Influences of Acetic Acid, Lauric Acid and Monolaurine Treatments on Survival of Vibrio cholerae in Refrigerated Flatfish

Lee, Jae-Il,Chung, Byung-Chul,Kim, Chang-Ryoul 한국식품영양학회 1998 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.11 No.6

아세트산, lauric acid, monolaurine 그리고 이의 조합에 의한 침지법을 이용하여 15% 저장 동안 광어의 V. cholerae의 세균수 변화에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 대조구는 증류수에 3분 침지후 실험에 사용하였다. 모든 처리구에서 처리직후 V. cholerae의 세균수는 유의적 (P<0.05)으로 감소하였다. 저장 2일 이후 lauric acid 및 monolaurine의 처리구는 V. cholerae의 수를 감소하는데 있어서 초산의 처리구와 유의적 차이를 나타내었다. 1.0%의 초산에 3분 침지후 0.5% lauric acid로 3분 침지한 처리구는 0.5%의 초산에 3분 침지후 0.5% aluric acid로 3분 침지한 처리구 보다 V. cholerae의 세균수를 유의적 (P<0.05)으로 감소하였다. 0.5%∼1.0%의 초산침지후 0.05% monolaurine으로 3분 침지한 처리구는 저장 3일 이후 V. cholerae에 대한 세균수 감소효과가 나타나지 않았다. The effects of 0.5%∼1.0% acetic acid, 0.5% lauric acid, or 0.5% monolaurine against Vibrio cholerae non 01 in flatfish strips stored at 15% were assessed. Control strips were dipped in distilled water only for 3 min. All treatments significantly (P<0.05) reduced the levels of V. cholerae at initial day. The counts of V. cholerae in flatfish treated with either lauric acid or monolaurine were a significantly different (P<0.05) from those of acetic acid treatment after 2 days of storage. The counts of V. cholerae in treatments of 0.5% lauric acid after dipping in 1.0% acetic acid for 3 min were lower than those of treatments with 0.5% lauric acid for 3 min after dipping in 0.5% acetic acid for 3 min. Treatments with 0.5% monolaurine for 3 min were not effective in lowering (P<0.05) the counts of V. cholerae after 3 days compared to the control.

Structural insights into the binding of lauric acid to CYP107L2 from <i>Streptomyces avermitilis</i>

Han, Songhee,Pham, Tan-Viet,Kim, Joo-Hwan,Lim, Young-Ran,Park, Hyoung-Goo,Jeong, Dabin,Yun, Chul-Ho,Chun, Young-Jin,Kang, Lin-Woo,Kim, Donghak Elsevier 2017 Biochemical and biophysical research communication Vol.482 No.4

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P> <I>Streptomyces avermitilis</I> is an actinobacterium known to produce clinically useful macrolides including avermectins. CYP107L2 from <I>S. avermitilis</I> shares a high sequence similarity with the PikC (CYP107L1) from <I>S. venezuelae</I>. To elucidate the structural features of CYP107L2, we conducted biochemical and structural characterization of CYP107L2 from <I>S. avermitilis</I>. The CYP107L2 gene was cloned, and its recombinant protein was expressed and purified. The CYP107L2 showed a low-spin state of heme, and the reduced form yielded the CO difference spectra with a maximal absorption at 449 nm. Binding of pikromycin and lauric acid yielded the typical type I spectra with <I>K</I> <SUB>d</SUB> values of 4.8 ± 0.3 and 111 ± 9 <I>μ</I>M, respectively. However, no metabolic product was observed in the enzyme reaction. X-ray crystal structures of the ligand-free CYP107L2 and its complex with lauric acid were determined at the resolution of 2.6 and 2.5 Å, respectively. CYP107L2 showed a well-conserved CYP structure with a wide-open substrate-binding cavity. The lauric acid is bound mainly via hydrophobic interactions with the carboxylate group of lauric acid coordinated to the heme of P450. Glu-40 and Leu-382 residues in the CYP107L2 complex with lauric acid showed significant conformational changes to provide plentiful room for the lauric acid in the substrate-binding site.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> CYP107L2 from <I>S. avermitilis</I> shares a high sequence similarity with the PikC. </LI> <LI> Purified CYP107L2 yielded a typical type I binding spectra to pikromycin and lauric acid. </LI> <LI> Crystal structure of CYP107L2 complex with lauric acid was determined at 2.5 Å resolution. </LI> <LI> Laurate is bound mainly via hydrophobic interactions in the substrate binding cavity of CYP107L2. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Cytochrome P450 4A11 inhibition assays based on characterization of lauric acid metabolites

