문턱전류이상에서 구조 및 재료 변수들이 $\lambda$/4위상천이 DFB 레이저의 단일모드 이득차에 미치는 영향

이홍석,김홍국,김부균,이병호 대한전자공학회 1999 電子工學會論文誌, D Vol.d36 No.3

주입전류가 문턱전류 이상일 때 선폭증가계수, 구속계수, 내부손실과 레이저의 길이가 λ/4 위상천이 DFB레이저의 단일모드 이득차와 발진주파수의 변화에 미치는 영향에 대하여 체계적으로 연구하였다. 구속계수나 선폭증가계수와 구속계수의 곱으로 주어지는 변수보다 선폭증가계수가 단일모드 이득차 및 발진주파수에 미치는 영향이 크다. 내부손실이나 레이저 길이 각각의 값보다 내부손실과 레이저 길이의 곱으로 정의되는 정규화된 내부손실이 DFB 레이저의 단일모드 이득차 및 발진주파수의 변화에 미치는 영향이 크다. 정규화된 내부손실이 같은 경우에는 내부손실계수보다 레이저의 길이가 동작특성에 미치는 영향이 큼을 알 수 있었다. 또한 양자우물 레이저가 builk 레이저에 비하여 선폭증가계수가 작기 때문에 구속계수와 정규화된 내부손실 값의 변화에 따른 단일모드 이득차의 감소와 발진주파수의 변화가 작음을 보았다. Systematic studies for the effect of the linewidth enhancement factor, the confinement factor, the internal loss and the cavity length on the single mode gain difference and the frequency detuning are performed for $\lambda$/4 phase shifted DFB lasers above threshold. The above threshold characteristics are mainly determined by the linewidth enhancement factor, not by the confinement factor or the parameter defined by the product of the linewidth enhancement factor and the confinement factor. The normalized internal loss defined by the product of the internal loss and the cavity length mainly determines the above threshold characteristics compared to that of the internal loss or the cavity length alone. The effect of the cavity length on threshold characteristics is larger than that of the internal loss in the case of the same normalized internal loss. The above threshold characteristics of quantum well lasers are more resistant to the variations of the confinement factor and the normalized internal loss than those of bulk lasers due to the small linewidth enhancement factor.

근대 상해주재 일본총영사관경찰기구 연구

이홍석,장흠 전북사학회 2022 전북사학 Vol.- No.66

1872년 일본은 중국 상해공공조계지에 첫 번째 주중 영사기구인 총영사관 을 설치하였다. 1884년부터 일본교민을 ‘보호취체’ 한다는 핑계로 일본국내로 부터 상해총영사관에 외무성경찰을 파견하기 시작한 후, 1945년까지 선후로 상해총영사관 안팎에 경찰서·경찰부·파출소·파견소·분서 등 다양한 경찰 기관을 설치하였다. 상해총영사관경찰기관은 최대로 25개, 경찰 인원은 220명 에 달한 적도 있었다. 이들 경찰관의 존재와 활동은 아무런 법적 근거가 없 기에 모두 불법이다. 당초 상해총영사관경찰은 일본 교민들에 대한 ‘보호단 속’만 했지만 신해혁명 이후부터는 주로 중국 정세에 대한 정보활동을 하기 시작했다. 9.18사변 이후에는 상해총영사관에 중국대륙에서 최대의 정보기구 인 특고경찰과(제2과)를 설치하고 특고경찰로써 중국인들의 반일배일운동을 적극적으로 감시하고 취체하였으며 심지어 중국·조선의 반일인사를 공개적 으로 체포했으며 중국인들의 반일무장을 무자비하게 탄압하였다. 결과, 상해 일본총영사관경찰은 중국에서 수많은 침략죄행을 저질렀다. 총적으로 상해총 영사관경찰기구는 영국·미국 등 구미열강들의 주중영사관에 없는 특수한 침 략기구로서 근대일본의 중국침략에서 특수한 역할을 하였다. Japan set up its first consulate in China in 1872 in the Shanghai Public Concession.Since 1884, Japan has dispatched police officers to the Shanghai Consulate General under the pretext of protecting and banning overseas Chinese.Japan has set up various police agencies such as police stations, police departments, dispatch offices, police stations, branch offices, and the “Central Police Department” inside and outside the consulate. The Shanghai Consulate has a maximum of 25 police agencies and 220 police officers. As the establishment of these police agencies has no legal basis, their existence and their activities are null and void.Initially, the Shanghai consulate police only engaged in the “protection and ban” of Japanese overseas Chinese. Since the Revolution of 1999, he has been mainly engaged in intelligence activities on the Chinese political situation. In particular, after the September 18th Incident, the Japanese Consulate General in Shanghai set up the largest intelligence agency in mainland China, the “Extra High Police Section” (referred to as “Extra High Section”, externally known as “Second Section”). The “super high police” actively monitored and banned the resistance movement of the Chinese people, and publicly searched and arrested the anti-Japanese people in various countries with guns.These police officers have been present since the surrender of Japan in 1945, during which time they committed unforgivable crimes of aggression in China.

