미국의 한국전쟁 정전 정책 고찰: 한국군 증강 정책을 중심으로

손경호 한국미국사학회 2012 미국사연구 Vol.36 No.-

This paper attempts to explore the reality of U.S. policies for the ROK at the moment of armistice of the Korean War. The U.S. government had been reluctant to strengthen ROK forces due to urgent needs for current operations in 1950. By the way, the change of policy goal of the Korean war since the intervention of China caused the improvement of ROK Army. The initial movement was made by Commander of the 8th Army, Lt. General Van Fleet who was eager to strengthen ROK armed forces based on his concept to hide indigenous forces to replace U.S. soldiers. Improvement of the ROK Army got momentum since the launch of 20 Division Plan. Aggressive pursuit of U.S. government to double the ROK divisions to 20 was supported by President Eisenhower who promised to his voters to bring back their sons and husbands from Korea during the presidential election in 1952. The purpose of strengthening ROK forces had been changed dramatically under the influence of New Look. Eisenhower began to understand the ROK as an available military source that can be used for the new strategy. In the frame of New Look, allies were required to offer ground forces to cooperate with U.S. air and naval power. To enhance the capabilities of the ROK forces, Eisenhower dispatched a special envoy, Dr. Tasca to get proper assesment of Korean economic situation and devise methods to strengthen ROK forces. The influence of the U.S. policy over South Korea was great. With vivid memoryof the war and the threat from North Korea, South Koreans had maintained a big army. The ROK government was able to keep the large army due to U.S. aids designed by Dr. Tasca. As a result, the ROK society could be regarded as a ‘great army society’ which had many soldiers in active duty in contrast to its small population. 이 연구는 한국전쟁 정전에 관한 미국의 정책과 그 정책이 미친 영향을 분석하였다. 미 정부는 전쟁 초반부 반격 및 북진을 위한 현행 작전의 여러 급한필요들로 인하여 한국군 증강에 대하여 무관심하였지만 한국전쟁에 중국군이참전하면서 정전으로 전쟁 목표가 변경되자 한국군을 증강시키는 것으로 방침을 변경하였다. 한국군 증강은 제8군 사령관인 밴 플리트 중장의 주도하에 시작되었다. 그는 미국 병사들 대신 현지 한국군을 강화시켜 활용하고자 하였다. 한국군 증강은 20개 사단 계획이 시행되면서 본격적으로 이루어지기 시작하였다. 아이젠하워 대통령은 이 계획을 지지하였는데 그는 1952년의 선거에서 유권자들에게미국의 젊은이들을 전장에서 돌아오게 하겠다고 약속하였었다. 한국군 증강은 아이젠하워 행정부의 뉴룩(New Look) 정책에 의하여 다른 성격을 지니게 되었다. 아이젠하워는 한국을 미국이 활용할 수 있는 지역 내 군사력으로 이해하기 시작하였다. 뉴룩에서는 동맹국들에게 미국의 해ㆍ공군 전력에 협조하여 지상군 전력을 제공하도록 요구하였는데 아시아에서 한국이 미국의 중요한 군사동맹으로 인식되기 시작한 것이다. 아이젠하워는 이를 위하여타스카(Tasca) 사절단을 보내어 한국 경제의 현실을 진단하고 한국군 육성을 위한 적절한 방법을 모색해 보도록 하였다. 미국의 한국군 증강 정책은 한국 사회에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 전쟁에 대한 생생한 기억과 북한의 침략 위협에 한국인들은 대규모 군대를 유지하였는데 특별히 미국의 지원으로 인하여 한국사회는 대군을 유지할 수 있었다. 이후 한국사회는 인구 규모에 비해 큰 군대를 유지하는 대군(大軍)사회의 특성을 지니게되었다.

