북한산국립공원 북한산성-인수봉 지역의 산림군집구조

추갑철 ( Gab Cheul Choo ),엄태원 ( Tae Won Um ),김갑태 ( Gab Tae Kim ),박삼봉 ( Sam Bong Park ),안효현 ( Hyo Hyeon An ),김남호 ( Nam Ho Kim ),김희정 ( Hee Jung Kim ) 한국환경생태학회 2008 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.22 No.2

북한산 국립공원지역의 식생구조를 파악하고자, 북한산성에서 인수봉에 이르는 지역에 16개의 방형구(2500㎡)를 설정하여 식생을 조사하였다. 식물군집을 분류한 결과 16개 조사구는 신갈나무 혼효림 군집, 소나무-신갈나무 군집, 신갈나무 우점군집의 3개 군집으로 분류되었다. 북한산 국립공원내 북한산성에서 인수봉에 이르는 지역의 우점수종은 신갈나무로 나타났다. 수종간의 상관관계는 신갈나무와 진달래, 신갈나무와 개옻나무, 진달래와 철쭉, 노린재나무와 철쭉, 당단풍과 함박꽃나무 등의 수종들 간에는 높은 정의상관이 인정 되었고, 물푸레나무와 진달래, 노간주나무와 당단풍, 쪽동백나무와 당단풍 등의 수종들간에 부의 상관이 비교적 높은 편이다. 조사지의 군집별 종 다양성도는 1.23 6~1.319의 범위로 다른 국립공원들의 능선부 식생에 비하여 비교적 높게 나타났다. To investigate the vegetation structure of the region from Bukhansanseong to Insubong in Bukhansan National park, 16 plost(2500㎡) set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups Quercus mongolica -Mixed Broad Ieaved community, Pinus densiflora -Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica community was classified (or communities were classified) by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica were found as a major woody plant species in Bukhansan National park region. High positive correlation were proved between Quercus mongolica and Rhododendron; Quercus mongolica and Rhus tricocarpa; Rhododendron mucronulatum and Rhododendron schlippenbachi; Symplocos chinensis and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Acer pseudosieboldianum and Magnolia sieboldii, and relatively high negative correlation was proved between Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Rhododendron mucronulatum; Juniperus rigida and Acer pseudosieboldianum; Styrax obassia and Acer pseudosieboldianum. Species diversity(H`) of investigated groups were ranged from 1.236~1.319 and it was relatively high compared to those of the ridge area of other national parks.

북한산국립공원의 계류수질 보전 전략(I)

박재현,우보명,김우룡,안현철,조현서,추갑철,김춘식,최형태,Park, Jae-Hyeon,Woo, Bo-Myeong,Kim, Oue-Ryong,Ahn, Hyun-Chul,Cho, Hyun-Seo,Choo, Gab-Chul,Kim, Choon-Sig,Choi, Hyung-Tae 한국환경복원기술학회 2001 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.4 No.3

This study was conducted to investigate physicochemical property changes from July 1998 to August 2001 in Mt. Bukhansan National Park. Four water sampling points were selected to measure the quality of stream water in the northeastern part of the Mt. Bukhansan National Park. The results were summarized as follows; In spring, the average pH of stream water was below the first class of the river water quality standard, while it was normal level in summer. The average electrical conductivity was about 2.3~3.3 times higher in downstream water than in upstream water during spring and summer. The contents of anions($Cl^-$, $NO{_3}^-$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$) were about 1.1~7.4 and 0.4~11.4 times higher in downstream than in upstream water, respectively. These results indicate that water quality was poorer in downstream than in upstream water. We suggest that stream water in the Mt. Bukhansan National Park should be protected from impacts of snow melting mineral particles in spring season and human impacts like wastewater of point source in summer season.