Choi, Yeon Jung,Zhou, Yuanyuan,Lee, Ji-Yoon,Ryu, Chang Seon,Kim, Young Ho,Lee, Kiho,Kim, Sang Kyum Elsevier 2018 Food and chemical toxicology Vol.112 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study was designed to characterize lauric acid metabolism to facilitate the establishment of cytochrome P450 4A11 (CYP4A11) inhibition assay. Three metabolites (2-, 11-, and 12-hydroxylauric acids) were identified in pooled human liver microsomes based on comparisons with authentic standards. Reaction phenotyping using 14 recombinant CYPs showed that ω-hydroxylation was mediated dominantly by CYP4A11 and marginally by CYP4F3B. CYP2B6 played an exclusive role in the formation of 2-hydroxylauric acid. The production of 11-hydroxylauric acid was mediated by CYP2E1, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP4A11. The IC<SUB>50</SUB> values of HET0016, a well-known pan-CYP4 inhibitor, against the formation of 12-, 11-, and 2-hydroxylauric acid were 1.0, 1.0, and 0.009 μM, respectively. Among the 50 natural compounds examined, plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) inhibited the formation of 12-, 11-, and 2-hydroxylauric acid with IC<SUB>50</SUB> values of 1.7, 2.3, and 2.7 μM, respectively. In the selectivity study, HET0016 inhibited CYP2B6 with an IC<SUB>50</SUB> of 9.2 nM, as well as CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2E1 with IC<SUB>50</SUB> values of 1–2 μM. Plumbagin inhibited all CYP enzymes tested with IC<SUB>50</SUB> values of 1.7–3.0 μM. These methods can be used as tools to develop CYP4A11 inhibitors; simultaneous determination of the hydroxylauric acid metabolites provides further information on selectivity.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> ω-Hydroxylation of lauric acid was mediated dominantly by CYP4A11 and marginally by CYP4F3B. </LI> <LI> CYP2B6 played an exclusive role in the formation of 2-hydroxylauric acid. </LI> <LI> Production of 11-hydroxylauric acid was mediated by CYP2E1, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP4A11. </LI> <LI> Simultaneous determination of the hydroxylauric acid metabolites provides information on selectivity. </LI> <LI> Formation of 12-, 11-, and 2-hydroxylauric acid was inhibited by plumbagin with IC<SUB>50</SUB> values of 1.7, 2.3, and 2.7 μM. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

쏘팔메토(Saw Palmetto) 열매 추출물의 이화학적인 특성 연구

이정은,김정욱,이희영,엄지혜,김종길,이영열,배현지,김승우,윤호정,한수미,고종호,국무창,이영상 한국식품영양학회 2023 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.36 No.3

FT-IR, GC/MS, and ATR-FT-IR analyses were performed to confirm the physicochemical characteristics of saw palmetto fruit (SPF) extract. FT-IR analysis of the standard product showed that the band corresponding to the carbonyl bond of free fatty acid was stronger than the band of acyl-glyceride. Sample E was identified as having the same trend as the standard sample. Fatty acid composition analysis revealed that the main fatty acids in the standard sample were lauric acid and oleic acid. The content of lauric acid ranged from approximately 30% to 38% in samples B, C, D, and E, while the content of oleic acid ranged from approximately 29% to 34%. The GC/MS analysis confirmed that the standard SPF extract consisted of fatty acids and fatty acid ethyl esters. Sample E demonstrated a similar pattern to the standard samples in terms of oleic acid, lauric acid, and fatty acid esters. ATR-FT-IR analysis indicated that only sample E was predicted to contain 100% saw palmetto extract. Therefore, these study findings can be considered fundamental data for analyzing the physicochemical characteristics of the composition of SPF extract.

Laurie acid의 피부투과도 및 전기적 성질에 미치는 영향

오승열 숙명여자대학교 약학연구소 2004 약학논문집-숙명여자대학교 Vol.21 No.-

We have studied the effect of lauric acid on transdermal flux and the electrical properties of skin. After lauric acid treatment, transdermal flux of ketoprofen increased and it was concentrationdependent. Electrical properties such as resistance and capacitance were evaluated by measuring the skin impedance (Z) as a function of frequency (f) using hairless mouse skin. Bode plot was constructed and it showed the typical shape of skin. Electrical resistance and capacitance were evaluated by the linear regression of the 1/Z² vs f² plot. Electrical resistance of skin decreased rapidly after lauric acid treatment. On the other hand, capacitance increased with time and reached 4 fold larger value than that of the initial value after 24 hours. The results indicate that lauric acid penetrated into the lipid domain of stratum corneum, and thus increased the fluidity of the lipids. Overall, these data provide further mechanistic insight into the action of lauric acid.