전후 한국 영화에 등장하는 주한 미군의 이미지: 「지옥화」(1958)에서부터 「수취인불명」(2001)까지

고동연 한국미국사학회 2009 미국사연구 Vol.30 No.-

과연 영화 속 미군들의 이미지가 친미, 숭미, 반미 등 한미 관계의 다양한 국면들을 어떻게 반영하여 왔는가? 특히 연구에서 다루어지게 될 한국 영화에 등장하는 미군들의 이미지가 주한 미군과 양공주간의 일방적인 대결구도, 즉 피해자와 가해자의 관계로부터 어떻게 탈피하여 왔는가? 위의 질문들에 답하고자 본 연구는 1950년대부터 2000년대에 만들어진 세 편의 한국 영화들을 중점적으로 다루고자 한다. 첫 번째 영화는 한국 전쟁 직후 미군의 군사력과 원조 물자에 연명하였던 시절에 만들어진 신상옥의 「지옥화」(1958), 두 번째 영화는 장길수의 「은마는 돌아오지 않는다」(1991)이다. 특히 검열제도가 느슨해진 1980년대 말과 1990년대 초에 만들어진 장길수의 영화는 이제까지 반미적이고 국가의 안보를 위협한다고 여겨져 왔던 소재들을 다룬 획기적인 작품이다. 이 시기에는 주로 남북한의 대결구도를 새롭게 해석한 반 이데올로기적인 영화들이 등장하였는데, 미군들은 전후 한국 영화에서 처음으로 한국의 통일을 저해하는 일종의 침략자로 그려지기 시작하였다. 이에 반하여 가장 독창적이고 때로는 논란을 일으키는 감독 중의 하나인 김기덕의 「수취인불명」(2001)은 등장인물 제임스를 통하여 비판적이고 전혀 새로운 미군에 대한 해석을 선보였다. 본 연구는 이와 같이 서로 다른 역사적, 이데올로기적인 배경에서 등장한 영화 속 미군과 양공주의 관계를 집중적으로 고찰해 봄으로써 냉전 시대, 검열의 역사, 민족적 순혈주의, 그리고 반미 감정을 부추기거나 깊게 맞물려 있는 것으로 해석되는 혼혈아 문제 등 전후 한국 사회의 주요한 역사적 리얼리티를 함께 다루고자 한다. 이를 통하여 차별받고 타자로만 여겨져 온 미군과 양공주의 대결 구도를 새롭게 해석하고 오히려 미군과 양공주간의 상호협력 관계, 그리고 그들이 한국 사회의 변방에서 살아가는 모습에 주목하고자 한다. 「수취인불명」에서도 가장 효과적으로 드러난 바와 같이 전후 한국 영화 속에 등장하는 미군의 이미지를 통하여 친미와 반미의 논란으로부터 벗어나서 미군과 미국을 바라보는 새로운 영화적 담론을 만들어 내는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. How have the figures of American military men in Korea emerged and been transformed throughout the history of postwar Korean cinema? How have cinematic representations of American GIs manifested the ever-changing relationship between Korea and the United States? To be more specific, how have the figures of American GIs in Korean films manifested changing perceptions of the conflict between the Korean military prostitute (called “Yanggongju”) and the American GI, cast in the conventional dichotomy as victim and aggressor, respectively? This study will look at three Korean films from the 1950s to the 21st century. The first is the 1958 film 「The Flower in Hell」, directed by Sangok Shin at a time when the Koreans relied heavily on American military power and economic aid for their basic sustenance during the immediate postwar period. The second film, directed by Gilsu Chang’s 「The Silver Stallion Will Never Return」(1991), offers evidence of less restrictive measures of government censors in response to materials or themes deemed to be anti-American and, therefore, detrimental to the national sentiment or national security. The period of the late 1980s and early 1990s saw a surge of anti-ideological films that dealt with the divide between the north and south. These films increasingly portrayed the American GI as an unmistakable intruder in Korea’s unification. The final film is 「Address Unknown」(2001) by Kiduk Kim, one of the most controversial directors in Korea, and Kim offers a much more critical and creative interpretation of the American GI in the character of James. Through a close reading of American GIs and their relationships with “Yanggongju” in these three films, which were made during different historical and ideological moments in Korea, I will revisit historical realities of Korea during the postwar years, such as cold war anxiety, the history of censorship, a return to pure-blood Nationalism, and the increasing visibility of the racially mixed offspring of American GIs and Yanggongjus that have consistently determined and intermingled with anti-American sentiment. In so doing, I will seek to reconfigure the rather depreciated and generalized perceptions of American GIs and Korean prostitutes as aggressors and victims and to provide the alternative readings of their collaborative relationship and shared marginal and awkward position in both Korean and American societies. The purpose of this work is to develop discourses on the cinematic representation of American GIs beyond the division of pro- American and anti-American sentiment in the history of postwar Korean cinema, as most effectively captured in 「Address Uknown」.

