혈액암환자에서 조혈모세포 이식 후 따르는 헤르페스 바이러스 감영 양상

이호섭,탁희상,신성훈,김양수,남성진,김혜수,박진희,정수현,김성빈,김예나 고신대학교 의과대학 2010 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 Vol.25 No.1

배경 : 헤르페스바이러스과에는 단순포진 바이러스(HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS, HSV), 수두대상포진 바이러스 (VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS, VZV), 엡스타인-바 바이러스 (EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS, EBV), 그리고 거대세포 바이러스 (CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, CMV) 등이 있다. 헤르페스바이러스 감염은 혈액암환자에서 조혈모세포 이식 환자에서 전파 (dissemination), 이차감염, 세균 중복 감염의 심각한 합병증을 일으킬 수 있다. 하지만 항암약물치료를 받는 림파종 환자에서 항 바이러스 약제의 사용 용량과 기간에 대한 concensus는 없다. 헤르페스바이러스 감염에 대한 발생율과 위험인자를 후향성으로 분석하였다. 방법 : 고신대학교 복음 병원에서 1995년 6월부터 2009 년 2월 사이에 새롭게 진단되어 조혈모세포 이식을 받은 전체 58명의 환자들이 후향적으로 현 연구에 등록했다. 헤르페스 바이러스 감염은 임상적 진단, 혈청학적 검사 또는 병리학적 진단에 기초하여 확진한다. 환자들의 특성은 다음과 같다: 평균 연령은 44세 (범위 19-62세)였고 남녀비는 30:28이었다. 등록된 질환은 백혈병 (n=9, 15.5%), 림프종 (n=30, 51.7%), 다발성 골수종 (n=12, 20.7%), 재생불량성 빈혈 (n=6, 10.3%) 그리고 골수이형성증후군 (n=1, 1.7%)이 포함되었다. 결과는 chi-squre test나 independent samples T test를 사용하여 분석되었다. Multivariate analysises에 대해 logistic regression test를 사용하였다. 결과 : 15명의 환자들 (25.9%)에서 조혈모세포 이식후 헤르페스 바이러스 감염이 발생하였다. 조혈모세포 이식 5년간 누적 발생율은 53.9%였다. Univariate analyses에서 헤르페스 바이러스 감염에 대한 유의한 위험 인자는 없었다. 하지만 조혈모세포 이식후 생존 기간(40.18 ± 30.14 months vs 20.06 ± 26.67 months, p=0.018)은 헤르페스 바이러스 감염의 낮은 발병율과 유의한 관련성이 있었다. 이식 편대 숙주질환 (GVHD)의 존재 (37.5% in developed GVHD vs 0% in no GVHD, p=0.200), 동종조혈 모세포 이식에서 면역억제요법의 기간 (15.98 ± 14.02 months vs 6.78 ± 3.67 months, p = 0.374)은 헤르페스 바이러스 감염에 대한 위험인자가 아니었다. 결론 : 조혈모세포 이식 후 생존 기간은 어사이클로비어 예방을 받은 혈액암 환자에서 헤르페스 바이러스 감염의 낮은 발병율과 연관성이 있는 것으로 보인다. 저용량의 어사이클로비어 예방은 헤르페스 바이러스 감염의 고위험군인 조혈모세포 이식을 받은 혈액암 환자에 필요하리라 생각된다. Background : Herpesviridae family includes herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus, etc. Herpesviridae viral infection (HVI) can lead to serious complications including dissemination, secondary infection, bacterial superinfection in patients with hematologic malignancy following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). But there was no consensus on the dose and duration of antiviral agents prophylaxis in patients undergoing chemotherapy. We retrospectively analyzed the incidence and the risk factors for HVI. Method : A total of 58 patients who newly diagnosed and received HSCT with prophylaxis of acyclovir at the Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea between June 1995 and February 2009 were enrolled retrospectively in the current study. HVI was confirmed based on clinical diagnosis, serologic test or pathologic diagnosis. The characteristics of the patients were as follows: the median age was 44 years (range 19-62 years) with a female-to-male ratio of 30:28. The enrolled diseases included leukemia (n=9, 15.5%), lymphoma (n=30, 51.7%), multiple myeloma (n=12, 20.7%), aplastic anemia (n=6, 10.3%) and myelodysplastic syndrome (n=1, 1.7%). The results were analyzed using a chi-square test and independent samples T test. For the multivariate analysis, we used logistic regression test. Results : Fifteen patients (25.9%) developed HVI after HSCT. The cumulative incidence of HVI was 53.8% at 5 years after HSCT. In univariate analysis, there was no significant risk factor for HVI. The presence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (37.5% in developed GVHD vs. 0% in no GVHD, p=0.200), duration of immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in allo-SCT (15.98 ± 14.02 months vs. 6.78 ± 3.67 months, p = 0.374) were not risk factors for HVI. Conclusion : The incidence of HVI was similar to that in historical other studies. There was no risk factor associated with development of HVI. Most of the HVI occurred within the first 24 months after transplantation. So long term use of antiviral prophylaxis may be needed to prevention of HVI after HSCT.