Determining the micro-optical element surfaces profiles using transmission deflectometry with liquids

이홍석,신상훈,이헌주,유영훈 한국물리학회 2015 Current Applied Physics Vol.15 No.3

We propose a method for simultaneously measuring the front and back surface profiles of transparent optical components. The proposed method combines dual wavelength transmission deflectometry with liquids to record distorted phases at different wavelengths, and then numerically reconstructs the threedimensional phase information to image the front and back surfaces of the lens.We propose a theoretical model to determine the surface information, and the imaging of achromatic lenses is experimentally demonstrated. Unlike conventional transmission deflectometry, our proposed method supports direct observation of the front and back surface profiles of the optical elements. Compared with other techniques such as interferometry, the proposed setup is simpler to align, has lower cost, and does not require coherent illumination. The proposed method can be applied to normal transmission deflectometry for determining the three-dimensional surface profiles of optical components.

대구광역시 동구 가로수 조성 현황 및 관리 개선방안

이홍석,김수봉 전북대학교 부설 휴양및경관계획연구소 2020 휴양및경관연구 (J East Asian Landscape Studies) Vol.14 No.4

본 연구는 대구시 동구 가로수 식재환경 및 생육상태를 조사하여 가로현황을 파악하고 시민들 을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 보다 합리적이며 지속가능한 가로수 계획이 수립될 수 있는 방안에 대해 모색하고자 한다. 현장조사를 통해 식재형식, 생육상태, 관리상태, 가로수 관련 민 원 등 가로환경에 대한 기초자료를 구축하였고, 설문조사를 통해 가로수의 선호하는 특성, 불 만사항, 정책선정 주요 기준, 심의위원회 필요성 등 가로수에 대한 인지도와 만족도에 대해 알 아보았다. 그 결과 2019년 9월 기준 대구시 동구 전역의 가로수는 대구 전체의 약 14%를 차지하 는 약 3만 1천701그루의 가로수가 식재되었고, 동구 가로수에 대한 전반적인 인식에서는 긍정적 으로 나타났다. 선호하는 특성으로는 ‘공해 및 병해에 강한 수종’ 을 선호하였고, 불만사항으로 는 ‘나무 열매로 인한 악취’ 를 선택하였다. 가로수 정책선정의 주요 기준으로는 ‘전문성’, ‘일관 성’, ‘객관성’, ‘주관성’ 순으로 나타났으며, 가로수 관련 심의위원회 필요성에 대해서는 대다수가 ‘필요하다’ 고 응답하였다. 기존의 정책과 계획 수립과정에서 가로수 조성이라는 양적인 계획은 충분히 반영되고 있으나 이후 식재된 가로수에 대한 사후관리는 충분히 고려되지 못하였다. 또 한, 심의위원회의 부재와 기존 정책에서는 지역주민의 의견이 충분히 반영되지 못함을 알 수 있 어 이 또한 추후 개선의 필요성이 있어 보인다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이를 종합적으로 고려하 여 가로수 조성계획에서부터 관리계획에 이르기까지 지속가능하며 적용 가능한 방안을 제시함 과 동시에 향후 종합적인 가로수 정책의 기초자료를 제공하고자 하는 것에 그 목적이 있다. This study investigates the planting environment and growth status of street trees in Dong-gu, Daegu City to find out the current status of street trees, and conducts a survey of citizens to find ways to establish a more rational and sustainable street tree plan. Basic data on street environment, such as planting type, growth status, management status, and civil complaints related to street trees, were established through the current status survey. Through a questionnaire survey, we investigated the awareness and satisfaction of street trees, such as their preferred characteristics, complaints, selection criteria, and the need for a deliberation committee. As a result, as of September 2019, about 31,701 street trees were planted in all of Dong-gu, Daegu City, accounting for about 14% of the entire Daegu city, and the overall perception of Dong-gu street trees was positive. As a preferred characteristic,'tree species that are resistant to pollution and pests' was preferred, and as a complaint,'odor from tree fruits' was selected. The main criteria for selecting a street tree policy were ‘professionalism’, ‘consistency’, ‘objectivity’, and ‘subjectivity’, and the majority of respondents answered ‘necessary’ for the necessity of the deliberation committee on street trees. In the process of establishing existing policies and plans, the quantitative plan of creating street trees was sufficiently reflected, but the follow-up management of the street trees planted afterwards was not sufficiently considered. In addition, the absence of a deliberation committee and the existing policies show that the opinions of local residents are not sufficiently reflected, so there seems to be a need for further improvement. Therefore, in this study, the purpose of this study is to propose sustainable and applicable plans from street tree creation plan to management plan, while providing basic data for comprehensive street tree policy in the future.