베트남 전쟁과 물건의 기억: 임흥순의 ‘귀국박스’ 아카이브전들과 작업 (2008-2009)

고동연 한국미국사학회 2012 미국사연구 Vol.35 No.-

이완 월터스(Ian Walters)는 1997년 베트남 전쟁에 참여한 미군병사들이 소지하였던 지포 라이터에 관한 연구에서 특정한 물질문화가 역사적 배경과 시점에 따라서 다르게 해석되고 다양한 의미를 부여 받게 되는 과정을 설명한 바 있다. 전쟁 당시 전장에 배치된 미군 병사들의 심리적인 압박감과 죽음에 대한 두려움을 표출하는 수단이었던 지포 라이터는 1975년 전쟁이 종료되고 베트남이 서방 세계에 개방되면서 관광객들 사이에서 인기 있는 소장품으로 자리 잡았다. 또한 이후 베트남 역사를 연구하는 학자들 사이에서 지포 라이터는 개인의 소장품일 뿐 아니라 중요한 역사적, 물질문화사적인 연구대상으로 인식되기 시작하였다. 본 연구 또한 ‘공식’적인 전쟁의 역사 대신에 잘 알려지지 않은, 혹은 잊혀진 개인사와 물질문화의 관점에서 베트남에 참전한 한국군인들의 역사를 살펴보고자 한다. 1964년부터 1973년까지 한국 정부는 미국 다음으로 많은 5만 명에 달하는 병력을 베트남 전쟁에 투입하였고, 베트남 파병은 1960년대 말 한국의 주요 기업들과 함께 주요한 외화벌이의 수단이었다. 이와 같은 역사적 배경 때문에 베트남 전쟁과 연관된 국내의 담론들은 파병의 정당성을 옹호하거나 비판하는 데에 집중되어 왔다. 본 연구는 거대 담론에 의하여 간과되어온 참전 군인들의 개인사를 고찰하기 위하여 한국 군인들이 귀국할 당시 자신들의 소지품을 담아서 국내에 보냈던 귀국박스를 주요 연구대상으로 삼고자 한다. 왜냐하면 귀국박스는 1989년 해외여행 전면 자율화 이전에 한국인들이 단체로 외국의 문물과 대중소비문화를 받아들였던 역사적 사건에 해당하기 때문이다. 뿐만 아니라 연구자가 기획한 일민미술관에서의 전시 「여의도비행장에서 인천공항까지」(2011)를 준비하는 과정에서 물건을 대여한 참전 군인들을 만나본 결과 귀국박스에 담기고 이제까지 보존되어온 물건들은 그들이 개인적으로 전쟁을 기억하는 방식을 함축적으로 보여주는 주요한 문화적 사료라고 할 수 있다. 이이서 연구의 후반부는 2008년부터 귀국박스의 아카이브를 중심으로 개인전을 개최하여온 임흥순 작가의 작업에 초점을 맞추게 된다. 임흥순은 귀국박스에 담겨져 있었던 참전 군인들의 사진, 편지, 훈장과 각종 물건에 대한 사연들을 아카이브 형식으로 나열한 「귀국박스」(2008)와 「월남에서 온 편지」(2009)의 전시들을 기획한 바 있다. 이들 전시에서 작가는 이제까지 베트남 참전 군인들의 사회적 의의가 제대로 조명되지 못한 점에 착안하여 사진 속 이미지가 희미해지는 「귀국박스: 무명용사 기념비」(2008)나 귀국박스 속의 외제 물건들로 한 밑천을 삼고자 하였던 참전 군인들의 수기를 담은 「전쟁구술사진」(2009) 연작을 제작하였다. 여기서 연구자는 임흥순이 과거 전쟁의 기억을 되살리기 위하여 인덱스(Index) 기법을 사용하는 과정에도 주목하고자 한다. 인덱스는 상징이나 아이콘과는 달리 지시하고자 하는 대상이나 물건과의 직접적인 접촉을 통하여 만들어지는 상징체계이다. 따라서 미술사에서 인덱스 수법은 사라져가는 기억을 되살리고 이에 대한 관람객들의 관심을 환기시키는 데에 있어 효과적인 수단으로 인식되어져 왔다. 이에 본 연구는 베트남 파병에 대한 대안적인 관점을 제공하고, 나아가서 과거 전쟁으로부터 파생된 물건과 물건에 대한 기억들을 현재의 시점에서 예술가가 새롭게 인 ... The Zippo lighter used by American military in Vietnam between 1967 and 1974 call for a revised approach toward the studies of material culture; its meaning is in a consistent state of flux, contrary to the traditional archeological explanation of an artifact as a conveyor of particular historical significance inherited from the past. As Ian Walters, the author of “Vietnam Zippos”(1997), argues, there have been a number of different personal and collective meanings attached to these lighters depending on where these objects have been situated and recovered - either in the middle of warfare, or in the hands of businessman as a collector’s item. This essay will use the example of material culture, especially personal belonging sent via “homecoming boxes(Guiguk Box)” of Korean soldiers as one way of investigating transient and ever-changing meanings of objects and material culture during the Vietnam war. Instead of ferreting out authentic meanings of these objects, this essay, however, use these artifacts or the historical documents related to these objects as initiators of open and alternative historical