1990년대 이후 일본의 재정위기의 성격과 원인 분석

김호섭 현대일본학회 2003 日本硏究論叢 Vol.17 No.-

이 글에서는 90년대 이후 일본의 재정위기 상황의 성격과 그 원인을 설명한 논의를 비판적으로 고찰하고 그 주요 논쟁점을 분석하였다. 재정재건이 지연되는 일반적 이유와 90년대 일본의 이유를 비교하였다. 일본에서 재정개혁이 진전되지 않는 이유로는 (1)국민의 민의와 정치를 지배하는 논리와의 괘리; (2)재정재건의 성과에 관한 시장의 약한 신뢰; (3)취약한 연립정권을 지적하였다. 공공사업의 규모가 축소되지 않는 이유로서 중앙정부와 지방정부의 관계, 지역간의 이해대립 및 지방의 기득권을 지적하였다. 이 글에서는 재정적자가 지속적으로 확대되고 재정재건이 지체되고 있는 원인을 정부 요인론, 사회적 요인론 및 경제부문론으로 분류하여 분석하였다. 경제 부문론을 채택하는 견해에 의하면 정부 요인론이나 사회적 요인론은 같은 정권시기에 대립되는 정책이 채택되는 상황을 설명하기 어렵다고 주장한다. 이 글에서는 정부와 경제부문 간의 연계를 모색하는 결정은 집권정당이 하여야 하며 경제부문과의 연계를 정치적 자원으로 동원할 수밖에 없는 상황은 역시 집권여당의 권력기반이 취약하기 때문이라고 주장한다. 즉 일본 사회의 정치적 자원분포가 실질적으로 변화되었으나 정치적 제도가 기득권의 주장에 의해서 지속적으로 유지되기 때문에 재정확대가 계속된다고 주장하였다. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the issues of the Japanese budget crisis since the 1990s, and to critically review the hypotheses explaining its nature and causes. Theis paper characterizes the particular nature and causes of Japanese budget crisis, and points out three reasons why the Japanese political system cannot remedy the crisis. Those are the gap between the political logic and the political norms based on public needs, the week trust of the market to the budget reform, and the week political leadership of the coalition cabinet. As the reason why the expenses of public works have not decreased, this paper points out the relationship between the central government and local government, interest conflict based on regionalism and vested interests of local governments. As the main reason why the Japanese political system continues to expand budget deficits, this paper argues that although the distribution of political resources has been changed according to the change of the Japanese society in various respects, the political system does not reflect this change but follow the vest interests of the old system.

특성치의 총계와 비에 대한 종복추정

김호일,이태섭 안양대학교 자연과학연구소 1995 自然科學硏究 Vol.2 No.-

가구조사에 있어서 추출방법에는 두 가지가 있다. 첫째는 가구에 근거한 어떤 특성치에 대한 조사를 그 가구에서만 보고하게 하는 기존의 방법에 근거한 조사이고, 둘째는 어떠한 특성을 지닌 가구가 그가 거주하고 있는 곳 뿐 아니라 형제나 친척등에 의한 다른 가구에서도 보고될 수 있는 경우이다. 후자의 경우를 중복조사라 한다. 이 논문에서는 중복조사가 한 가구에서 한 번만 보고되는 기존의 조사보다 총계나 비의 분산이 작게 추정된다는 것을 예를 통해 보였다. 그러나 보편적으로 중복을 통한 조사는 기존방법에 의한 조사보다 더 많은 노력과 비용이 요구된다는 점을 고려해야 한다. There are two types of sampling: The convention sampling links each population element to only one household unit. Multiplicity sampling distributes population element among household units such that every element is linked at least one household. We demonstrate that multiplicity rule may exist that would produce estimators that are more efficient than any conventional estimator. Also we know that multiplicity estimator may be less efficient than any conventional estimator because multiplicity estimate require more information and then such factors make multiplicity estimator more expensive.

