한국 농촌 독거고령자의 사회관계와 신체 건강 사이의 연관성 연구

김민성(Minseong Kim),박다솔(Dasol Park),유지형(Jihyeong Yoo),염유식(Yoosik Youm) 한국사회학회 2018 韓國社會學 Vol.52 No.2

본 연구는 농촌 독거고령자들의 사회연결망 구조(특히, 삼자관계)와 고령자의 신체적 건강 수준의 관계를 분석하는 데에 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 ’한국인의 사회적 삶, 건강과 노화에 대한 조사’(Korean Social Life, Health and Aging Project: KSHAP)의 1차년도 자료를 사용하였다. KSHAP 자료는 인천광역시 강화군 1개 면에 거주하는 60세 이상 고령자와 그 배우자를 대상으로 구조화된 설문지를 사용하여 한 마을의 전체연결망(global network)을 측정한 자료이다. 본 연구는 KSHAP 1차년도 자료 중에서 60세 이상이며 동거인이 없는 독거고령자 98명을 주요 분석대상으로 하였다. 신체적 건강의 측정을 위해서는 건강의 포괄적 측정을 위해 개발된 SF-12 중 신체 건강과 관련된 5개 문항을 사용하였다. 연구결과에 따르면 열린 삼자관계보다는 닫힌 삼자관계가 발달된 농촌 독거고령자의 신체적 건강 수준이 높게 나타났다. 또한 닫힌 삼자관계와 신체적 건강 수준 사이의 관계에서 감정적 친밀도의 조절효과가 발견되었다. 나아가 비독거 고령자와의 비교를 위해 추가 분석을 실시한 결과, 독거고령자라 할지라도 일정 수준으로 발달된 닫힌 삼자관계를 가지고 있는 경우에는 비독거고령자의 평균 신체적 건강 수준과 유사한 수준의 신체적 건강을 갖는 것으로 나타남과 동시에, 과도하게 많은 닫힌 삼자관계는 오히려 불리하게 작용할 수 있는 가능성이 드러났다. 이러한 결과는 독거고령자가 가지는 건강상의 여러 불리한 점들이 사회연결망을 통해서 상당 부분 극복될 수 있는 가능성을 보여준다. The goal of this study was to examine the association between the social network structure especially, the closed triads, and the physical health of living-alone older adults. We used the wave-1 data from the Korean Social Life, Health and Aging Project (KSHAP), which measured the global, or complete, social networks among older adults (60 or older) of one entire village in Ganghwa Island. The primary analysis was targeting 98 older adults who were living alone. The physical health was measured by five questionnaire items out of SF-12, which is to measure physical health. The study revealed that among living-alone older adults, people with more closed triads enjoyed better physical health than the ones with open triads. Furthermore it showed that closed triads could help living-alone older adults to overcome the disadvantage of living alone: living-alone older adults with more than two closed triads could maintain better physical health than older adults who had cohabitants, on average.

문화소 분석에 대한 기호학적 접근: 실험적 제안

이승재 한국통번역교육학회 2015 통번역교육연구 Vol.13 No.3

This study analyzes the cultureme which is the basic unit for the cultural translation. Many researches (Aixela1996; Newmark 1988; Chesterman 1997; Kim 2004) have studied culturemes, but only a few mentioned the extra-linguistic elements of culturemes. This study takes an approach to incorporate the extra-linguistic elements to the culturemes. For this purpose, this study employs the cultural theories (Hall 1976 and Hofsted 1997), and makes them as the cultural variable for the cultural translation. These cultural variables work as culturemes along with linguistic variables proposed by Chesterman. To include the cultural variables as the culturemes in cultural translation, this paper introduces the semiotic triad model of Peirce (1977). In semiotics, any signs or symbols can be interpreted to the other objects with proper interpretants. Thus, the cultural variables derived from the cultural theories can be interpreted as the culturemes and find ways to translation in the semiotic triads. These cultural variables are connotative culturemes and take the macro approaches to the translation, whereas the linguistic variables are denotative culturemes and take the micro approach. Both of them are managed by interpretants on the triadic model, that is, source texts, translators, and target texts in a complementary way. Consequently, this paper can encapsulate the culturemes - the linguistic as well as extra-linguistic - as a set of codes represented as symbols and the translation is a process of decoding a set of codes with the interpretant’s modulation.