knowledges and interpretations. The purpose of this study is three-folded: rather than utilizing information from the history of war strategies and political circumstances related to the Vietnam war, this essay will concentrate on the daily lives, well-beings and even emotional states of ordinary Korean soldiers, who fought on the battlefield of Vietnam. As the Korean installation artist, Heung-Soon Lim has pointed out, the official discourse of the Vietnam War has overly been constrained within the grand history of warfares during the cold war. This study concentrates on the stories about American PXs and black market to reconstruct the lives of Korean soldiers serving in Vietnam. Secondly, this essay will highlight the extremely greedy and materialistic nature of the Vietnam War. The American Government poured on unpreceded scale of materialistic resources in the Vietnam War to improve the situation of the American military - constructing huge recreation centers and American PXs on site. By observing consumer culture brought to Vietnam and the black market in Vietnam, I will look at how consumer culture was used by Korea soldiers to explain their limited perspective of everyday products; as Japanese portable electronic products were pouring in the black market at Danang and Nha Terang in southern Vietnam. At the same time, most of ordinary Korean soldiers were not able to fully enjoy American and Japanese consumer and material culture as there had been limited venues and money to purchase these products. Most of small consumer goods stored inside “homecoming box” were sold out to illegal smuggler and merchants at the port as soon as they return from Vietnam. Finally, throughout this two exhibitions of <Homecoming Box> in 2008 and <The Letters from Vietnam> in 2009, the artist Heung-Soon Lim strived to recover material culture of Korean soldiers in Vietnam, in late 1960s and early 1970s. He juxtaposed official renditions of anti-communist ethos on the one hand, and writing and photographs of soldiers. The contents inside the <Homecoming Box> continuously attested their ambiguous position between the Vietnam, the colonized citizens, and American soldiers and consumerism. Furthermore, Lim has also used the method of indexicality as he engraved a Korean soldiers’s testimony related to the memory of consumer products, which can be also interpreted as indicating their unfulfilled hope for economic prosperity. This indexical sign enables the artist to demonstrate his way of bringing up memories of forgotten and marginalized soldiers of the Vietnam War in Korea. His interpretation of material culture enjoyed by Korean soldiers will demonstrate the way in which artistic intervention can open up a new theoretical framework of looking at past objects in the field of archeology, art history, and cultural studies.