하부마사지 처치가 중학생의 혈청효소 및 심폐지구력에 미치는 영향

김유섭,민범일,윤호선 圓光大學校附設 生活體育硏究所 2001 生活體育硏究 Vol.11 No.-

In order to prove the influence of sports massage on the HR, SBP, MVO^2, LDH and CPK both in fifteen-minute recovery and thirty-minute recovery after loading exercise with a bicycle ergometer, two experiments were carried out on 7 middle school student at a week interval. One is giving sports massage on the lower part of the body for 30 minutes after excercise, the other is just taking a rest on bed for 30 minutes without massage treatment. The results were as follows. 1) With sports massage treatment LDH made a meaningful (p<.05) recovery between massage treatment method and non-treatment method, hut not in times and the interaction of times and methods. 2) With sports massage treatment CPK not in method, times and the interaction of times and methods. 3) With sports massage treatment HR made a meaningful (p<.O5) in times, but not in recovery between massage treatment method and non-treatment method and the interaction of times and methods. 4) With Sports massage treatment SBP made a meaningful (p<.O5) recovery between massage treatment method and non-treatment method, times and the interaction of times and methods. 5) With sports massage treatment MVO^2 made a meaningful (p<.05) in times and the interaction of times and methods but not in recovery between massage treatment method and non-treatment method.

흰쥐 뇌세서의 Cholecystokinin mRNA 함유신경세포의 분포

김우태,배명애,이호섭,박매자,배용철,홍해숙,조희중,주강 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1994 慶北醫大誌 Vol.35 No.4

목적 : 뇌에서 Cholecystokinin(CCK)-8 함유신경세포의 분포에 대해서는 면역조직화학적기법을 이용하여 행한 연구가 많으나 CCK mRNA함유신경세포의 분포에 대한 연구는 아직 단편적이므로 본 연구에서는 이들 신경세포의 분포를 정확히 밝히고져 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 흰쥐 뇌에서 ^35S가 표지된 oligonucleotide를 이용한 in situ hybridization기법으로 관찰하였다. 결과 및 결론 : 종뇌; 후구의 전후핵, 신피질, 이상엽, 후내야, 외측, 기저 및 피질 편도핵, 해마체, 그리고 선조체에서 CCK mRNA함유신경세포가 관찰되었다. 간뇌; CCK mRNA함유신경세포가 시상의 경우 전내측시상핵, 전복측시상핵, 외측시상핵, 내측시상핵, nucleus reunions, nucleus rhomboideus, 그리고 내측슬상핵에서 관찰되었으며 시상하부의 경우는 시삭상핵, 실방핵, 등내측시상하부핵, 그리고 유두상핵에서 관찰되었다. 중뇌; 흑질의 밀집부, 복측피개야, nucleus linea rostralis, 중심회색질, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, 그리고 하구에서 CCK mRNA 함유신경세포가 관찰되었다. 교 및 연수; CCK mRNA 함유신경세포들이 lateral parabrachial nucleus 삼차신경척수로고유핵, 거대그물구성체핵, 연수그물구성체, 그리고 삼차신경척수로핵에서 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과를 지금까 보고된 CCK-8함유신경세포의 분포에 대한 면역조직화학적 연구결과와 비교 하였을 때 대부분의 부위에서 CCK-8 및 CCK mRNA 함유신경세포의 분포가 유사하였으나 시상의 경우 CCK-8 함유신경세포는 검출되지 않은 반면 매우 많은 수의 CCK mRNA 함유신경세포가 존재함을 알 수 있었고 대뇌 피질의 경우 CCK mRNA 함유신경세포수가 CCK-8 함유신경세포보다 월등히 더 많았다. 반면, 등측봉선핵 및 고속핵에서는 CCK-8 함유신경세포가 다수 존재함이 보고되어 있으나 본 연구의 경우 CCK mRNA 함유신경세포를 관찰할 수 없었다. In order to investigate the distribution of cholecystokinin(CCK) mRNA containing neurons in the rat brain, brains were extirpated rapidly, frozen sectioned and processed for in situ hybridization technique with ^35S labeled oligonucleotide probe. The results obtained were as follows Telencephalon; CCK mRNA containing neurons were found in the anterior olfactory nucleus, neo-cortex, piriform cortex, entsorhinal cortex, lateral, basal and cortical amygdaloid nucleus, hippocampus and corpus striatum. Diencephalon; In the anterior medial thalamic nucleus, anterior ventral thalamic nucleus, lateral thalamic nucleus, medial thalamic nucleus, nucleus reuniens, nucleus rhomboideus, and medial geniculate nucleus, CCK mRNA containing neurons were found. In the hypothalamus, CCK mRNA containing neurons were located in the supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus and supramammillary nucleus. Midbrain; CCK mRNA containing neurons were found in the substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area, nucleus linea rostralis, substantia gricea centralis, Edinger-Westphal nucleus and inferior colliculus. Pons and Medulla oblongata; CCK mRNA containing neurons were found in the lateral parabrachial nucleus, nueteus originalis nervi trigemini, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, nucleus reticularis medullae oblongatae, nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini.