지리산 등산로변의 수목조사 : 동부지역을 중심으로

추갑철,김봉규,박삼봉 진주산업대학교 산업과학기술연구소 2005 산업과학기술연구소보 Vol.- No.12

지리산 동부지역 등산로 8구간(1;거림매표소-세석대피소, 2;중산리매표소-칼바위-로타리대피소, 3;세석대피소-장터목대피소, 4;장터목대피소-천왕봉, 5;로타리대피소-천왕봉, 6;자연학습원-로타리산장, 7;중산리-자연학습원, 8;장터목대피소-백무동매표소)의 목본식물을 조사한 결과 37과 66속 99종 13변종 2품종으로 총 114종류가 조사되었다. 이들 중 상록침엽수는 주목, 개비자나무, 잣나무, 소나무, 구상나무, 가문비나무, 등 6종이고, 낙엽침엽수는 낙엽송 1종만 나타났다. 한국 특산종으로는 개비자나무, 잣나무, 구상나무, 매자나무, 매화말발도리, 산앵도나무, 노각나무, 딱총나무 등이 조사되었다. 전 구간에 걸쳐 나타나는 수종으로는 신갈나무, 함박꽃나무, 철쭉 등이 조사되었고, 가장 수종이 많은 구간은 제 1조사구로 32과 49속 72종류이고, 종의 수가 가장적은 구간은 제 4조사구로 11과 20속 23종류가 조사되었다. 본 연구에서 제시된 결과는 국립공원 탐방로 관리방안에 있어 유용한 기초정보를 제공 할 것으로 기대된다. The woody plants species were investigated as 114 taxa; 37 families, 66 genus, 99 species, 13 varieties, 2 forms in the whole 8 trails surveyed areas of eastern parts of Chirisan(1; Georim valley~Sesok shelter, 2; Jungsanri valley~Rotari shelter, 3; Sesok shelter~Jangtomok shelter, 4; Jangtomok shelter~Chonwangbong, 5; Chonwangbong~Rotari shelte, 6; Jayeonhagsubwon~Rotari shelter, 7; Jungsanri Valley~ayeonhagsubwon, 8; Jangtomok shelter~Baengmudong). The narrow-leaved evergreens were 6 species. There are Taxus cuspidata, Cephalotaxus koreana, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus densiflora, Abies koreana, Picea jezoensis. The narrow-leaved deciduous was Larix leptolepis. The endemic woody plants to korea of Chirisan were 8 species. There are Cephalotaxus koreana, Pinus koraiensis, Abies koreana, Berberis koreana, Deutzia coreana, Vaccinium koreanum, Stewartia koreana, Samvucus williamsii var. coreana. In all area surveyed woody plants were Quercus mongolica, Magnolia sieboldii, Rhododendron schlippenbachii. Findings of the study expect to be used as fundamentals in trail management strategy making for Korean national parks.

ILE 라이다 측정에 의한 에어로졸 입경분포 데이터추출 알고리즘

박찬봉,이주희 경희대학교 레이저공학연구소 2000 레이저공학 Vol.11 No.-

The algorithm for calculation of aerosol size distribution is developed. The algorithm are mainly consists of log normal size distribution function with Klett equations and Mie equations. Also, These equation is basis on the multi-wavelength lidar those use 355 nm, 532 nm and 1064 nm. The Lidar provides three modes of operation : aerosol (355, 532 and 1064 nm), Raman (387, 408 and 355 nm) and polarization (532 nm) measurements. The distinctive feature of multi-wavelength data processing is a consecutive approach including simultaneous lidar equation solution and determination of size distribution function. With the algorithm, aerosol size that is in the range of 0.037 to 2.3 mm can be analyzed along with the altitude. In case studies, the concentration of aerosol is dominant in the range below 0.404 mm but Asian dust is increased over 0.7 mm range.

활성슬러지법을 이용한 화장품폐수 처리에 관한 연구

박진식,문추연,김동일 경운대학교 산업기술연구소 2001 産業技術硏究論文誌 Vol.3 No.2(B)

In this study, Activated Sludge was operated for treatment of cosmetic wastewater and combined with sewage The results from this study are follows. During the experiments, average COD and BOD concentrations of raw wastewaters were ranged 690∼1,010 ㎎/l, 550 ∼ 880㎎/l respectively, and fluctuated sharply with time. COD removal efficiency was 73.6% at HRT 12hr. It is higher removal efficiency than HRT 4hr 62.6%, HRT 8hr 69.4% when cosmetic wastewater combine with sewage, COD and BOD removal efficiencies were higher than wastewater only, therefore treatment of combined sewage was effective.

畜肉소세지에 있어서 補助蛋白이 保水力 및 乳化力에 미치는 效果에 關한 硏究

박신,강주회 대구대학교 산업기술연구소 1988 産業技術硏究 Vol.7 No.-

The most important quality factors for meat sausage are water holding and fat emulsification capacity to improve stability of quality and yield. This studies were accomplished to search ingredients and procedure how to increase the water holding and fat emulsification capacity. Experiments about the effects of added protein, phosphate and salt content on the water holding and fat emulsification capacity were conducted. The water holding capacity sequence of added protein was as follows: Egg Albumin>ISP>Gluten=Lacto Albumin>Casein. The fat emulsification capacity sequence of added protein was as follows: Casein>ISP>Gluten>Lacto Albumin>Egg Albumin. The water holding capacity of sausage increased until phosphate content reached to 0.4%, however, water holding capacity did not increase when phosphate content exceeded 0.4%. The water holding and fat emulsification capacity increased until salt content increased to 3%, however, tended to decrease when salt content exceeded 3%. Moreover, sausage tasted salty when salt content exceeded 2%. The conclusion of this studies were summarized as follows: 1. Egg Albumin was mainly effective for water holding capacity. 2. Casein was mainly effective for fat emulsification capacity. 3. Lacto Albumin was not effective for water holding and fat emulsification capacity. However, it was very effective for the improvement of texture such as tenderness and elasticity.