한국전쟁기 미국 정부의 자국민 소개계획

박영실 한국미국사학회 2020 미국사연구 Vol.52 No.-

이 연구는 한국전쟁 발발 직후 6월 26일부터 약 60여 시간 동안 미국 정부가 한국내 거주하고 있던 미국 민간인, 정부기관 관계자 1,500여 명과 주한 외국인들을 일본 등 다른지역으로 소개(疏開)한 과정을 확인하였다. 이 작전은 ‘주한미군사고문단-주한미사절단의 미국인 소개계획 (KMAG-AMIK Plan for the Evacuation of American Nationals, Short Title: AKE-50)’으로 한국전쟁 발발 전 준비되었지만 워싱턴으로부터 승인받지 못하고, ‘New Draft Plan (AKE-50)’으로 실행되었다. 이 작전은 주한 미국 대사이자 주한미사절단(American Mission in Korea: AMIK) 단장인 존 무초(John J. Muccio)가 책임자였고, 주한미군사고문단(Korean Military Advisory Group: KMAG), 합동행정국(Joint Administrative Services: JAS)도 작전에 참여하였다. 미국은 한국 정부가 수립되기 전인 1947년부터 한반도 긴급사태 발생 시 미국 민간인 여성들과 부양가족들에 대한 소개계획을 수립하고 있었다. 그리고 1949년 6월 주한미군이 철수한 후 한반도 내의 내전 및 소련과의 단기전도 고려하면서 해상과 공중수송 등 다양한 방법을 준비하고 있었다. 또한 한국전쟁 발발 전인 1950년 6월 1일 기준 미국인들의 거주 지역, 이름, 소속, 연령이 포함된 명단을 작성한 상태였다. 미국인들의 소개작업은 5가지로 진행되었는데 첫째, 서울지역의 미국인들은 6월 26일 인천으로 이동한 후 선박을 이용하여 일본으로 갔다. 둘째, 여성들과 잔류해야 할 필수인원이 아닌 남성들은 27일 오전 김포공항에서 공수작전으로 일본으로 이동하였다. 셋째, 무초 대사와 함께 한국에 잔류하기로 한 인원들 외에는 27일 오후 김포공항에서 공수작전으로 일본으로 이동하였다. 넷째, 6월 27일 수원에서 시행된 공수작전은 주한미군사고문단 요원들과 경제협조처 요원들로 이들은 한국의 남부 지역에서 소개된 요원들이었다. 다섯째, 부산에서 수상선박과 공수작전으로 소개된 인원들도 있었다. 이렇게 소개된 사람들이 일본에 도착한 후 그 과정의 문제점을 제기하기는 했지만, 전반적으로 오랜기간 동안 작전을 준비해왔던 미국의 소개작전은 성공적이었다고 볼 수 있으며, 미국 정부의 재외국민에 대한 인식을 확인할 수 있는 계기가 되었다. 국가와 국민의 관계에서 자국민을 보호할 국가 역할의 중요성을 한국전쟁기 미국 정부의 자국민 소개계획을 통해서 확인할 수 있었다. This study confirmed how the U.S. government evacuate 1,500 U.S. civilians, government officials and foreigners in Korea to other regions, including Japan, for about 60 hours from June 26 immediately after the outbreak of the Korean War. This operation was prepared with “KMAG-AMIK Plan for the Evacuation of American Nationals (Short Title–AKE-50)”, but it was not approved by Washington before the outbreak of the Korean War. In the result it was carried out with ‘New Draft Plan(AKE-50)’. John J. Muccio, U.S. Ambassador to South Korea and head of the AMIK(American Mission in Korea), was in charge of this operation, and KMAG(Korean Military Advisory Group) and JAS(Joint Administrative Services) also participated in the operation. The U.S. government has been working on an evacuation plan for U.S. civilian women and dependents in case of an emergency on the Korean Peninsula since 1947, before the South Korean government was established. And after the withdrawal of U.S. troops from South Korea in June 1949, U.S. was preparing various methods, including water and air transport, considering civil war on the Korean Peninsula and short of war with the Soviet Union. Also, the U.S. had drawn up a list of Americans on the Korean Peninsula, as of June 1st, 1950, prior to the outbreak of the Korean War. It included the residence, name, organization and age of Americans. There were five evacuative method of Americans: First, Americans in Seoul moved to Incheon on June 26 and then to Japan by surface vessel. Second, women and non-essential men moved to air lift operations from Gimpo Airport to Japan on the morning of the 27th. Third, Except for those who decided to stay with Muccio, they move to air lift operations in Gimpo Airport to Japan on the afternoon of the 27th. Fourth, the June 27 air lift operation in Suwon was carried out KMAG and AMIK agents, they were evacuated from the southern part of Korea. Fifth, there were evacuated in Pusan using surface vessels and air lift. These people raised the problem of the process after arriving in Japan, however the long-time preparing U.S. evacuation operation was a success, and it was an opportunity to confirm the U.S. government’s perception of citizens residing abroad. The importance of the role of the nation to protect its people in the relationship between the nation and the people was confirmed through the U.S. government’s plan to evacuate its citizens during the Korean War.