정부기관의 이미지 측정 개념과 절차에 대한 탐색적 연구 : 교육인적자원부를 대상으로

김찬아,조삼섭,신호창 한국방송광고공사 2006 광고연구 Vol.0 No.73

이 연구는 정부기관의 이미지를 평가할 수 있는 개념과 절차를 제시하고자 했다. 정부기관 중 교육인적자원부를 선정했고, 교사와 학부모, 학생 총 396명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시했다. 20개 항목으로 이미지를 측정하였으며, 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 12개 항목이 4개 요인 - 헌신, 공정ㆍ합리, 업무추진, 리더십 - 을 추출했다. 확인적 요인분석을 통해 ‘4요인 12항목 모델’은 Q값이 2.09로 기준치 2를 넘었고, GFI는 .959, AGFI는 .993, 기준치 .9를 넘었고, RMR의 값은 .035로 .05 미만으로 적합성이 증명되었다. 4개의 이미지 차원은 각 하부에 3개 항목으로 구성된다.‘ 헌신’은“국민을 배려한다”,“ 친절하다”, “투명하다”로 측정되며, ‘공정ㆍ합리’는“공정하다”, “판단력이 있다”, “합리적이다”로 구성된다. 그리고‘업무추진’은“추진력이 있다”,“ 실행능력이 있다”,“ 자신감이 있다”라는 항목들이며,‘ 리더십’은“장관은 훌륭하다”,“ 믿을 만하다”,“ 분명한 원칙이 있다”의 항목들이 포함되었다. 이로써 정부기관의 이미지를 측정할 수 있는 타당성있고 신뢰성있는 개념과 절차를 제시했다. The purpose of this study is to devise a valid and reliable instrument to measure the image of a government agency, the ministry of education and human resources development. Among its public, teachers(99), parents(151) and students(146), totally 396 have been surveyed. Among items selected from the initial survey of publics and literature reviews, we finalized 20 items as image construct. Using several exploratory factor analyses, 4 dimensions are finally extracted: commitment, integrity, competence and leadership. This model is retested with confirmatory factor analysis. Model fit indexes yield satisfactory results(Q=2.09, GFI=.959, AGFI = .993, RMR = .035). Each dimension is consisted of 3 items: Commitment(consideration, kindness, transparency), Integrity(fairness, judgment, reasonableness), Competence(drive, execution, confidence) and Leadership (CEO leadership, trust, distinct principle). As a exploratory study, the measurement index can provide a valid for other government agencies and their publics.

