Direct and Indirect Effects on Weekend Travel Behaviors

장태연,황지욱 대한토목학회 2009 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.13 No.3

The purpose of this study is to determine the causal factors that influence travel behavior. In particular, the joint relationships between trips, activities and activity durations are researched by examining the effects of personal and household attributes. In order to meet this objective, the total, direct and indirect effects of individual attributes on travel behavior are estimated using structural models. The statistical assumption and the interpretations of coefficients in classical causal analysis are similar to those in linear regression models. Specifically, the direct effects, as estimated coefficients, are only offered and interpreted. However, in travel behavior that results from complicated relationships among trips, activities and individual attributes, the indirect effects among factors related to travel behavior cannot be disregarded. The indirect effects through other intervening factors, in addition to the direct effects, may cause the total effect of specified factors on travel behavior. If only the direct effect is considered for analysis, the causal relationships among factors may not be able to be adequately understood. The advantage of using structural models is that they are able to estimate, in addition to direct structural effects, the indirect effects through other intervening factors. The study also assumes that Saturday travel behavior has an effect on Sunday travel behavior. The subdivided indirect effects of the personal and household attributes on trip generation, activity frequency, and activity durations are empirically analyzed in detail. The purpose of this study is to determine the causal factors that influence travel behavior. In particular, the joint relationships between trips, activities and activity durations are researched by examining the effects of personal and household attributes. In order to meet this objective, the total, direct and indirect effects of individual attributes on travel behavior are estimated using structural models. The statistical assumption and the interpretations of coefficients in classical causal analysis are similar to those in linear regression models. Specifically, the direct effects, as estimated coefficients, are only offered and interpreted. However, in travel behavior that results from complicated relationships among trips, activities and individual attributes, the indirect effects among factors related to travel behavior cannot be disregarded. The indirect effects through other intervening factors, in addition to the direct effects, may cause the total effect of specified factors on travel behavior. If only the direct effect is considered for analysis, the causal relationships among factors may not be able to be adequately understood. The advantage of using structural models is that they are able to estimate, in addition to direct structural effects, the indirect effects through other intervening factors. The study also assumes that Saturday travel behavior has an effect on Sunday travel behavior. The subdivided indirect effects of the personal and household attributes on trip generation, activity frequency, and activity durations are empirically analyzed in detail.

리더의 딜레마: 구조주도행동의 부정적 효과 검증

오승희(Seunghee Oh),김경수(Kyoungsu Kim) 대한경영학회 2018 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.31 No.2

결손가정 아동의 사회적지지, 탄력성, 내면화 문제행동과 외현화 문제행동간의 구조적 관계 분석

김명숙,이인회 교육종합연구원 2013 교육종합연구 Vol.11 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relationships among socialsupport, resilience, internalizing behavior problems, and externalizing problem behaviors. For the study, 484 children from deficient families were selected. They were from 5-6grades in elementary schools of Yanbian area. For descriptive statistics, SPSS 18.0program was used, and the structural equation model was verified by Amos 20.0program. The following conclusions were drawn from the study: First, social supportsfor the children from deficient families had a direct impact on resilience and socialsupport, and also had a direct impact on the internalizing problem behaviors. Andresilience had a direct impact on externalizing problem behaviors, and internalizingproblem behaviors had a direct impact on externalizing problem behaviors. Second,social support indirectly affected externalizing problem behaviors through resilience orinternalizing problem behaviors. It was proven that the indirect effect of social supportmediated by internalizing problem behaviors influenced externalizing problem behaviorsmore highly than the effect mediated by resilience.