한국미국사학회 회칙

학회자료 한국미국사학회 1996 미국사연구 Vol.4 No.-

1910년에서 1930년까지 미국과 한국에서의 “베이비 쇼(Baby Show)”에 관한 소고

이현주 ( Hyon Ju Lee ) 한국미국사학회 2017 미국사연구 Vol.46 No.-

In 1915, the Division of Child Hygiene was established, and that same year, the US Children’s Bureau launched its first national campaign for the improvement of childcare, the “Better Baby” campaign. Parallel interest in children’s health and well-being manifested in Japanese-occupied Korea in the mid-1910s. Foreign Christian missionaries, the majority of whom were Americans, initiated a Better Baby movement in colonial Korea and promoted “baby show” until coercively expelled by the Japanese colonial government in the late 1930s to 1940. This article examines the parallel histories of these contests, or baby shows, in early twentieth century United States and colonial Korea. The historiography of the baby show in each region has developed asymmetrically. Understanding of the American side of the story has deepened with the accumulation of various analyses encompassing the political, cultural, scientific, and social dimensions of the rise in state and popular interest in children’s health. Meanwhile, except for recognition by a few Korean scholars, the case in colonial Korea has been largely neglected. The purpose of this article is to close the chasm between these disparate historiographies. Furthermore, this work concerns both the connected origin and the divergent growth and demise of the baby show in the two geographies. Focusing on the conceptual connection between the remote locales, this article suggests to see the possibility of Christian missionaries as an important medium of secular progressive ideals and modern science (including eugenics) from the United States. In addition, it argues for the necessity of exploring the history of baby show with the frame of the rise of new imperialism and increasing imperial interest in children’s health and motherhood, which was a world-wide phenomenon since late 19th century. Also, gender perspective, which many American scholars proved its importance to examine this part of history, has not been adopted into the study of Korean cases.