양극성 장애의 우세삽화와 임상양상 간의 연관성 : 예비연구

서호준,우영섭,채정호,전태연,김광수,박원명 大韓神經精神醫學會 2007 신경정신의학 Vol.46 No.5

Objective : This study was performed to fmd clinical implications ofdistinctive pattems in bipolar patients with predominance of depressive episodes or manic episodes and to find possibilities to predict predominant episodes in bipolar disorder. Methods : The recmitment period was between 2002 and 2004, among inpatients who had received psychiatric treatment for bipolar disorder. The data about the number and the polarity of the past episodes were collected through medical records, and Sub-jects were divided into depressive or manic episode predominant groups. The two groups were compared regarding Sociodemo-graphic and clinical variables. Results : 74 patients met the inclusion criteria during the study period. 21 subjects were classified as depressive episode Pre-dominant group (depressive episode group), and 53 subjects as manic episode predominant group (manic episode group). There were no differences in sociodemographic data, the number of total episodes and hypomanic episodes, and onset age. However, 90.5% (n=19) subjects of depressive episode group showed depressive episode as first episode, and 88.7% (n=47) of manicepisode group experienced manic episode as first episode (χ²=42.13, df=1, P<0.00l). Psychotic symptomswere significantly more prominent in the manic episode group (χ²=6.85, df=1, P=0.009), and the number ofsubjects who had suicide attempt experience was higher in the depressive episode group (χ²=7.39, df=1, P=0.007). In the comparison of highest GAF scores during the past year, significant difference was found between the two group (p=0.046), as the mean scores of depressive epi-sode group was 68.337±7.47 and manic episode groupwas 71.51±5.42. Conclusion : The results ofthis study show that there are differences in clinical features according to predominant episodes in bipolar disorder. The type of onset episode appears to be related to predominant episode in this study, and it would be a valid Pa-rameter with therapeutic implication in bipolar patients.

병기 2기와 3기 직장암 환자에서 수술 후 항암화학요법과 동시방사선화학요법

이호섭,김양수 고신대학교의과대학 2008 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 Vol.23 No.4

Background : Postoperative adjuvant therapy has been required in patients with operable rectal cancer because of risk of recurrence after surgery. Adjuvant therapies are known to chemotherapy (CTx), radiotherapy, and concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Purpose of our study to compare the suvival rate, recurrence rate and toxicities between postoperative adjuvant CTx and CCRT in patients with rectal cancer after surgical treatment. Materials and Methods : This study involved 45 patients (CCRT; 15, median age; 58 years, range; 39-73) and CTx; 30, median age; 55 years, range; 36-67) with rectal cancer of stage II and III between April 2002 and May 2008. Treatment included six cycles of chemotherapy at 4-week intervals with fluorouracil 425mg/m2 and leucovorin 20mg/m2 administering continuous infusion for 24 hours during 5 days in CCRT group. Radiotherapy started on day 1 of the third chemotherapy cycle in CCRT. In CTx group, treatment included the same cycles of chemoterapy, and drug doses as in CCRT group. Results : Disease free survival (DFS) and Overall survival (OS) for 3 years were 68.4% and 70.8% in CCRT group and 82.5% and 80.5% in CTx group, respectively (DFS; P-value 0.997, OS; P-value 0.880). Recurrence rate including local recurrence and distant metastasis were 26.7% in CCRT group and 23.3% in CTx group (p-value 0.806). Local recurrence rates were 0% in CCRT group and 16.7% in CTx group (p-value 0.094). We investigated hematologic and non-hematologic toxicites. The incidence of radiation related proctitis was 26.7% in CCRT group and 0% in CTx group. But other toxicities were not significantly different between CCRT group and CTx group. Conclusion : DFS and OS were not different between CCRT group and CTx group in patients with rectal cancer of stage II and III. But local recurrence rate was lower in CCRT group than in CTx group. Toxicities were not differrent between CCRT group and CTx group, except the higher frequency of radiation related proctitis in CCRT group.