최근 10년간 국내의 봉독 관련 연구에 대한 고찰

이홍석,고형균 대한침구의학회 2003 대한침구의학회지 Vol.20 No.1

The Review on the Study of Bee Venom in the domestic papers.

Correlation between tumor regression grade and rectal volume in neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer

이홍석,최두호,박희철,박원,유정일,정광주 대한방사선종양학회 2016 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.34 No.3

Purpose To determine whether large rectal volume on planning computed tomography (CT) results in lower tumor regression grade (TRG) after neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in rectal cancer patients. Materials and Methods We reviewed medical records of 113 patients treated with surgery following neoadjuvant CCRT for rectal cancer between January and December 2012. Rectal volume was contoured on axial images in which gross tumor volume was included. Average axial rectal area (ARA) was defined as rectal volume divided by longitudinal tumor length. The impact of rectal volume and ARA on TRG was assessed. Results Average rectal volume and ARA were 11.3 mL and 2.9 cm². After completion of neoadjuvant CCRT in 113 patients, pathologic results revealed total regression (TRG 4) in 28 patients (25%), good regression (TRG 3) in 25 patients (22%), moderate regression (TRG 2) in 34 patients (30%), minor regression (TRG 1) in 24 patients (21%), and no regression (TRG0) in 2 patients (2%). No difference of rectal volume and ARA was found between each TRG groups. Linear correlation existed between rectal volume and TRG (p = 0.036) but not between ARA and TRG (p = 0.058). Conclusion Rectal volume on planning CT has no significance on TRG in patients receiving neoadjuvant CCRT for rectal cancer. These results indicate that maintaining minimal rectal volume before each treatment may not be necessary.

국내 도축돈에서 발생한 폐렴에 대한 실물 폐 병변 지수와 조직병리학적 진단의 상관성 평가

이홍석,김명철,김나연,황성현,지수민,박영경,박용호,김용백,Lee, Hong-Seok,Kim, Myung-Chul,Kim, Na-Yon,Hwang, Sung-Hyun,Ji, Sumin,Park, Young Kyung,Park, Yong Ho,Kim, Yongbaek 대한수의학회 2017 대한수의학회지 Vol.57 No.4

To reduce swine production costs, a slaughter check system has been developed in countries with an advanced swine industry. Evaluation of lung lesions in carcasses is a critical part of the slaughter check system. This study was performed to collect background information for use in developing a slaughter check system in Korea. Lung tissues and their gross images were collected from slaughterhouses in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Scoring of the gross lung lesions was performed on the lung images. Histopathologic examination was conducted to classify the pulmonary lesions as bronchopneumonia or interstitial pneumonia. Scores of the gross lung lesions were significantly different between bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia groups (p < 0.001). A 90% confidence interval of gross lung lesion scores was established for the bronchopneumonia group, and the lesion scoring had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 77.3%. The gross lung lesion scoring test was subjected to a diagnostic distinction evaluation by examining the receiver operating characteristic curve and was appraised as having good discrimination for bronchopneumonia. Establishment of a gross lung lesion scoring test for the diagnosis of bronchopneumonia could be valuable as a screening test of macroscopic bronchopneumonia in swine slaughter check system.