『 미국사연구 』 발간규정

학회자료 한국미국사학회 1996 미국사연구 Vol.4 No.-

할리우드영화에 나타난 한국: 이미지의 왜곡과 변화

김상민 ( Kim Sang Min ) 한국미국사학회 2003 미국사연구 Vol.18 No.-

The object of this study is to recognize how images of Korea have been changing in American society. Hollywood movies were chosen especially as the source of this study. Recently, the recognition of the value of movies for historians has been increasing. Korea was not a well-known country in Western society until the Korean War began. Many aspects of the description of Korea were therefore distorted. After the war was underway, Korea started to be objectively recognized. American newspapers broadcasted about Korea, many books about Korea were published, and Hollywood movies containing depictions of Korean society and Korean people began to be produced. The first reason that Korea was not introduced adequately in Western countries is that, because most Hollywood movie makers were acquainted only with Chinese and Japanese immigrants to America, Koreans in Hollywood movies were written as if they were Chinese or Japanese and the real Korean substance was distorted. Depictions of the Korean War often appeared not only in Hollywood movies, but also in many documentaries that reflected poorly on the Korean image. In the 1960’s, after America joined the Vietnam War, distorted images of the Korean War were mixed with images of the Vietnam War. The movie and television series M*A*S*H confused American audiences because, although both are ostensibly about the Korean War, they were based on attitudes regarding the Vietnam War. In the 1970’s, as large numbers of Korean people emigrated to America because of economic reasons, Hollywood movies started to show the Korean emigrants. Many Koreans managed grocery and liquor stores in depressed urban areas, and had many difficulties with American blacks and Hispanics. These situations were reflected in Hollywood movies, in which Korean emigrants were stereotyped as people who were not able to speak English well, unobliging, and money-grubbing. In 1983, the TV series M*A*S*H completed its run, while in 1988 the summer Olympic games were held in Seoul. Korea got a chance to escape from biased views. After Korea held the Olympic games successfully, the American viewpoint towards Korea became better. In 1991, with the USSR ruined and the Cold War over, the fact that Korea remained the only divided country in the world stood out. Many people thought that the Korean peninsula was in a fatal crisis and North Korea might have nuclear technology. Hollywood movies showed that North Korea could be a very hostile country. In the 1990’s, a number of Korean companies received strong results in the international markets; as a result, Korea established a better image alongside the images of Korean companies and goods. However, after the terrible terrorism in New York City in 2001, some countries including North Korea were pointed out as an ‘Axis of Evil’ by America, and many American people began to see the Korean peninsula as the crisis point again. Korean people continue to be depicted in Hollywood movies that still purvey misleading information about Korea to the world. Acknowledgement of this trend will result in a better and truer representation of Korea and the Korean people.

논문 / 20 세기 미국사회과학의 기원과 모더니즘

이형대(Hyung Dae Lee) 한국미국사학회 1999 미국사연구 Vol.10 No.-

Currently modernism has become one of the most important issues in American intellectual history because of the advent of postmodernism. But there is almost no agreement on how to define the term `modernism`. In fact, while some modernists rebelled against the constraints imposed by nineteenth-century culture, others tried to build a new basis for social order and knowledge. The purpose of this article is to understand the latter in terms of the history of American social science. On the basis of scientism, which was a response to the modern world, twentieth-century American social sciences were established during the period from the 1890s to the 1920s. The modern world was a world of $quot;doubt and uncertainty, triggered certainly by Darwin and historical criticism of the Bible, but rooted also in the intellectual quicksand of an increasingly interdependent social universe.$quot; By and large, those who dominated the growth of social science in the United States were middle-class reformers who tried to solve many of the social problems that had become manifest in an urban, industrial society with a largely immigrant labor force. They were $quot;motivated by far more than selfishness, and they $quot;served purposes that transcended the interest of any particular class.$quot; Trying to establish prediction and control of the rapidly changing modern world, they sought cohesion and integration, which were partly the essence of modernism.

1998년도 한국미국사학회 제12회 세미나 안내

학회자료 한국미국사학회 1998 미국사연구 Vol.7 No.-