열전퇴형 적외선 검출기의 개발연구

유호종,이현철,김진섭,이종현 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1997 연차보고서 Vol.1997 No.-

열전퇴형 적외선 검출기의 개발연구를 위해, 센서의 핵심 구성요소인 열차단막, 열전퇴 및 적외선 흡수체에서 각각 요구되는 특성들을 검토하였고, 이들 특성을 실현하는 공정기술의 검증을 위한 시험소자로서 적외선 열원 대신에 Pt 히터 또는 NiCr 히터가 내장된 Bi-Sb 열전쌍 또는 열전퇴를 제작하였으며, 이들의 열응답 특성을 주로 고찰하였다. Pt 히터 저항에 대한 다이아프램 형성전후의 전류-전압 특성 차이 및 이 히터가 내장된 Bi-Sb 열전쌍에 대한 공기 및 진공중에서의 열감도 변화로부터 Si_3N_4/SiO_2/Si_3N_4다이아프램의 열차단 특성을 확인할 수 있었고, 또한 히터의 저항 온도계수를 측정함으로써 인가된 전력에 의한 Pt 히터의 온도를 알 수 있었다. Pt 히터가 내장된 Bi-Sb 열전쌍 시험소자의 열기전력은 히터와 열전쌍 사이의 거리가 증가함에 따라 지수함수적으로 감소하였고, 열전쌍의 열전계수는 약 97㎶/K였다. Pt 또는 NiCr 히터가 내장된 Bi-Sb 열전퇴 시험소자의 전압감도는 열전퇴를 구성하는 열전쌍의 개수가 증가함에 따라 증가하였고, 히터와 열전퇴의 고온 접합부 사이의 거리 및 고온 접합부와 실리콘 림 사이의 거리에 크게 의존하였으며, 또한 진공중에서의 전압감도가 공기중에서의 전압감도보다 더 크게 나타났다. 상기 결과를 바탕으로 하여 열전퇴형 적외선 센서의 시험제작을 위한 공정 설계와 공정용 마스크의 설계 및 제작을 완료하였다. For the development of a thermopile-type infrared detector, the respective characteristics required in thermal isolation layer, thermopile and infrared absorber, which are the core components of the detector, were studied first of all. The Bi-Sb thermocouples and thermopiles with Pt- or NiCr-heater instead of the infrared radiation source have been fabricated as the test devices for the verification of the process technologies to fulfill respective characteristics, and their thermal responsivities were mainly investigated. The thermal isolation of Si_3N_4/SiO_2/Si_3N_4-diaphragm was confirmed by Ⅰ-Ⅴ characteristics difference of the Pt-heaters before and after the diaphragm formation, and the thermal sensitivities change of the Bi-Sb thermocouples in the air and vacuum. It could be known that the thermal loss in the heater is caused by the air, and the heater temperature with input power could be estimated by the measurement of the resistance temperature coefficient of Pt-heater. The thermoelectric voltage of the Bi-Sb thermocouple with Pt-heater decreased exponentially as the distance between heater and thermopile increased, and its thermoelectric coefficient was about 97 ㎶/K. The voltage responsivity of the Bi-Sb thermopile with Pt- or NiCr-heater increased as the number of thermocouples increase, was strongly dependent on the distance between heater and hot junction of the thermopile, and between hot junction and silicon-rim, and the voltage responsivity in the vacuum was higher than that in the air. On the basis of the above results, the process design and preparation of the process mask set for the test fabrication of a thermopile-type infrared sensor have been completed.

