남부연합군의 패인론 : 로버트 리의 지휘력과 군사전략을 중심으로 Robert E. Lee's Generalship and Military Strategy

이주천 한국미국사학회 2003 미국사연구 Vol.18 No.-

This study analyzes one of the important reasons why the Confederacy was finally conquered by the Union’s armed forces during the American Civil War. It concentrates on the generalship and military strategy of the most prominent Confederate general, Robert E. Lee. Lee’s military activity during the Civil War can be divided into three parts. The first period was from April 1861 to June 1, 1862, when General Lee reluctantly had to conduct a defensive strategy. The second period was from early June 1862 to July 4, 1863, when General Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia won a string of significant victories, notably the Seven Days battles, Second Manassas, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville, as part of an energetic offensive-defensive strategy. But his defeat at Gettysburg forced him to temper his boldness. The third period lasted from July 5, 1863 to April, 1865, when once again Lee’s strategy had to return to a defensive style, because of the lack of manpower and other war resources. He could not find a reasonable strategy to deter the Union’s forces. At critical times Lee was still eager to engage the Union armies directly because he assumed that the independence of the South could be obtained only by winning victories on the battlefields. He did not expect foreign intervention. But Lee’s dilemma was how to replace his heavy casualties as the South could not afford to provide sufficient material and manpower resources in support of Lee’s defensive-offensive strategy. General Lee’s extreme localism toward the Commonwealth of Virginia influenced his conduct of war and military strategy, because he was too concerned with the defense of Richmond and Virginia to realize the significance of the Western theaters until the final period of the war. In addition, Lee did not spend much energy to educate his general staff after the death of General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson. He was too kind toward his subordinates on the battlefield, and gave them too much authority when his charismatic leadership was necessary. He did not succeed in managing his aides-de-camp effectively vis-a-vis the requirements of the modern warfare. Consequently, his military strategy and generalship remained in the old style of warfare. He did not encourage new patterns of warfare, rejecting the guerrilla war that the South could have offered by utilizing its mobile cavalry forces.

광주천의 하천유지유량의 유입수질농도 결정에 관한 연구

이공범 ( Lee Gong Beom ),김용구 ( Kim Yong Gu ),박성천 ( Park Seong Cheon ) 한국수처리학회 2004 한국수처리학회지 Vol.12 No.1

N/A This study is to decide water concentration of instream flow to upgrade water quality of Gwangju cheon improving one of instream flow in the upper Gwangju cheon. Present water quality of Gwangju cheon (Based on BOO) maintains 3rd-4th level but this study intends to decide water concentration of instream flow assuming that target water quality is 1st and 2nd level to improve water quality. For QUAL2E applies to estimation form of water quality that is using widely in rivers. And, HEC-RAS form is used to estimate mathematical input value that is using in QUAL2E. In the result of estimation of water quality, it is difficult to upgrade to 1st level because Gwangju cheon is lack of self-purification ability. However, it is possible to improve water quality to 2nd level. According to analyzing of the result of QUAL2E form by 0.5,0.8,1.0 of instream flow, it is decided 0.5㎝s to 2.15㎎/ℓ, 0.8㎝s to 2.70㎎/ℓ, 1.0cms to 2.88㎎/ℓl based on BOO.

측두엽 간질에서 F-18-FDG PET에 나타난 측두엽 내외측 부위별 대사의 차이

이명철,이동수,정준기,김현집,송호천,이상건,여정석 대한핵의학회 1999 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.33 No.1