1970~1980년대 중국의 핵전력 강화 노력과 핵 억제전략

박병찬 (재)한국군사문제연구원 2022 한국군사 Vol.11 No.-

China has been threatened by the West several times since the 1950s and its nuclear deterrence capabilities have been recognized as an indispensable tool for its nuclear deterrence strategy. This has demonstrated for China’s successful development of its first nuclear bomb on October 16, 1964. Since then its was a report that China has possessed about at least 50 nuclear warheads by the end of the 1960s. Compared with numbers of nuclear warheads of United States and the Soviet Union China has been regarded as an absolute inferiority disposition of demonstrating its nuclear deterrence capabilities. However, during the period ranging from the 1970s to the 1980s, China has increased its nuclear deterrence capabilities in saying its approximately 230 numbers of nuclear warheads in the year of 1989. In addition China has developed its so-called nuclear triads: Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) deployed land nuclear sites, nuclear-powered submarines equipped with submarine launched ballistic missiles (SLBM), and H-series strategic nuclear bomb-equipped long-range bombers known as H-6 aircraft. This indicates that China has changed its concept of nuclear deterrence strategy from existent deterrence strategy to minimum deterrence strategy. Moreover, China also demonstrated its nuclear deterrence strategy known as concept ambiguity of using its nuclear weapons because of its weakness and limits of facilitating nuclear weapons and capabilities. In conclusions China continues to increase its nuclear deterrence capabilities and its nuclear arsenals regarding to its sufficient nuclear deterrence capabilities and People’s Liberation Army (PLA) wants to qualitative leading as well as quantantative comparison with United States mainly. Chinese nuclear strategy will be more innovative reform to meet its nuclear deterrence capabilities in either qualitative or quantile comparison.

Remarkably Efficient Photocurrent Generation Based on a [60]Fullerene–Triosmium Cluster/Zn–Porphyrin/Boron–Dipyrrin Triad SAM

Lee, Chang Yeon,Jang, Jae Kwon,Kim, Chul Hoon,Jung, Jaehoon,Park, Bo Keun,Park, Jihee,Choi, Wonyong,Han, Young-Kyu,Joo, Taiha,Park, Joon T. WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 Chemistry Vol.16 No.19

<P>A new artificial photosynthetic triad array, a [60]fullerene–triosmium cluster/zinc–porphyrin/boron–dipyrrin complex (1, Os<SUB>3</SUB>C<SUB>60</SUB>/ZnP/Bodipy), has been prepared by decarbonylation of Os<SUB>3</SUB>(CO)<SUB>8</SUB>(CN(CH<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>Si(OEt)<SUB>3</SUB>)(μ<SUB>3</SUB>-η<SUP>2</SUP>:η<SUP>2</SUP>:η<SUP>2</SUP>-C<SUB>60</SUB>) (6) with Me<SUB>3</SUB>NO/MeCN and subsequent reaction with the isocyanide ligand CNZnP/Bodipy (5) containing zinc porphyrin (ZnP) and boron dipyrrin (Bodipy) moieties. Triad 1 has been characterized by various spectroscopic methods (MS, NMR, IR, UV/Vis, photoluminescence, and transient absorption spectroscopy). The electrochemical properties of 1 in chlorobenzene (CB) have been examined by cyclic voltammetry; the general feature of the cyclic voltammogram of 1 is nine reversible one-electron redox couples, that is, the sum of those of 5 and 6. DFT has been applied to study the molecular and electronic structures of 1. On the basis of fluorescence-lifetime measurements and transient absorption spectroscopic data, 1 undergoes an efficient energy transfer from Bodipy to ZnP and a fast electron transfer from ZnP to C<SUB>60</SUB>; the detailed kinetics involved in both events have been elucidated. The SAM of triad 1 (1/ITO; ITO=indium–tin oxide) has been prepared by immersion of an ITO electrode in a CB solution of 1 and diazabicyclo-octane (2:1 equiv), and characterized by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The photoelectrochemical properties of 1/ITO have been investigated by a standard three-electrode system in the presence of an ascorbic acid sacrificial electron donor. The quantum yield of the photoelectrochemical cell has been estimated to be 29 % based on the number of photons absorbed by the chromophores. Our triad 1 is unique when compared to previously reported photoinduced electron-transfer arrays, in that C<SUB>60</SUB> is linked by π bonding with little perturbation of the C<SUB>60</SUB> electron delocalization.</P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Unique molecular characteristics of the cluster arrays of the title triad (see graphic, ITO=indium–tin oxide) give rise to a remarkably high quantum yield of the photoelectrochemical cell comprising a standard three-electrode system with an ascorbic acid sacrificial electron donor. It is hoped that similar SAMs may prove useful in molecular electronic devices. <img src='wiley_img_2010/09476539-2010-16-19-CHEM201000215-content.gif' alt='wiley_img_2010/09476539-2010-16-19-CHEM201000215-content'> </P>