精神症狀에 대한 韓國人의 態度調査

元鎬澤,洪元植,張煥日,陳聖太,金光日,李基南,嚴龍燮,金明正 大韓神經精神醫學會 1973 신경정신의학 Vol.12 No.1

Korean psychiatrists are more apt to take the abnormal drinking behavior lightly and regard the psychosomatic symptoms as more serious, comparing with American psychiatrists. On the other hand, physicians as well as adults from the population in Korea are less concerned about the neurotic and psychosomatic symptoms and alcoholic behavior as psychiatric problems. It is the authors' concern to understand such differences in opinion about abnormal behaviors from the cultural and social psychiatric view point. The authors used Dohrenwend's questionaire form of 45 mental symptoms and three additional items i. e., homosexual behavior, symptom of senile psychosis and delusion of jealousy following the authors' interests. Each item was rated by three point cale (psychiatrically very serious=2 points, somewhat serious=1, not serious at all=0) and evaluated with critical ratio. As a preliminary study, the reliability of this questionaire was confirmed by the test-retest method; Spearman's rho was 0,93. The subjects in this study consist of 50 psychiatrists, 49 physicians, 54 herb practitioners and 154 adults from the normal population(60 urban samples and 94 rural samples). The collection was carried out by individual interviews for the physicians and normal samples, by letters for the psychiatrists and the herb practitioners. And the data of American psychiatrists compared in this study were quoted from Dohrenwend's report(27). This study has two parts: one is the cross-cultural comparison between American psychiatrists and Korean ones, the other is intracultural comparison among psychiatrists, physicians, herb practitioners and normal population samples. Inspite of the general notion that Korean psychiatry has been much oriented to American psychiatry for over twenty years, there are definite differences in opinion about the severity of abnormal behaviors between American and Korean psychiatrist, especially about alcoholic behavior and psychosomatic symptoms. Such differences are possibly interpreted as arising from the cultural differences. The American psychiatrists seem to be more concerned about alcoholic behavior probably due to the strict attitude of people and/or the fact that the United States reveals the highest incidence of alcoholism throughout the world. The Korea psychiatrists, however, have much tolerable attitude toward alcoholic behavior according to the cultural tradition. Solitary drinking is hardly found in Korea; drinking in Korea is a suitable way of interpersonal contact. They drink slowly and are not so intensively dependent upon alcohol itself. Dependency need to alcohol can be diffused to the other persons. And they take alcohol with many kinds of side-dishes. These drinking manners seem to be cultural virtues for low incidence of alcoholism in Korea. Thus, Korean psychiatrists as well as adults from normal population have highly tolerable attitude toward alcoholic behavior. Even when some person reveals a destructive behavior after drinking, they grant it as a personal charm. Korea psychiatrists, therefore, are not so nervous about the alcoholic behavior. On the other hard, the psychosomatic problems seem to be serious in Korean mental patients. They are easily apt to express their emotional problems as somatic symptoms possibly due to the disease concept of oriental herb medicine that has a high tendency of projection of emotional conflicts unto the soma. So most of Korean people are not aware that psychosomatic symptoms are originated from the emotional problems, and quite contrary to it, the psychiatrists may be highly conscious of psychosomatic symptoms. Another significant difference is seen in suicidal idea and suspiciousness: American psychiatrists regard them as more serious, and reversely Korean psychiatrists regard them as less serious. Such a pattern may also be derived from the socio-cultural differences. When Koreans are either dissapointed or delighted, they say frequently "I want to die" or "It's funny to death" and so on. This idiomatic expression is far from the real death wish but rather an expression of magnification. And the suicidal idea itself is frequently seen in normal population even suicidal attempt is evaluated as abnormal in Korea. With such reasons, Korean psychiatrists may notice suicidal idea as less serious than American psychiatrists. And the suspiciousness may be a way of living for the people under the historical turmoil and vigorous aculturation, that it is perceived as not so abnormal. The next problem is the marked discrepancy of opinion about abnormal behaviors among psychiatrists, physicians, herb practitioners and normal population samples. The agreement of physicians, herb practitioners, urban samples and rural samples with the psychiatrists on the relative severity of symptoms revealed as Spearman's rho of 0.79, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.44 respectively. It is the main point of problem that physicians are less aware of neurotic symptoms which can appear in the somatic illness, and of psychosomatic symptoms as psychiatric problem. Possible reason is that Korean physician have been oriented to the somatic medicine without proper psychosomatic orientation. On the other hand, the herb practitioners are apt to ignore the severity of psychotic symptoms and on the other, regard the neurotic and psychosomatic symptoms as much as psychiatrists' opinion. And the samples of normal population regard the neurotic symptoms as more serious than the psychotic symptoms, and are not aware of the psychosomatic symptoms as psychiatric problems. Physicians, herb practitioners and samples from the normal population underestimate the alcoholic behavior more than psychiatrists do. The alcoholism according to physicians' opinion is rather somatic problem than psychological one. The herb practitioners and adults from normal population manifest the prominently tolerable attitude toward alcoholic behavior. In conclusion, two kinds of problems can be suggested. One is that the difference between Korean and American psychiatrists in the evaluation on the severity of abnormal behaviors, is possibly due to sociocultural differences. The other is the intracultural difference among psychiatrists, physicians, herb practitioners and adults from normal population. Such a difference suggests that there is a considerable cultural lag in the disease concept and attitude between the modern psychiatry and the cultural tradition. This discrepancy can result in the undesirable wandering of patients for seeking the treatment and some hardship in modern psychiatric practitioning in Korea.