계획된 행위이론에 근거한 대사증후군을 진단받은 대상자의 건강행위설명모형

장태정,송라윤 한국성인간호학회 2020 성인간호학회지 Vol.32 No.1

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the factors explaining the performance of health behaviors among adults withmetabolic syndrome based on the theory of planned behavior. Methods: A total of 218 adults with metabolic syndromewere recruited for the study from September to December, 2017. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0and AMOS 24.0. Results: The hypothetical model appeared to fit the data with x2/df=2.65, SRMR (StandardizedRoot Mean Residual)=.07, PNFI (Parsimonious Normed Fit Index)=.67. Attitude toward health behavior, subjectivenorm and perceived behavioral control explained 32.3% of variance in intention toward health behavior. Perceivedbehavioral control showed significant direct effects and mediating effect through intention on health behavior (γ=.57,t=5.85). Family support also had significant direct effects on health behavior (γ=.38, t=4.75). Attitude toward healthbehavior, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and family support were the significant factors explaining56.3% of variance in the performance of health behaviors among patients with metabolic syndrome. Conclusion:Health promotion programs for behavioral modification in this population should focus on these factors to lead tobetter health outcomes. Further studies are warranted to test the health promotion strategies based on theory ofplanned behavior for long-term change toward a healthy lifestyle among individuals with metabolic syndrome.

태권도 학생운동선수가 지각한 긍정적 코칭행동과 도덕적 이탈, 그리고 스포츠 인성의 구조모형검증

임태희,양윤경,이창민,배준수 국기원 2019 국기원태권도연구 Vol.10 No.4

이 연구는 고등학교 태권도 학생운동선수가 지각한 긍정적 코칭행동과 도덕적 이탈 그리고스포츠 인성에 대한 구조모형을 검증하는 것에 목적이 있었다. 연구 참여자는 2019년 대한체육회에 등록된 태권도 겨루기 종목 고등학생 선수 337명(남자=272, 여자=65)이었다. 수집된 자료는 기술통계, 상관관계, 그리고 구조방정식모형을 사용하여 분석하였다. 이를 통해 다음과 같은결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 태권도 지도자의 긍정적 코칭행동은 학생운동선수들의 도덕적 이탈을낮춘다. 둘째, 태권도 학생운동선수들의 도덕적 이탈은 친사회행동을 낮추는 반면 반사회행동을높인다. 셋째, 지도자의 긍정적 코칭행동은 학생운동선수들의 친사회행동을 높이는 반면 반사회행동을 낮춘다. 결론적으로 지도자는 태권도 학생운동선수들의 도덕적 이탈과 같은 인지 왜곡현상을 최소화하여 반사회행동은 예방하고 친사회행동을 촉진하기 위해서 적절한 긍정적 코칭행동을 제공할 필요가 있다. This study verified the structural equation model of positive perceived coaching behavior, moral disengagement, and sport character of Taekwondo student-athletes. Participants were 337 (male=272, female=65) high school Taekwondo sparring (kyorugi) athletes registered with the Korea Sports and Olympic Committee in 2019. Collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, correlation, and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results were as follows. First, perceived positive coaching behavior reduces negatively influenced moral disengagement of Taekwondo student-athletes. Second, moral disengagement had negative effect on prosocial behavior and positive effect on antisocial behavior of Taekwondo student-athletes. Third, while perceived positive coaching behavior positively effected on prosocial behavior, negatively effected on antisocial behavior. In conclusion, to prevent antisocial behavior and promote prosocial behavior by minimizing cognitive distortions such as moral dislocation of Taekwondo student-athletes, the coach needs to provide proper positive coaching behavior.

Analytical study on hydrodynamic motions and structural behaviors of hybrid floating structure

Jeong, Youn-Ju,Lee, Du-Ho,Park, Min-Su,You, Young-Jun Techno-Press 2013 Ocean systems engineering Vol.3 No.1