Purpose: We investigated the difference of glucose metabolism of medial and lateral temporal lobes of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) utilizing quantitative comparison of regional metabolic activities using asymmetric index. Materials and Methods: We studied 19 pathologically proven mesial TLE and 25 lateral TLE patients. Lateral TLE patients were either normal on magnetic resonance imaging (cryptogenic: n=14) or had structural lesions (lesional: n=11). Asymmetric index (ASI) was calculated as [(ipsilateral-contralateral)/(ipsilateral+ contralateral)]×200. Results: ASI of medial and lateral lobes of mesial TLE was decreased (-16.4±8.3 and -12.7±5.5, respectively). In cryptogenic lateral TLE, ASI of lateral temporal lobe was decreased (-11.8±4.7), whereas that of medial temporal lobe was not decreased (-4.6±6.3). ASI of medial lobe of lesional lateral TLE was -7.3±9.1, which was significantly different from that of mesial TLE (p<0.05). Patients with lesional lateral TLE had evident metabolic d or decrease (ASI: -22±10.5) in lateral temporal lobe. While we could not find the difference of metabolic activity in lateral temporal lobes between cryptogenic lateral TLE and mesial TLE patients, the difference of metabolic activity was significant in medial temporal lobes which was revealed by ASI quantitation. Conclusion: Asymmetric decrease of metabolic activity in both medial and lateral temporal lobes indicates medial temporal epilepsy. Symmetry of metabolic activity in medial temporal lobe combined with asymmetry of that in lateral temporal lobe may give hints that the epileptogenic zone is lateral.

Eisenmenger씨 증후군을 동반한 충수돌기염 천공에 의한 복막염 환자의 마취경험 : 증례보고

천경석,박천희,이철승,이철,안용미,최준석 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2007 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.32 No.3

Eisenmenger's syndrome includes any condition in which communication between the pulmonary and systemic circulation gives rise to pulmonary vascular disease causing a right to left shunt with peripheral cyanosis, It can occur with complex congenital cardiac malformations, such as septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. We report a case of a 58-year-old woman with an emergency operation for peritonitis due to appendiceal perforation and Eisenmenger's syndrome secondary to large ventricular septal defect. We carefully performed balanced anesthesia with air-O₂-desflurane-remifentanil. She was transferred to the intensive care unit in intubated state postoperatively and discharged two weeks later without any complications.

재만 시인 심연수 일기문의 비판적 검토

이성천(Lee, Seung-cheon) 한국시학회 2016 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.48

이 논문은 재만 시인 심연수의 일기문을 비판적으로 검토하는 데 목적이 있다. 그간에 심연수 시인은 한․중 학계에서 공통적으로 1940년대 재만 조선인 문학을 대표하는 민족시인, 혹은 저항시인으로 높은 평가를 받아왔다. 그러나 본고가 판단하기에 이제까지 전개된 대다수의 선행연구들은 논리적 모순과 의도적 왜곡 등 적지 않은 문제점을 드러내고 있다. 특히 그를 민족시인 또는 항일시인으로 규정한 논의의 경우, 실증적 자료와 부합하지 않는다거나 역사적 사실에 위배되는 양상을 보여준다. 이에 따라 본고에서는 전집에 수록된 전체 일기문을 면밀하게 분석하고, 이를 바탕으로 심연수 시인이 일제강점하의 역사적 모순이나 민족적 현실에 대한 자각이 다소 부족했으며, 오히려 일제의 왜곡된 지배이데올로기에 노출된 측면이 있다는 사실을 밝히고자 했다. 이 과정에서 본고는 ‘원천적 기록’으로서 심연수 일기문의 실증적 가치를 제시하고, 이후 그의 일기에 나타난 ‘민족동화정책’, ‘내선융화’, ‘동아협동체’, ‘동아신질서’ 사상 등의 흔적을 살펴보았다. 이와 아울러 ‘근로봉사’와 같은 만주국의 국책사업에 적극적으로 동조한 시인의 현실인식 능력을 비판했다. The purpose of this paper is to Critical inquiry for diary of Shim Yeon-Su’s, Korean poet in the Manchuria. Since 2000, he has recently studied intensively for the academic circles to, South Korea and China. In the meantime, Shim Yeon-Su’s, Korean poet received a high opinion as poet resistance or national poet representing the 1940’s literature of Korean poet in the Manchuria for the academic circles to, South Korea and China in common. However, I came up with the conclusion that there had been serious limitations on the existing researches for the literature of Shim, Yeon-Su, including all the logical contradiction and willful distortion. In particular, anti-Japanese him as a poet that is different from historical facts. Accordingly, I thoroughly analyze contents of the total contained in the corpus of the diary. Based on this, this paper wish to find out that Shim Yeon-Su’s, Korean poet didn’t realize historical contradiction and national realities during the Japanese colonial era at all and that rather, he was unprotected exposure to the ideological divide of Japan’s distorted rule. In the process, I proved the objective value of diary of Shim Yeon-Su’s as original record and criticized his real awareness written in diary of Shim Yeon-Su’s for example traces of thought about ‘East Asian new order’ and active sympathy for labor service as National projects of Manchuria.