Fullerene-Based Photoactive A-D-A Triads for Single-Component Organic Solar Cells: Incorporation of Non-Fused Planar Conjugated Core

이영웅,엽지우,김진영,우한영 한국고분자학회 2021 Macromolecular Research Vol.29 No.12

Two acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) single-component (SC) photovoltaic triad molecules, P3T4Rh-C6-PC61BM and P3T4Rh-C10-PC61BM, were synthesized. A conformation-locked planar conjugated core, 1,4-bis(thiophenylphenylthiophene)- 2,5-difluorophenylene (P3T4), with intrachain noncovalent coulombic interactions was coupled with two fullerene derivatives, [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid propargyl ester, via copper (I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The D-A separation was varied by modulating the spacer alkyl chain length (C6 and C10). Both SC triads exhibited maximum absorption by the P3T4 core at λabs = 507-510 nm, as well as absorption by PC61BM at ~300 nm. Because of the broken conjugation between the P3T4 core and PC61BM termini, the highest occupied molecular orbital (-5.58 to -5.59 eV) was determined by the P3T4 moiety, and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (-3.89 to -3.92 eV) was determined by PC61BM in the SC structures. In diluted solution, both SC triads showed significant photoluminescence quenching, indicating efficient intramolecular charge transfer between the P3T4 and PC61BM moieties. However, the semicrystalline packing of the P3T4 core was severely disrupted by the incorporation of a bulky PC61BM moiety at each terminus, which degraded the carrier transport and diode characteristics of SC organic solar cells (SCOSCs) based on P3T4Rh-C6-PC61BM and P3T4Rh-C10-PC61BM, as indicated by poor power conversion efficiency (~0.4%). No clear spacer length effect was observed. To improve the performance of SCOSCs, a design strategy is needed that enhances the intermolecular packing and ordering of the D and A moieties, which are important prerequisites for the development of optimal SC photoactive molecules.

프랑스어 학습자의 에니어그램 성격유형을 활용한 프랑스어 말하기 학습 전략

김선미(Kim, Sun-Mi) 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2016 인문과학연구 Vol.0 No.48