In this study, a hybrid floating structure with cylinder was introduced to reduce the hydrodynamic motions of the pontoon type. The hybrid floating structure is composed of cylinders and semi-opened side sections to penetrate the wave impact energy. In order to exactly investigate the hydrodynamic motions and structural behavior of the hybrid floating structure under the wave loadings, integrated analysis of hydrodynamic and structural behavior were carried out on the hybrid floating structure. Firstly, the hydrodynamic analyses were performed on the hybrid and pontoon models. Then, the wave-induced hydrodynamic pressures resulting from hydrodynamic analysis were directly mapped to the structural analysis model. And, finally, the structural analyses were carried out on the hybrid and pontoon models. As a result of this study, it was learned that the hybrid model of this study was showed to have more favorable hydrodynamic motions than the pontoon model. The surge motion was indicated even smaller motion at all over wave periods from 4.0 to 10.0 sec, and the heave and pitch motions indicated smaller motions beyond its wave period of 6.5 sec. However, the hybrid model was shown more unfavorable structural behavior than the pontoon model. High concentrated stress occurred at the bottom slab of the bow and stern part where the cylinder wall was connected to the bottom slab. Also, the hybrid model behaved with the elastic body motion due to weak stiffness of floating body and caused a large stress variation at the pure slab section between the cylinder walls. Hence, in order to overcome these problems, some alternatives which could be easily obtained from the simple modification of structural details were proposed.

초등학교 고학년 학생들의 학급 공동체 의식 및 친사회적 행동이 학교폭력 가해경험 및 피해경험에 미치는 영향에서 방어행동 매개효과

권지웅(Kwon, ji woong),박종효(Park, jong hyo) 한국교육학회 2021 敎育學硏究 Vol.59 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 학생 수준에서 방어행동이 학급 공동체 의식 및 친사회적 행동이 가해경험 및 피해경험에 미치는 영향을 매개하는지, 그리고 학급수준에서 또래지위와 방어행동을 학급공동체의식이 매개하는지를 확인하는 것이다. 본 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 클래스넷(ClassNet)의 초등학생 1,208명(남, 50.3%) 데이터를 사용하였다. 친사회적 행동과 학급공동체의식은 자기보고 방식으로 측정하였고, 또래지위와 방어행동 및 가해 피해 경험은 또래지명 방식으로 측정하였다. 다층 구조방정식으로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학생 수준에서 학급 공동체 의식과 방어행동은 가해·피해경험에 부적 관련성을 보였다. 둘째, 학생 수준에서 친사회적 행동은 방어행동에 정적 효과를 보였다. 셋째, 학급 수준에서 또래지위는 학급 공동체 의식과 방어 행동에 정적 관련성을 보였다. 넷째, 학생 수준에서 방어행동은 친사회적 행동과 가해 경험 및 피해 경험 간의 관계를 부분적으로 매개하였다. 학생들의 또래지위가 높은 학급에서는 방어행동이 빈번하게 일어났으며, 특히 개별 학생의 친사회적 행동은 방어행동을 통해 학교폭력 가해행동과 피해행동을 줄이는 데 간접적으로 영향을 미쳤다. 본 연구는 학생과 학교 수준에서 학교폭력 피해행동과 가해행동을 줄이기 위한 교육적 시사점을 제공하였다. This study was designed to answer two questions: (a) whether or not defending behavior mediated the relationships among sense of class community, pro-social behavior, and experiences of bullying and victimization at the student level and (b) whether a sense of class community mediated the relationship between peer status and defending behavior at the class level. The ClassNet data from 1,208 elementary students (50.3% males) were utilized for research purposes. Pro-social behavior and sense of class community were assessed via self-reporting methods, and peer status and defending behavior were evaluated using peer nomination. Data were analyzed with a series of statistical methods, including multi-level structural equation modeling. The results were as follows: (a) sense of class community and defending behavior were negatively associated with experiences of bullying and victimization at the student level, (b) pro-social behavior was positively related to defending behavior at the student level, (c) peer status was associated with sense of class community and defending behavior at the class level, and (d) defending behavior mediated the relationships between pro-social behavior and experiences of bullying and victimization at the student level. While defending behavior frequently occurred in classes with high levels of peer status, pro-social behavior of individual students reduced experiences of being victimized and offended through an increase of defending behavior. These findings provide educational implications for reducing experiences of bullying and victimization at the student and class levels.