특집논문 : 서양사 속의 전쟁 ; 남북전쟁과 그랜트의 군사 지도력 -빅스버그 회전을 중심으로-

이주천 ( Ju Cheon Lee ) 한국서양사학회 2010 西洋史論 Vol.0 No.107

The article is a study on the Union General, Ulysses S. Grant, and his military leadership, especially focusing on his Vicksburg campaign of 1863. At the strategic level it was of vital importance to recognize the strategic value of the Western Theatre in the American Civil War. Like other historians, I hold the view that his Vicksburg campaign was the turning point in the American Civil War. Many historians agree that Grant`s Vicksburg campaign could be regarded as his masterpiece in his military career. The Vicksburg campaign was one of the most brilliant operations in the military history, because he had conducted it with excellent maneuvering and encirclement operations with few casualties. Thus, Grant`s western campaigns might prove significant as a study in the field of the American military history. How could Grant defeat the Southern Confederate armies and receive the unconditional surrender of General Pemberton? Grant avoided the frontal attacks to the strong defense of Vicksburg after his several attacks had failed. Late April 1983, he crossed the Mississippi River below the city and marched to Jackson and defeated Johnston`s army. Grant succeeded to divide the Confederate armies and completely disabled Johnston`s army to assist Pemberton`s army. Grant pushed Pemberton`s army into Vicksburg and finally encircled the city for seven weeks from the middle of May in order to avoid heavy casualties. Meanwhile, without the support of General Johnston`s army outside the city, Pemberton`s army was on the verge of starvation. On July 4, 1863, Pemberton had to surrender unconditionally with his thirty-one thousand soldiers. Grant`s strategic boldness on not concerning himself about the conventional supply line came from his bold character and unexpected imagination as he had discarded an old Jomini`s maxim that the advance of a massive army requires a full supply lines and communications. None of his subordinates had firm confidence in Grant`s bold campaign plan. Throughout his entire operations of the Vicksburg campaign, Grant could be able to demonstrated a command of complete unity while conducting his campaigns and leading his corps in spite of his personal conflicts with ambitious General McClernand. Consequently, the success of Grant`s Vicksburg campaign resulted in dividing the Confederate nation into two and deeply isolated the southern economy. The Lincoln administration finally found to mark U. Grant as Robert Lee`s rival and recognized him as a strong and able military leader who could end the civil war.

연폭로 근로자들에서 적혈구 Pyrimidine 5'-Nucleotidase 활성도 및 요중 N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase 활성도와의 상관관계 연구

서홍규,이병국,황천현,장성훈,이성수,이원진,최재욱 大韓産業醫學會 1997 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

In this study, we measured the activity of the erythrocyte pyrimidin 5'-nuclectidase(P5N) and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase(NAG) from 154 workers exposed to lead and 43 workers not exposed. We analyzed the correlation of the P5N activity and NAG activity with other biololgical exposure indices of lead such as blood lead(PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin(ZPP). The measurement was performed by using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), spectrophotometer and atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results are as follows : 1. The mean value of P5N activity for workers exposed to lead was 9.50±3.13 μmol uridine/hr/g Hb and 11.60±2.2 μmol uridine/hr/g Hb for workers not exposed. The P5N activity showed a normal distribution, but the other indices of lead showed logarithmic normal distributions. 2. The P5N activity and ZPP were decreased as PbB was increased. But the NAG activity had no correlation with changes of PbB. 3. The correlation coefficients of the P5N activity with other biological exposure indices of lead such as PbB, ZPP, NAG activity were -0.72, -0.55, and 0.05, respectively. We speculated that the P5N activity can be used as a reliable biological exposure index of lead but NAG activity can be used as a biological management index of lead.