본 연구의 목적은 교양프랑스어회화를 수강한 학습자들을 에니어그램 성격유형에 따라 팀을 구성할 때, 학습자들의 에니어유형과 팀 과제 수행력 간의 상관관계가 있는지를 알아보는 것이다. 이를 위해 이론 학습이 우수한 그룹은 어떤 그룹인지? 이론학습에서 강점을 드러낸 그룹과 팀 과제수행과의 상관관계가 있는지? 그리고 에너지 3원 그룹 중 팀 과제 수행력이 좋은 그룹은 어떤 그룹인지? 마지막으로 팀 과제에서 우수한 등급(1~3)은 어떤 성별 조합으로 이루어진 팀인지? 등 4가지 항목을 분석해보았다. 분석 결과 감정형 그룹이 다른 두 그룹에 비해 이론 학습에서 강점을 보였고, 팀 과제 수행력 면에서도 우수한 등급을 받았다. 뿐만 아니라 이론 학습에서 강점을 드러낸 에너지 3원 그룹과 팀 과제수행과의 상관관계를 확인한 결과, 높은 성과를 보인 그룹은 가슴형 그룹이었다. 마지막으로 팀 과제 수행에서 우수한 등급(1~3등급)은 어떤 성별 조합으로 이루어진 팀인지?에 대한 결과는 연구대상집단이 남남, 녀녀, 남녀 간의 조합의 빈도가 동일하지 않기 때문에 성별에 따른 팀 과제수행에 대한 유의미한 차이를 단언하기 곤란하지만, 우수한 성적을 거둔 팀을 살펴보면, 조원의 에니어유형의 2유형과 3유형이라는 점과 남남 혹은 녀녀의 동성으로 구성된 팀이었다. 본 연구결과를 통해, 학습자들의 에니어그램 성격유형에 따른 팀 구성방식에 따라 과제수행 결과에 유의미한 차이가 있음을 파악할 수 있었으며, 또한 팀 기반 학습활동이 학습자들에게 흥미와 자신감을 부여할 뿐만 아니라 상호협동을 통해 책임감을 갖게 해주었음을 확인할 수 있었다. Depending on the Enneagram personality of French learners who registered to French speaking classes, when forming a team, the goal of this study is to find out if there is a correlation between the Enneatype of learners and their capability to accomplish their tasks. We analysed 4 different contents, such as, which group is the best for the study of theory? In the study of theory, is there a correlation between a group showing its advantage and the team accomplishing its task? Furthermore, among the Three triads of Enneagram, which group possess the best capability to accomplish their tasks? And finally, in a high grade from 1 to 3 in team tasks, with which gender is it composed? In the result of analysis, the Feeling triad group showed excellent results in the study of Theory compared to the other two groups. The team accomplishing their tasks not only received a high grade but also, in the study of Theory, after confirming the correlation between the Three triads of Enneagram and the team accomplishing their tasks, the feeling triad was the group who showed good result. And finally, in high grade from 1 to 3 in Team tasks, according to the result of the research of the composition of gender of team, since the frequency of composition of boy and boy, or girl and girl, or boy and girl aren"t identical, it is difficult to find out relevant differences of the team tasks through gender. However, if we observe the team who has high grade, the team members are composed with 2 aspects which are the Enneatype category 2 and 3, and also the team is composed with either boy and boy, or girl and girl. Though the result of the study, depending of the team formation of the Enneagram personality of learners, we could find out that there was a relevant difference in the result of the tasks accomplishment. Moreover, we confirmed that Team-Based Learning activity does not only give motivation and confidence to learners but also, through cooperation, they gained responsibility.

东方、东方学与东方主义

李 雪 涛 단국대학교 동양학연구원 2021 東洋學 Vol.0 No.82

Based on the German context, this paper systematically and critically examines the logical development of the concepts Orient and Orientalism as well as the history of Orientalism in the west. In the analysis of the post-colonial term Orientalism, it is proposed that the development of Orientalism can be viewed in the light of the triads of Hegel’s dialectics. The East Asian Studies reconstructed in East Asia after World War II was not simply an academic return, but the studies of “synthesis” that transcended the original Guoxue (National Learning), the thesis in the east and Orientalism, the antithesis in the west. A comprehensive illustration is applied as a preliminary study of this theoretic insight. 本文以“ 东方”、“东方学” 以及 “东方主义” 概念在西方的逻辑发展为中心,从德语的脉络出发,对西方 世界的东方观念以及 “东方学” 在西方的历史进行了系统的批判性考察。在剖析作为后殖民主义术语的 “东方主义” 的过程中,作者认为,如果以黑格尔辩证法正反合三一式来看待东方学发展的话,第二次世 界大战后在东亚重建的东亚研究,并非简单的回归,而是超越了原先的 “国学”(正题)和西方的 “东方学” (反题)的 “合题” 式研究,并对这一理论观点作了初步的综合性阐述。