고반응 요구 전략을 통한 구조화된 자료제시가 고기능 자폐성 장애아동의 과제집중행동 및 문제행동에 미치는 효과

윤현숙 한국자폐학회 2011 자폐성 장애연구 Vol.11 No.3

This study investigated the effects of high-probability through structured material for a 11-year old high-functioning autistic disordered girl. The participant was autistic disorder of social skills, communication and behavior problems. Employing multiple-baseline across behaviors design, researcher evaluated behavior problems such as tantrum, self-stimulating behavior, non-compliantic behaviors. A high-probability through training procedure was conducted in a classroom that consist of interesting materials at 5 section. During intervention, the participant improved on-task behavior and behavior problems were reduced. So, high-probability through structured materials was higher intervention and maintenance at the follow-up sessions that was 4 weeks after intervention. 본 연구는 만 11세 자폐성 장애 아동 1명을 대상으로 고반응 요구전략을 사용한 구조화된 자료제시가 아동의 과제수행행동 및 문제행동에 미치는 효과를 알아본 것이다. 대상아동은 고집부리기, 음성상동행동, 지시거부행동이 심한 아동으로서 특정영역에서 고기능을 보이는 아동이었다. 실험설계는 행동간 중다기초선 설계(multiful-baseline across behaviors)였고, 아동이 자주 사용하는 교구나 교육자료 등으로 고안된 프로그램이 실시되었다. 측정변수로는 과제집중행동 및 문제행동 비율이었다. 과제집중행동 중 행동 1의 과제바라보기와 행동 2의 과제응하기 및 행동 3의 지시자 바라보기 모두 기초선에 비해 중재기간중 높은 수준의 증가 반응을 보였다. 또한 증가된 과제 집중 반응은 높은 수준으로 유지되었다. 문제행동 비율에서는 행동 1의 고집부리기, 행동 2의 상동행동 및 행동 3의 지시거부 비율은 기초선에 비해 현저히 감소되었으며 높은 수준의 유지 비율을 보였다. 따라서 구조화된 고반응 요구전략을 통한 구조화된 자료 제시는 대상 아동의 과제집중행동과 문제행동감소에 중재효과가 높게 나타난 것을 알 수 있다.

초등학생의 또래 공동체 의식과 외현적 공격성의 관계에서 친사회적 행동과 방어행동의 매개효과

권지웅(Kwon, ji woong),박종효(Park, jong hyo) 한국교육학회 2020 敎育學硏究 Vol.58 No.4

본 연구는 초등학교 4, 5, 6학년 학생들의 ‘또래 공동체 의식’과 ‘외현적 공격성’의 관계에서작용하는 ‘친사회적행동’과 ‘방어행동’의 매개효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 연구 문제를 검증하기위하여 클래스넷 4차년도 데이터를 사용하여 전국 소재의 초등학생 1,374명(여학생 50.0%)을 분석하였다. 또래 공동체 의식과 친사회적 행동은 자기보고 방식으로 측정하였고, 외현적공격성과방어행동은 또래지명 방식을 활용하여 측정하였다. 구조방정식을 이용하여 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 또래 공동체 의식은 친사회적 행동에 정적 효과를 보였고, 친사회적인 행동은 방어행동에 정적 효과를 보였다. 둘째, 또래 공동체 의식은 방어행동에 정적 효과를 보였고, 방어행동은 외현적 공격성에 부적 효과를 보였으며, 또래 공동체 의식은 외현적 공격성에 부적 효과를 보였다. 셋째, 또래 공동체 의식은 외현적 공격성 간의 관계에서 방어행동이 부분매개 효과를 보였으며, 친사회적 행동도 외현적 공격성과의 관계에서 방어행동이 부분매개 효과를 보였다. 또한 또래공동체 의식과 방어행동 간의 관계에서 친사회적행동은 부분매개효과를 보였다. 마지막으로, 또래 공동체 의식은 친사회적 행동과 방어행동을 거쳐 외현적공격성에 부분매개효과를 보였다. 이런 결과로 볼 때 외현적 공격성을 줄이기 위해서는 방어행동 역량을 키우는 것이 필요하며, 방어행동은 학교폭력 중 외현적 공격성이 중심이 되는 또래괴롭힘 예방을 위해서도 중요한 변인이라는 시사점을 확인할 수 있었다. The purpose of this study is to identify the mediating effect of pro-social behavior and defending behavior in the relationship between sense of peer community and overt aggression in a sample of students of Grade 4, 5, and 6. The fourth wave of Class-Net data was used to target a total of 1,374(girl 50.0%) elementary school students. Sense of peer community and pro-social behavior were measured by self-reports whereas overt aggression and defending behavior were measured by peer nomination. The major findings through using a SEM were as follows. First, sense of peer community had a positive effect on pro-social behavior and pro-social behavior had a positive effect on defending behavior. Second, sense of peer community had a positive effect on defending behavior and defending behavior had a negative direct effect on overt aggression. In addition, sense of peer community had a negative effect on overt aggression. Third, defending behavior mediated partially in the relationship sense of peer community and overt aggression, defending behavior mediated partially in the relationship pro-social behavior and overt aggression too, Also, pro-social behavior mediated partially in the relationship between sense of peer community and defending behavior. Finally, sense of peer community had a partial mediation effect on overt aggression through pro-social behavior and defending behavior. Based on these results, it is indicated that acquiring defending capacity was necessary to reduce overt aggression, and defending behavior is an important variable to prevent school bullying, which appears in the form of overt aggression in the school violence context.

