Surface Activities of Ginseng Saponins and Their Interactions with Biomolecules: (IV) The Effect on the Mitochondrial Electron Transport

양득석,정희만,이재양,이상직,Yang, Deuk-Seok,Jung, Hoe-Man,Lee, Jae-Yang,Lee, Sang-Jik 생화학분자생물학회 1988 한국생화학회지 Vol.21 No.1

소 심장 미토콘드리아에 의한 NADH 산화에 여러 약용식물 (인삼, 도라지, 더덕)의 사포닌 및 전형적인 계면 활성제 (sodium dodecyl sulfate, deoxycholate, Triton X-100)들이 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 인삼사포닌, 도라지사포닌, 더덕사포닌 및 여러 계면 활성제들이 $10^{-5}-10^{-5}M$ 농도에서는 미토콘드리아의 NADH 산화를 촉진시킨 반면 $10^{-4}M$에서는 이를 저해하였다. 호흡활성을 저해하는 사포닌 및 계면 활성제들의 농도로 미토콘드리아를 전처리 한 후 cytochrome c를 가했을때는 다시 NADH 산화속도가 증가되었다. Cytochrome oxidase의 활성에 있어서도 위의 사포닌들과 계면 활성제들의 영향을 받았으나 미토콘드리아의 경우와는 다른 경향을 보여주었다. 사포닌 및 전형적인 계면 활성제에 의한 전자전달계의 활성이 촉진되는 것은 미토콘드리아 내 외막간에 존재하는 cytochrome c의 유동성의 증가로, 활성이 저해되는 것은 막간 cytochrome c의 유실로 추측할 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 cytochrome c의 유동성 증가 및 제거는 인상을 포함한 여러 식물 사포닌들의 계면 활성적 작용에 기인함을 알았다. The bovine heart mitochondria were separated by centrifugation and the saponins of the herbs ginseng, bellflower, and Codonopsis lanceolate were fractionated by a solvent partition. NADH oxidations were assayed in terms of 340 nm absorption decrease when the electron transport system contained the saponins. In this assay some typical surfactants dodecyl sulfate, deoxycholate, and Triton X-100 were also used for comparison. In general, the electron transport from NADH to $O_2$ was improved when $10^{-7}-10^{-5}M$ saponins or surfactants were added to the reaction systems. However. gradual decrease in the mitochondrial activity was observed as the concentration of the saponins as well as the typical surfactants was increased up to $10^{-4}M$ for example. In the cases of the pretreatment of the mitochondria with the saponins or surfactants, the oxidation rates were decreased. Increase in concentrations of exogenous cytochrome c contributed proportionally to the rate increase. The activity of a purified cytochrome oxidase was considered to be somewhat affected by the saponins or the surfactants. It is considered that the activation of the electron transport by the saponins may be caused by an increase in mobility or fluidity of the cytochrome. while the deactivation of the transport may be by an elimination of the cytochrome. Added NADH. cytochrome, and the saponins/typical surfactants may contact with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. These mobility increase and elimination of the cytochrome may largely be attributed to the surface activity of the saponins from the plants including the ginseng.

Surface Activities of Ginseng Saponins and their Interactions with Biomolecules ( Ⅳ ) The Effect on the Mitochondrial Electron Transport

양득석,정회만,이재양,이상직 ( Deuk Seok Yang,Hoe Man Jung,Jae - Yang Lee,Sang Jik Lee ) 생화학분자생물학회 1988 BMB Reports Vol.21 No.1