한국인의 이상적 아동관에 나타난양육신념체계와 양육행동 탐색을 위한 생태학적 연구

윤종희 한국인간발달학회 2007 人間發達硏究 Vol.14 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 아동이 우리 사회에서 성공하는 데 필요한 자질이 어떤 것인지에 대한 아버지, 어머니, 선생님의 생각을 조사하여 그들이 이상적으로 생각하는 아동의 모습에서 한국인의 이상적 아동관을 탐색하고, 이상적 아동관에 반영된 양육신념체계에 근거한 양육행동이 일상생활에서 실천되고 있는지 실태를 조사하는 데 있다. 서울시 강북 지역에 거주하는 초등학생과 중학생의 학부모인 아버지와 어머니 각각 158 명씩과 해당 초등학교와 중학교에 근무하는 교사 75명을 대상으로 하여 실시된 삼인조 연구이다. 부-모-교사의 이상적 아동관과 일상 양육행동을 측정하기 위하여 세 개의 개방형 질문을 사용하였다. 아동이 우리 사회에서 성공하기 위하여 필요한 자질이 무엇인지, 아동에게 매일매일 가장 권장하는 행동은 무엇인지, 또 금지하는 행동은 무엇인지 1순위에서 3순위까지 중요하게 생각하는 순위와 이유를 자유롭게 적게 하였다. 수집된 자료는 연구대상별, 순위별, 이유별로 엑셀 파일에 정리한 후, 양화할 수 있도록 분류하여 코딩하였다. SPSS Win 12.0 프로그램에서 통계 분석한 결과, 첫째, 우리나라의 부-모-교사가 생각하는 이상적인 아동은 ‘근면성, 전문성, 리더십, 주의집중력과 좋은 친구관계’를 갖춘 모습으로 나타났다. 둘째, 부-모-교사가 아동에게 일상생활에서 공통적으로 권장하는 행동은 ‘근면성’과 ‘정직’이며, 다른 권장행동은 부모의 경우에 ‘건강’과 ’부모공경 및 가족우애’, 교사의 경우에 ‘리더십’과 ‘타인배려’였다. 부-모-교사가 공통적으로 금지하는 행동은 ‘싸움, 욕, 거친 말, 거짓말, 도둑질. 타인배려 않기’이며, 다른 금지행동은 부모의 경우에 ‘건강해치기 않기, 돈 꾸기, 과소비 금지,’ 교사의 경우에 ‘기본질서 해치지 않기’였다. 부-모-교사의 이상적인 아동관에 반영된 양육신념체계와 일상생활의 양육행동 간에는 부분적으로 일관성이 있음을 시사하는 결과를 발견하였다. 이러한 결과는 생태학적 용어로 재해석되었으며, 우리 사회의 부모역할 및 교육에 관한 함의와 더불어 문화적 보편성과 특수성에 대한 논의가 전개되었다.