美國의 對韓 外交政策 : 主로 韓國戰爭을 中心으로 mainly concentrating on Korean War

朴柱璜 全北大學校 1972 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

수소화된 비정질 규소박막의 정상상태 광전기 전도도 측정에 의한 재결합 과정의 연구

박혁렬,이주천 木浦大學校基礎科學硏究所 1985 基礎科學硏究誌 Vol.3 No.-

Steady-state photoconductivity measurements are made on thin films of hydrogenated amorphous silicon(a-Si-:H) prepared by RF glow discharge of silane(SiH₄) as a function of temperatures and excitation light intensities. The experimental results are explained on the basis of the proposed recombination model considering at least two set of localized states in addition to the extended electron and hole states.

字素의 槪念과 分類

朴秋鉉 慶尙大學校 南冥學硏究所 2004 남명학연구 Vol.18 No.-

한자의 構形에 관한 분석은 한자연구에 있어서 가장 기본적으로 요구되는 필수 불가결한 작업으로서 전통 문자학에서 일찍부터 시도되어 왔고 그에 관한 방대한 양의 著作들이 전해지고 있다. 현대에 이르러서도 전통적인 관점에서의 연구수요 뿐만이 아니라, 한자개혁·한자교학 혹은 한자의 電算化 등 다양한 분야의 필요성에 의해 이에 관한 연구가 계속 진행되고 있다. 필자 역시 몇 해 전부터 현재 우리나라에서 통용되고 있는 楷書字形을 대상으로 그 構形 분석에 관심을 갖고 일련의 작업을 수행하고 있는 중이다. 이 과정에서 필자는 해서의 자형을 전통의 편방 개념에 의거해 단순히 의부와 음부로만 구분하고, 不成文字素나 變異字素 등에 관해서는 따로 분석을 하지 않았다. 그러나 이제 작업을 마무리해야 하는 단계에 이르러, 포괄적으로 의부와 음부로만 나누어서는 명쾌하게 해결될 수 없었던 부분들을 정리해야 하고, 또한 이 과정에서 그 동안 필자가 견지하고 있던 자소의 개념과 용어 역시 일부 수정해야 할 필요성을 느끼게 되었다. 이를 위하여, 본고에서는 학계에서 사용해 온 기존의 개념과 용어 및 현재 사용되고 있는 개념과 용어들에 대한 설명과 분석을 통하여 취할 바와 버릴 바를 구하고, 이것으로서 필자의 疏漏했던 부분을 보충하여 자소에 대한 개념과 분류에 관한 졸견을 피력해 보고자 하였다. 본고에서는, 필획에서 시작하여 整字에 이르기까지의 모든 한자를 구성하는 모든 요소들을 '字素'라 하고, 이들 자소들을 크게 두 부류로 구분하여 '構形素'와 '機能素'로 칭하였다. 구형소는 자형의 構造 形態를 분석하고 이를 통하여 그 층차를 파악하기 위한 구별이고, 기능소는 평면적으로 자소가 담당하는 역할을 분석하기 위한 구별이다. 양자는 서로 대립하는 관계가 아니고 상호 보완적 관계로서, 모든 기능소는 구형소에 의해 구성되는 것이며, 모든 구형소는 단독 혹은 두개 이상이 일정한 방법의 조합과정을 거쳐 기능소의 역할을 하게 된다. 구형소는 세분하면 다시 筆劃字素·基本字素·特殊字素·變異字素·形體字素 등의 네 가지로 구분되며, 필획자소는 구형소 가운데 최하위 단위로서 기본자소를 비롯한 기타자소를 구성하는 筆形에 관여하는 자소이다. 기본자소는 일련의 독체자와 소수의 합체자가 이에 해당하며, 기능소를 구성하는 根幹 역할을 하는 자소이다. 특수자소는 사용범위가 극히 제한되거나 사용빈도가 아주 낮은 자소들을 지칭하는 것이며, 변이자소는 隸變 과정에서 자소의 자형을 필사의 편리나 모양을 고려하여 자연스럽게 변화되었거나 의도적으로 변형시킨 경우이고, 그 來源은 대부분 기본자소에서 나온 것이다. 그러나 그 來源을 잘못 파악하여 전혀 다른 형태로 변한 경우도 적지 않다. 형체자소는 특정한 기본자소와 결합했을 때만 일정한 의미를 갖게 되는, 音義가 없이 형체만 존재하는 不成文 부호를 지칭하는 것이다. 기능소는 합체자의 분석을 위해 전통적 사용해 온 편방의 개념과 동일하며, 다만 그 명칭을 表意字素(意符)와 表音字素(音符)로 나누었다. 이외에도, 자소의 또 다른 분류방법으로 根源字素와 派生字素, 同形字素와 同義字素, 獨體字素와 合體字素, 成字字素와 非字字素 등을 제시하였다. The analysis about the structure and the form of Chinese Character has tried as essential works which were regarded as the basic works at a traditional character research and a lot of books were also delivered about it. The study of this subject has been in progress by not only the study demand at traditional viewpoint but the necessity of the reformation of Chinese Character, Chinese Character Education or computerization of Chinese Character. I have investigated standard script of handwriting which was circulated in Korea from a few years ago and I have also been concerned about the analysis about the structure and the form of Chinese Character. However, the associated term was not unified yet. Even though they used the same term, the notion was different in many cases. We have to classify the regulation of term and notion which is related the analysis of the structure and the form. Thus, this paper aims to consider and analyze both the arrangement of original term¬ion and current term¬ion. It is also aims to show the opinion of the arrangement of notion at Chinese Character grapheme of and classification of grapheme. In this paper, it