at the 1st and 3rd day, but recovered at the 7th day. In the groups of the MMC treated with the SKT, the number of leukocytes was increased significantly than the group of the MMC treated only at the 3rd day. The SKT extract decreased the thymus weight of mice. The SKT extract increased the number of plaque forming cells(PFC), but the MMC treated group decreased the number of PFC. The combined treatment of MMC and the SKT increased the number of PFC significantly than the MMC treated group. The SKT extract increased the proliferation of T cells, but the MMC treated group decreased the proliferation of T cells. The combined treatment of MMC and the SKT increased T cell proliferation significantly than the MMC treated group. In conclusion, the results presented in this paper suggest that the SKT extract can decrease the dose of anti-cancer drugs on HeLa cell, and recover the side dffects of the MMC, such as leukopenia and immunosuppresion, without any intercalating the anti-proliferative action of the MMC in vivo.

일차배양된 설치류 호흡기 상피세포로부터의 점액소 분비에 대한 수종 약물의 영향

이충재,석정호,이재흔,허강민,박지선,배소현,노삼길,박상철 충남대학교 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.2

1. PKC activator인 PMA는 일차배양 HTSE세포로부터의 뮤신분비를 0.1μM 농도에서 30%, 1μM 농도에서 80% 가량 증가시켰다. 2. 식물 유래 성분으로, flavonoid의 일종인 TFR은 일치배양 HTSE 세포로부터의 뮤신분비를 10μM 농도에서 50%, 100μM 농도에서 80% 가량 증가시켰다. 3. 양이온성 폴리펩티드인 PLL 및 PLA는 일차 배양 HTSE 세포로부터의 뮤신분비를 0.01 - 10μM 농도에서 용량의존적으로 감소시켰다. 4. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과들은 새로운 거담제 및 점액용해제나 단백분해 효소제가 아닌 호흡기 류신의 생성/분비를 조절해 줄 수 있는 신개념의 약물을 개발함에 있어 극히 일부분이나마 단서를 제공하고 있다고 하루 수 있을 것이다. In the present study, we tried to investigate whether phorbol myristate acetate(PMA), trihydroxymethoxy-flavanone rutinoside(TFR) and cationic polypeptides significantly affect mucin release(secretion) from cultured hamster tracheal surface epithelial cells. Confluent primary hamster tracheal surface epithelial (HTSE) cells were metabolically radiolabeled with 3H-glucosamine for 24 hr and chased for 30 min in the presence of each agent to assess the effect on 3H-mucin release. The results were as follows : (1) Both PMA and TFR significantly increased mucin release from cultured HTSE cells ; (2) Cationic polypeptides including po1y-L-lysine(PLL, mw 7,500) and poly-L-arginine(PLA, mw 10,800) significantly inhibited mucin release from cultured HTSE cells, in a dose-dependent manner. This finding suggests us that PMA and TFR be further studied for the possible use as mild expectorants and cationic polypeptides might function as a regulator for hyper-secretion of mucus, both by direct acting on airway mucin-secreting cells, during the treatment of chronic airway diseases.