中國 山西 東南部지역의 北魏千佛碑像 考察

서남영 불교미술사학회 2019 불교미술사학 Vol.28 No.-

In Zhangzi, Gaoping, and Jinchengs (areas located in the Shanxi southeast Changzhi basin), there are Steles with a Thousand Buddha Statues. They have a Buddha statue triads at the bottom, and smaller Buddhist statues are placed throughout the surface as well. First of all, through the examination of the Northern Dynasties Steles with Buddha statues in the Shanxi Province, I came to the conclusion that the Steles with Buddha statues were excavated mostly in the southeast Shanxi Province, excluding Linfen and Yuncheng in the southwest Shanxi Province. In addition, I examined the style and characteristics of each the Steles with a Thousand Buddha statues in the southeast of Shanxi Province. As a result, it is found that the style and characteristics of each Stele with a Thousand Buddha statues resembled these of a Stele with Thousand Buddha Statue created in the year 496 A.D., which is the oldest example in Shanxi Province. Common characteristics include the Buddha statue triads decorating the bottom niche, the dress code of the early Northern Wei period, and the narrowly expressed faces. In addition, other common characteristics include the Western style Flying Devas and strict arrangement of smaller Thousand Buddhas (all dressed in the K āṣāya style covering both shoulders and in the Dhy āna Mudr ā Buddha pose) throughout the surface of the statue. Considering these characteristics, it can be assumed that the Steles with a Thousand Buddha Statues were generally produced around the year 500 A.D. - from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. However, some Steles with a Thousand Buddha statues had Bodhisattva statues that held vyajanas and niches that were house-shaped. These differences point to the influence by iconography from other regions. In other words, some of the Steles with a Thousand Buddha statues in southeast Shanxi, were similar to those common in the Gansu, Shaanxi, and Henan Province. I discovered that the Bodhisattva statues that held vyajanas and the Thousand Buddhas style were similar to the Buddhist statues in Gansu; it is probable that there is a relationship between the two regions. Furthermore, Gansu, south Shaanxi, and southeast Shanxi regions pass through the inland areas around the Yellow River basin. This locational factor allowed the transmission of similar styles of statues from the west to the southeast of Shanxi around the 6 th century and affected the way Steles with a Thousand Buddha Statues were made. This study will be further continued with additional research on Steles with a Thousand Buddha Statues in the Shanxi Province that have not been addressed in this paper. 산서 동남부 長治盆地에 위치하는 長子와 高平 및 晉城 일대에서는 하단에 小 龕을 두어 여래와 협시 보살상을 배치하는 三尊像과 그 외에는 비상 전체에 걸쳐 千佛을 배치하는 千佛碑像이 확인된다. 본고에서는 우선 산서지역의 北朝 불비상의 검토를 통하여, 佛碑像이 서남부에 위치한 臨汾과 運城을 제외하면 대부분 산서 동남부 지역에서 출토되었다는 것을 밝혔다. 그리고 산서 동남부지역 千佛碑 像에 관한 검토를 통하여, 각 불비상의 양식과 특징에 관해 살펴보았다. 그 결과 산서지방 最古의 佛碑像에 해당하는 北魏 太和20年(496)銘 李道興等 邑子千佛碑像에서도 확인되는 바와 같이 이들 천불비상에서는 하단 불감에 표현된 삼존상의 존상 구성과 북위 전기에 확인되는 여래상의 가사 착의법 및 세장하게 표현된 용모에서 공통점이 확인된다. 덧붙여 서방식 천인상과 천불에 있어서도 엄격한 배열을 바탕으로 통견과 선정인의 결한 좌상으로 표현된 점이 공통점 이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 특성을 고려해 볼 때 千佛碑像은 대체로 500년 전후, 즉 5세기 말-6세기 초에 제작된 것으로 추정할 수 있다. 한편 천불비상 중 일부 보살상이 지물로서 拂子를 들고 있는 점과 가옥형의 불감이 등장하는 점에서는 타 지방 도상과의 영향관계를 짐작해 볼 수 있었다. 즉산서 동남부 천불비상에서는 甘肅이나 陝西, 혹은 河南 조상과 공통점이 일부 확인되는데, 본고에서는 그 중 보살상이 拂子를 들고 있는 점과 천불의 선례가 甘肅 조상에서 이미 확인되는 점에서 양 지역간의 영향관계에 관해서 개연성이 높은 것으로 추정했다. 나아가 감숙-섬서남부-산서 동남부 지역, 즉 황하유역을 중심으로 한 이들 내륙을 관통하는 지역권에서 확인되는 양식상의 공통점이 6세기경 서쪽에서 산서동 남부 지역으로 전해지면서 千佛碑像의 제작에도 영향을 끼친 것으로 추정했으나, 이 부분은 본고에서 미처 다루지 못한 산서 지역 千佛碑像에 관한 미공개 데이터와 연구를 통해 추후 보완되어야 할 것이다.

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