수부 주상골 요부의 전위골절에 대한 수술적 치료

조용만,이영기,강흥식,리건영,이천동,오상수 대한골절학회 1997 대한골절학회지 Vol.10 No.1

The authors surveyed the clinical study of 17cases of scaphoid fractures from March 1989 to September 1994 with minimal I year follow up at Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lee-Rha general Hospital. The following conclusions were obtained through clinical survey. l. Of all l 7 cases, they were l3 males and 4 females; Among the 13 males, 10 cases were aged between 20 and 39 years. forming 56.8% of all. 2. All 17 cases were treated by open reduction. Unions were obtained at average l l.5 weeks in 7 cases treated with Herbert screw fixation and l 2 weeks in l 0 cases treated with K-wire fixation. 3. Two of ten K-wire treated cases resulted in delayed union, one of seven Herbert screw treated cases resulted in delayed union. 4. Unions were obtained at average 20 weeks in 3 cases of delayed union. We concluded that open reduction and K-wire fixation were recomanded for the compatible treatment method of displaced waist fracture of scaphoid.

거골 경부 골절의 치료

조용만,이영기,리건영,이천동 대한골절학회 1996 대한골절학회지 Vol.9 No.4

The talus has some important anatomic features. Approximately 60% of its surface is cartilage and The talus often has problems with circulation. Talar neck fracture have a high association with ostonecosis and osteoarthritis. Authors have analysed l6 cases of the talar neck fractures treated at Lee-Rha General Hospital from January l990 to December l995 with minimal I year follow up. The results were as follows; 1. In thr l6 cases, there were l4 males and 2 females. the age between 20 and 40 years old was 10 cases(63%). 2. The most common cause of injury was traffic accident(63%), with sudden hyperextension as its mechanism. 3. associated injuries were 4 malleolar fracutres, 3 calcaneous fractures, 3 spine fractures, 3 tiviofibular fractures and 2 femur fractures. 4. According to the Hawkins classification: 3 cases in type I, 4 cases in type I, 5 cases in type l. 4 case in type N fractures were observed. 5. The method of treatment, all 3cases of Hawkins type I fractures were treated by closed reduction and cast immobilization, 3 cases of Hawkins type l and I case of Hawtins type III fracture were treated by closed reduction and internal fixation, other 9 cases were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. 6. Excellent results were observed in 8 cases good in 5 cases, fair in 2 cases . poor in l case with the Hawkins' therapeutic criteria. 7. Complications was observed 3 avascular necrosis, 2 post-traumatic arthritis, 2 ankle stiffness and l skin necrosis. From the above results, authors believe that early anatomical reduction k internal fixation is impotent to get a satisfactory result in de treatment of talar neck fracture.

노인(老人) 천증(喘證)에 대(對)한 임상적(臨床的) 고찰(考察)

서운교,정지천,이원철,Seo, Un-Kyo,Jeong, Ji-Cheon,Lee, Won-Chul 대한한방내과학회 1993 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.14 No.1

Clinical observation was done on 372 Cheon-Jeung patients more than 65 years of age in Department of Internal Medicine, Oriental Medical Hospital in Dong Guk Univ. from December 1990 to November 1991. The results were as follows; 1. The ratio of male to female was 1.2:1. The age distribution showed the large number in the 65-69 year group, the female more than the male in 8th decade. 2. The peak age in the on set was 7th decade(44.4%). 3. The ratio of the season distribution was as follows, everytime 62.6%, fall and winter 25.5%. 4. Duration from on set, the most frequence was $5{\sim}10$ years(29.6%). 5. Chief complaints were represented cough, laryngeal stridorand, dyspnea. 6. In past illness, Pulmonary. The was most predominent(29.7%) followed by allergic disease(8.1%), bronchitis(7.2%) in turn. 7. In complication, Pul. Tbc was most predominent(21.1%) followed by ronchiectasis (12.7), cardiac disease(11.3%). 8. Predisposing factors in the Geriatric athma were represented chiefly exercising(41.8%), the others is Pung-Han-Neng(27.6%), respiratory infection(12.7%) etc. 9. The recipe which used in treatment were Gamigeumsuyukgun-jeon, Gamimahwangyunpai-tang, Gamiyunpai-tang, Sojaganggi-tang, Cheongsangboha-tang etc. 10. Duration of treatment was noted within 10 days was 39.2%, $11{\sim}30$ days was 40.6%, over 60 days was 7.3%. 11. About 77.3% patients were improved.