The bovine heart mitochondria were separated by centrifugation and the saponins of the herbs ginseng, bellflower, and Codonopsis lanceolate were fractionated by a solvent partition. NADH oxidations were assayed in terms of 340 nm absorption decrease when the electron transport system contained the saponins. In this assay some typical surfactants dodecyl sulfate, deoxycholate, and Triton X-100 were also used for comparison. In general, the electron transport from NADH to O₂ was improved when 10^(-7)-10^(-5) M saponins or surfactants were added to the reaction systems. However, gradual decrease in the mitochondrial activity was observed as the concentration of the saponins as well as the typical surfactants was increased up to 10^(-4) M for example. In the cases of the pretreatment of the mitochondria with the saponins or surfactants, the oxidation rates were decreased. Increase in concentrations of exogenous cytochrome c contributed proportionally to the rate increase. The activity of a purified cytochrome oxidase was considered to be somewhat affected by the saponins or the surfactants. It is considered that the activation of the electron transport ¹y the saponins may be caused by an increase in mobility or fluidity of the cytochrome, while the deactivation of the transport may be by an elimination of the cytochrome. Added NADH, cytochrome, and the saponins/typical surfactants may contact with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. These mobility increase and elimination of the cytochrome may largely be attributed to the surface activity of the saponins from the plants including the ginseng.

낙동강 남강 합류부 수위와 수질 패턴 및 추세

양득석 ( Deuk Seok Yang ),임태효 ( Teo Hyo Im ),이인정 ( In Jung Lee ),정강영 ( Kang Young Jung ),김경훈 ( Gyeong Hoon Kim ),권헌각 ( Heon Gak Kwon ),유제철 ( Je-chul Yoo ),안정민 ( Jung Min Ahn ) 한국환경과학회 2018 한국환경과학회지 Vol.27 No.2

As part of the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project, multifunctional weirs have been constructed in the rivers and operated for river-level management. As the weirs play a role in draining water from tributaries, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of the weirs on the water level of the Nam River, which is one of the Nakdong River’s tributaries. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) and a locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) technique were applied to analyze the patterns and trends of water level and quality of the Nakdong River, considering the operation of the Changnyeong-Haman weir, which is located where the Nam River flows into the Nakdong River. The software program HEC-RAS was used to find the boundary points where the water is well drained. Per the study results at the monitoring points ranging between the junction of the two rivers and 17.5 km upstream toward the Nam River, the multifunctional weir influenced the water level at the Geoyrong and Daesan observation stations on the Nam River and the water quality based on automatic monitoring at the Chilseo station on the Nakdong River was affected strongly by the Nakdong River and partly by the Nam River.

낙동강 하구 표층 퇴적물의 지화학적 특성 및 오염도 평가

전혜린,이혜윤,양득석,김신,Jeon, Hye-Lyn,Lee, Hye-Yun,Yang, Deuk-Seok,Kim, Shin 한국환경과학회 2021 한국환경과학회지 Vol.30 No.6

To evaluate the geochemical characteristics and assess the pollution in surface sediments of the Nakdong River estuary, two sites adjacent to the estuary bank (Hh1 and Hh2) and one site at the upper part of the estuary bank (Hh3) were investigated. The surface sediments were analyzed for their contents of metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn, and Al), organic matter (IL, COD, TOC, and TN), and grain size from 2018 to 2020. As a result of the pollution assessment, there was little anthropogenic contamination by most of the metals. The surface sediments in Hh2 had comparatively abundant silt and clay, whereas the other sites were mainly composed of sand. The organic index and contents of organic matter were highest at Hh2. Multivariate statistical analyses (cluster analysis and Pearson correlation analysis) showed that the contents of organic matter and pollution were associated with fine sediment. These results suggest that the geochemical characteristics were changed by the estuary bank built in the research area and that the increase in fine sediment attributable to the low-energy environment resulted in an increase in organic matter pollution.

낙동강 수계 보 구간 표층 퇴적물의 분포 변화

이권철,김형근,이혜윤,양득석,김신,Lee, Kwon Chul,Kim, Hyoung Geun,Lee, Hye Yun,Yang, Deuk Seok,Kim, Shin 한국하천호수학회 2020 생태와 환경 Vol.53 No.4