is called "grapheme" that is started from numbers of strokes in Chinese Character to completed character. It is also divided two parts as constructional grapheme and functional grapheme. Constructional grapheme is the discrimation for analysis of structure and form at form of character. It is also for understanding of differences. Functional grapheme is the discrimination for analysis of role which is in charge of grapheme superfically. The relationship of two grapheme is not the opposition but the mutual independence. Every functional graphmeme is consisted of constructional grapheme and every constructional grapheme has its own role through mixing progress of fixed ways for one or more than two grapheme. Constructional grapheme is divided with four; strokes grapheme, foundation grapheme, variant grapheme and temporary grapheme. Strokes grapheme is the lowest unit among these grapheme and is related to form of handwriting. Foundational grapheme is composed of a series of individual character and some compositive character and its role is the basic for functional grapheme. Variant grapheme is the changed grapheme from the process of change to clerical script, which has considered for convenience of copying and shape of foundation grapheme, naturally or intentionally. The origin of this is from foundational grapheme but it is sometimes changed for totally different form by understanding of the origin. Temporary grapheme only has meaning when it is composed of specific foundation grapheme. It also indicated uncompleted character which exists figure without sound and meaning. Functional grapheme is the same notion with radical on one side of a character which is traditionally used for a long time for analysis of compositive character. It is just divided with two term; Ideo grapheme and phonic grapheme.

영구치 치수 기질세포를 이용한 연골 분화 및 분화 시기에 따른 형태학적 변화

정주령,김하나,박열,김민정,오영주,신수정,최윤정,김경호 大韓齒科保存學會 2012 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.37 No.1

Objectives: The aim was to confirm the stem cell-like properties of the dental pulp stromal cells and to evaluate the morphologic changes during in vitro chondrogenesis. Materials and Methods: Stromal cells were outgrown from the dental pulp tissue of the premolars. Surface markers were investigated and cell proliferation rate was compared to other mesenchymal stem cells. Multipotency of the pulp cells was confirmed by inducing osteogenesis, adipogenesis and chondrogenesis. The morphologic changes in the chondrogenic pellet during the 21 day of induction were evaluated under light microscope and transmission electron microscope. TUNEL assay was used to evaluate apoptosis within the chondrogenic pellets. Results: Pulp cells were CD90, 105 positive and CD31, 34 negative. They showed similar proliferation rate to other stem cells. Pulp cells differentiated to osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic tissues. During chondrogenesis, 3-dimensional pellet was created with multi-layers, hypertrophic chondrocyte-like cells and cartilage-like extracellular matrix. However, cell morphology became irregular and apoptotic cells were increased after 7 day of chondrogenic induction. Conclusions: Pulp cells indicated mesenchymal stem cell-like characteristics. During the in vitro chondrogenesis, cellular activity was superior during the earlier phase (within 7 day) of differentiation.