DBQ를 이용한 운전자의 과속의도와 행동에 관한 연구

이창희,금기정 대한교통학회 2015 대한교통학회지 Vol.33 No.2

Speeding has been the most common traffic violation which increases the risk of accidents. The purpose of this study is to examine drivers’ behaviors on the speeding intention and speeding action and to identify the relationship between those causes and effects. Effects of behaviors and human characters of drivers on speeding are analyzed through a Driver Behavior Questionnaire and the cause and effect among behavior characters, speeding intention and speeding behavior are validated through the structural equation model. In order to validate the hypothesis of the study, a path analysis is conducted through structural equation model. As the result, Driver Behavior Questionnaire property that influences the speeding is revealed to be the violation while Driver Behavior Questionnaire properties that influences the speeding behavior are lapse, mistake, and violation. And the speeding intention influences the speeding behavior. The study results are compared with previous studies to reveal that Driver Behavior Questionnaire properties influencing the speeding behavior are in the order of violation, mistake and lapse. Three properties of Driver Behavior Questionnaire, lapse, mistake and violation, are behavior scales in agreement with previous studies. The results of this study based on a Driver Behavior Questionnaire are expected to be utilized as a way to predict and validate driving behaviors. 과속운전으로 인한 교통사고는 치사율이 높고 그에 따른 많은 사회적비용의 지출이 따른다. 본 연구는 운전자의 행동특성이 과속의도와 과속행동에 미치는 영향과 그에 따른 인과관계를 밝히는데 목적을 두었다. 본 연구에서는 운전행동설문지로 활용되는 DBQ(Driver Behavior Questionnaire)를 이용하여 과속운전 의도와 행동에 영향을 미치는 운전자의 행태와 인적특성을 분석하고, 구조방정식 모형을 통하여 행동특성과 과속의도, 과속행동들간의 인과관계에 대하여 검증하였다. 이에 따른 가설을 검증하기 위하여 구조방정식 모형에 의한 경로분석을 실시한 결과, 과속의도에 영향을 미치는 DBQ의 속성은 Violation으로 나타났고, 과속의도는 과속행동에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 선행연구들과 비교하여 논의하면, DBQ의 속성은 Violation, Mistake, Lapse 순으로 과속행동에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 운전행동 척도인 DBQ의 세가지 속성 Lapse, Mistake, Violation이 과속행동에 유의한 영향을 미친다는 선행연구를 지지하여 DBQ를 활용한 운전행동분석 및 위험운전행동의 예측수단으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.