본 연구에서는 낙동강 수계 8개의 보 구간에서 퇴적물의 변화에 대하여 알아보았다. 보 구간의 퇴적물을 채취하여 유기물, 영양염류, 금속류 항목을 분석하였으며, 시간의 흐름에 따른 변화를 알아보았다. 보를 기준으로 상류부에는 퇴적물이 세립해지거나 세립한 퇴적물이 증가와 감소를 반복하는 것으로 나타났으며, 하류부에서 조립한 퇴적물을 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. 퇴적물의 유기물 및 영양염류는 입도와 강한 상관성을 보이고 있으며, 조립한 상태를 유지하는 지점보다 퇴적물이 세립해지는 지점에서 증가하였다. 유기물과 영양염류의 농도가 증가하는 지점이 있었으나 하천·호소 퇴적물 오염평가 기준의 기준치를 넘는 지점이 없어 유기물, 영양염류에 대하여 오염 정도가 미약한 상태로 보인다. 금속류의 경우 전반적으로 농도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 입도 및 유기물, 영양염류와 상관성이 미약하였다. 일부 금속이 독성이 나타날 가능성이 있는 II등급에 속하는 지점이 있으나 I등급과 농도 차이가 많지 않으며 대부분의 금속이 I등급을 유지하여 금속류에 대한 오염정도는 미약한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구결과가 낙동강 수계의 퇴적물 변화를 모두 대표할 수는 없지만 보 구간의 퇴적물 변화 특성을 이해하는 자료로 활용이 가능할 것으로 생각되며, 향후 독성평가를 진행하거나 보 구간에서 입도와 금속류의 분포 및 상관관계에 대한 지속적인 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 보인다. This study was carried out to investigated changes in sediments in the eight weir sections of Nakdong River. Sediments were collected and analyzed for Grain Size, Ignition loss, Total Organic Carbon, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, and Meta. The upstream of the weir was found that fine-grained sediments have repeated increases and decreases. It was found that coarse-grained sediments were being maintained in the downstream part of the weir. The sediments Ignition Loss, Total Organic Carbon, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus are strongly correlated with Grain Size, and these increased at the point where sediments are fine. In the case of metal, the concentration increased across the board, and the correlation with Grain Size, Ignition loss, Total Organic Carbon, Total Nitrogen, and Total Phosphorus was weak. Although there were some sections where fine-grained sediments, organic materials, nutrients, metals increased in the Nakdong River, the overall pollution level is considered weak.

계면활성제를 이용한 미토콘드리아 전자전달체의 분리

이상직,박영수,이재양,이상호,양득석 ( Sang Jik Lee,Young Soo Park,Jae Yang Lee,Sang Ho Lee,Deuk Seok Yang ) 생화학분자생물학회 1991 BMB Reports Vol.24 No.1

The Effect of ginseng saponin on the extraction of cytochrome b_5 which is an electrontransport protein present at the outer membrane of bovine heart mitochondrion was compared with those of two surfactants-digitonin and DMS (n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside). It was observed that much cytochrome bs was contained in the supernatant obtained by the spinning the mitochondrial outer membrane which was treated with 1% of digitonin or DMS. But, treating the membrane with 2% or 5% of ginseng saponin could not solubilize the cytochrome. An ion-exchange chromatography of DEAF-cellulose was performed for the supernatant rich in cytochrome b_5 which was obtained from the treatment of 1% of digitonin or DMS and then spinning. The purity of the cytochrome fraction eluted was confirmed through a single electrophoretic band. The molecular weight of the protein was 13,000-20,000.

계면활성제를 이용한 미토콘드리아 전자전달체의 분리

이상직,박영수,이재양,이상호,양득석,Lee, Sang-Jik,Park, Young-Soo,Lee, Jae-Yang,Lee, Sang-Ho,Yang, Deuk-Seok 생화학분자생물학회 1991 한국생화학회지 Vol.24 No.1