최근 10년간 국내의 봉독 관련 연구에 대한 고찰

이홍석,이재동,고형균,Lee, Hong-seok,Lee, Jae-dong,Koh, Hyung-kyun 대한침구의학회 2003 대한침구의학회지 Vol.20 No.3

Objective : to research the trend of the study related to Bee venom and o establish the hereafter direction for the study on Bee Venom therapy. Methods : We reviewed the domestic papers published last ten years(1992-2001). Results: 1.We have searched 53 papers in 7 journals and the pattern of study was as follow: the experimental studies were 33, the clinical studies were 10 and the reviewed studies were 10. 2. The experimental studies were 2 papers of analysis of Bee Venom, 3 papers of safety assessment, 1 paper on production of antibody against Bee Venom and 26 paper of safety assessment. 3. Bee Venom used in studies was made in Korea, China and U.S.A.. There were differences of component and effect according to the place of production. 4. There were the experimental studies of LD50 in mouse, acute toxicity, local irritation test, antigenicity and pyrogen test of Bee Venom. Conclusions : We need more studies of unification of term about Bee Venom, difference according to the place of production, clinical safety and effects.

유전자 cloning에 의한 Bacillus subtilis의 fibrinolytic enzyme 활성 변화

이홍석,유천권,이철수,강상모 한국산업미생물학회 2000 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.28 No.1

구조유전자와 enhancer 유전자를 cloning 하여 fibrinolytic enzyme을 생산하는 B. subtilis K-54와 J-10의 fibrinolytic enzyme의 생산 능력을 높이기 위하여 이 유전자를 포함하는 재조합 vector를 만들어 형질전환하여 그 생산능의 변화를 조사하였다. aprN과 enhancer 유전자인 prtR 유전자의 primer를 제작하여 PCR한 결과, B. subtilis J-10주에서는 aprN과 prtR 유전자 band를 확인하였고 염기서열 분석결과 자체 promoter를 갖는 완전한 유전자임을 확인하여 cloning에 사용하였다. Cloning된 두 유전자를 가지고 B. subtilis J-10과 B. subtilis K-54를 형질전환하기 위해 E. coli/B. subtilis shuttle vector에 cloning하여 재조합 vector를 제작하였다. 그 결과 aprN 유전자를 갖는 pAPR2, prtR 유전자를 갖는 pENC2, 두 유전자 모두 가지는 pFLA1을 만들었으며 B. subtilis J-10과 K-54를 형질전환하여 재조합된 Bacillus속의 균주를 만들어 fibrinolytic activity의 생산량을 조사하였다. pAPR2과 pFLA1로 형질전환하였을 경우 각각 약 27.3 와 16%의 활성 증가를 보였으나 pENC2의 경우 활성 증가를 보이지 않았다. pENC2로 분리주인 B. subtilis K-54를 형질전환하였을 경우 약 5배 정도의 활성 증가를 보여 효소의 생산이 증가하였음을 확인할 수 있었다. The transformation of Bacillus subtilis K-54 and J-10 was carried out with constructed vectors containing structure and enhancer genes of aprN and prtR, to increase their fibrinolytic enzyme activity, Bands for the aprN and prtR genes were indentified from B. subtilis J-10 by PCR that was carried out with the constructed primers for the genes. In addition, the gene fragments contained promoter site based on the results of analysing their nucleotide sequence. The two gene fragments, aprN and prtR, obtained by the PCR, were, then, inserted to vector such as T-vector and E.coli/Bacillus shuttle vector. The constructed vector were designated as pAPR2 (aprN) pENC2(prtR) and pFLA1 (aprN and prtR), respectively. the constructed vector was used for transformation of the strains of B. subtilis J-10 and B. subtilis K-54 and the fibrinolytic activity of the transformed strains was investigated. The introduction of the vector, pAPR2 and pFLA1, resulted in the increase of fibrinolytic enzyme activity in B. subtilis J-10 by 27.3 % and 16 %, respectively. However, the introduction of pENC2 to B. subtilis J-10 did not seem to induce increase of the enzyme activity. The strain of B. subtilis K-54 transformed with pENC2 showed an increased fibrinolytic activity by 5 folds compared with that of the original strain of B. subtilis K-54.

사용자탐방-서울대 물리학과 유재준 교수

이홍석,Lee, Hong-Seok 한국과학기술정보연구원 2000 지식정보인프라 Vol.1 No.-