소 심장 미토콘드리아 외막에 존재하는 전자운반체 cytochrome $b_5$의 추출에 미치는 영향을 계면활성제인 digitionin과 DMS(n-dodecyl-$\beta$-D-maltoside)에 대하여 조사하였고, 계면활성이 있는 인삼사포닌의 영향도 관찰하였다. Digitonin과 DMS를 미토콘드리아 외막에 각각 1% 처리하여 원심분리로 얻어진 상층액 속에 cytochrome $b_5$ 성분이 상당량 함유되어 있음을 확인하였으나 2%와 5%의 인삼사포닌을 처리했을 때는 두 경우 모두 그의 가용화를 위한 영향력을 확인할 수 없었다. Digtionin과 DMS 각 1% 처리로 얻어진, cytochrome $b_5$가 상당량 포함된, 원심분리 상층액에 대하여 DEAE-cellulose 이온교환크로마토그라피를 하였다. 용리된 cytochrome $b_5$의 순도를 전기영동에 의하여 단일 띠로 확인하였고 분자량은 13000~20000 정도이었다. The Effect of ginseng saponin on the extraction of cytochrome $b_5$ which is an electron-transport protein present at the outer membrane of bovine heart mitochondrion was compared with those of two surfactants-digitonin and DMS (n-dodecyl-$\beta$-D-maltoside). It was observed that much cytochrome $b_5$ was contained in the supernatant obtained by the spinning the mitochondrial outer membrane which was treated with 1% of digitonin or DMS. But, treating the membrane with 2% or 5% of ginseng saponin could not solubilize the cytochrome. An ion-exchange chromatography of DEAF-cellulose was performed for the supernatant rich in cytochrome $b_5$ which was obtained from the treatment of 1% of digitonin or DMS and then spinning. The purity of the cytochrome fraction eluted was confirmed through a single electrophoretic band. The molecular weight of the protein was 13,000-20,000.

안동댐과 임하댐 유역에서 퇴적물 특성 및 오염도의 시·공간적 변화

김신,정현기,김형근,김주언,박수정,김용석,양득석,Kim, Shin,Jeong, Hyun-Gi,Kim, Hyoung-Geun,Kim, Ju-Eon,Park, Su-Jeong,Kim, Yong-Seok,Yang, Deuk-Seok 한국환경과학회 2019 한국환경과학회지 Vol.28 No.12

We investigated the spatial and temporal variation in characteristics and pollution assessment of sediments in the watersheds of Andong-Dam and Imha-Dam, in Korea. Surface sediments were collected from six sites once a year for three years (2015-2017), and analyzed for organic matter (water content, IL, COD, TOC, TN, and TP), grain size, and concentration of trace metals (Al, Li, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, and As). Organic matter generally tended to increase, and was higher in the Andong watershed compare to Imha watershed. Surface sediments were mainly composed of silt. Coarse sediments were mainly distributed at the site adjacent to Andong-Dam, and showed fining after coarsening. Fine sediment were mainly distributed at the site adjacent to Imha-Dam, and were gradually coarsening. Concentration of trace metals generally tended to increase, and was higher for sites in watershed of Andong watershed (PLI > 1) than for sites in Imha watershed (PLI < 1). Trace metals in the study area were considered to be affected by fine sediment (silt), and contamination of trace metals was somewhat affected by Pb, and greatly affected by Zn and As.

낙동강 주요 유입지천의 물환경측정망 대표성 검증

안정민(Ahn, Jung Min),권헌각(Kwon, Heon Gak),이상수(Lee, Sang su),양득석(Yang, Deuk Seok),김용석(Kim, Yong-Seok) 대한토목학회 2018 대한토목학회 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.10

낙동강 백천 합류부 지점의 물환경측정망 대표성 검증

안정민 ( Jung Min Ahn ),임태효 ( Teo Hyo Im ),김성민 ( Sung Min Kim ),김신 ( Shin Kim ),김경훈 ( Gyeong Hoon Kim ),권헌각 ( Heon Gak Kwon ),신동석 ( Dongseok Shin ),양득석 ( Deuk Seok Yang ) 한국환경과학회 2018 한국환경과학회지 Vol.27 No.6

Multifunctional weirs constructed through the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project are operated as management water levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of water level in the main stem on the tributary water level according to multifunctional weir operation, because the operation of multifunctional weirs for water level management influences the drainage of tributaries. In this study, water level pressure gauges were installed and spatial and temporal water quality was observed. The LOcally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing (LOWESS) technique was applied to the Nakdong River and the Baekcheon Junction, both upstream of the Gangjeong-Goryeong weir, in order to analyze water quality trends. When considering the overall analysis and observations, it was found that the water quality forecasting point located at the Baekcheon estuary point should be transferred to the Dosung Bridge, which is located upstream of the Sunwon Bridge.