PRODUCTION OF A LAURIC ACID SUPPLEMENT TO LOWER THE AMOUNT OF LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS

Patricia Rochelle O. Gan,Louise Joy A. Martin,Paula Nadine L. Sanchez,Ms. Ana Victoria Lloren 국제과학영재학회 2012 APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol.4 No.-

This project produced a lauric acid mixture consisting of lauric acid and non-fat milk, which contained components that lowered the cholesterol to HDL-LDL ratio in the system. This was done to pinpoint its effects on blood cholesterol levels in the hopes of lowering the amount of plaque found in the blood vessels. In the feasibility study, three out of the prospective twelve mice (4 groups of 3 mice) were given treatments of 2.00 mg lauric acid per 2.00 mL milk. The control mouse was given no lauric acid. After acclimatization, atherosclerosis was induced by feeding all mice 1.00 gram of butter per mice per day for two weeks. Blood was then extracted from the saphenous vein of the control mouse. After a month of treatment, blood was again extracted. The LDL-C (low density lipoprotein-cholesterol) ratios ranged from 1.90 to 18.3 from an initial 37.9 and the HDL-C (high density lipoproteins-cholesterol) ratios ranged from 19.4 to 28.4 from an initial 34.6. The t-tests (α = 0.05) show that there is a significant difference between the initial and final levels, which may then lead to the creation of a supplement that will lessen the susceptibility of atherosclerosis in humans.

Kinetics for the biodiesel production from lauric acid over Keggin heteropolyacid loaded in silica framework

Luis A. Gallego-Villada,Edwin A. Alarcón,Valeria Palermo,Patricia G. Vázquez,Gustavo P. Romanelli 한국공업화학회 2020 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.92 No.-

Kinetic models were developed to describe the esterification reaction of lauric acid and ethanol overheterogeneous catalysts, which is a reaction of special interest in the biodiesel production. VanadiumKeggin heteropolyacid was included on a silica framework by sol–gel procedure, using different loadings. The synthesized materials were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, nitrogen adsorption/desorptionisotherms, and potentiometric titration, and tested as solid catalysts in the esterification of lauric acid. Best performance was achieved with SiO2@20PMoV, which was used in the esterification of others fattyacid and alcohols. The reuse was successfully tested infive consecutive runs. Kinetic data usingSiO2@20PMoV were obtained at different temperatures (48–78 C), fatty acid:alcohol molar ratios(4 mmol of lauric acid and 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 mL of ethanol), and catalyst amounts (12.5, 25 and 50 mg). Thebest heterogeneous models were LH3 (surface reaction as rate-limiting step) and ER3 (desorption of ethyllaurate as rate-limiting step when the adsorbed reactant is lauric acid). The activation energies were56.1 kJ mol 1 and 64.8 kJ mol 1, and the reaction rate constants at 78 C were 0.2791 mol g 1 h 1 and0.0768 mol g 1 h 1 for LH3 and ER3, respectively.

Evaluation of Luminescent P450 Analysis for Directed Evolution of Human CYP4A11

( Seung Hye Choi ),( Song Hee Han ),( Hwa Youn Lee ),( Young Jin Chun ),( Dong Hak Kim ) 한국응용약물학회 2013 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.21 No.6

Cytochrome P450 4A11 (CYP4A11) is a fatty acid hydroxylase enzyme expressed in human liver. It catalyzes not only the hydroxylation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, but the conversion of arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a regulator of blood pressure. In this study, we performed a directed evolution analysis of CYP4A11 using the luminogenic assay system. A random mutant library of CYP4A11, in which mutations were made throughout the entire coding region, was screened with luciferase activity to detect the demethylation of luciferin-4A (2-[6-methoxyquinolin-2-yl]-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4- carboxylic acid) of CYP4A11 mutants in Escherichia coli. Consecutive rounds of random mutagenesis and screening yielded three improved CYP4A11 mutants, CP2600 (A24T/T263A), CP2601 (T263A), and CP2616 (A24T/T263A/V430E) with ~3-fold increase in whole cells and >10-fold increase in purifi ed proteins on the luminescence assay. However, the steady state kinetic analysis for lauric acid hydroxylation showed the signifi cant reductions in enzymatic activities in all three mutants. A mutant, CP2600, showed a 51% decrease in catalytic effi ciency (kcat/Km) for lauric acid hydroxylation mainly due to an increase in Km. CP2601 and CP2616 showed much greater reductions (>75%) in the catalytic effi ciency due to both a decrease in kcat and an increase in Km. These decreased catalytic activities of CP2601 and CP2616 can be partially attributed to the changes in substrate affi nities. These results suggest that the enzymatic activities of CYP4A11 mutants selected from directed evolution using a luminogenic P450 substrate may not demonstrate a direct correlation with the hydroxylation activities of lauric acid.

미립피복 상변화물질의 열적 특성에 관한 연구

최은수,김정원 明知大學校 産業技術硏究所 1997 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.16 No.-

As a method to make use of the high latent heat of a liquid-solid phase change material in a confined convective heat transfer, a phase change material, lauric acid, was encapsulated in a tiny hollow sphere, and mixed with water, forming a slurry of microencapsulated phase-change material. Thermal characteristics of the pure lauric acid and lauric acid MCPCM were tested by a differential scanning calorimeter. The melting phenomena of the MCPCM were similar with those of the lauric acid. The cooling curve of the MCPCM showed a double curve, while that of the lauric acid showed a single curve. The effects of encapsulation was measured and explained.

Preparation and Evaluation of Flufenamic acid-loaded polymeric mielles as carrier for Anticancer effect

안준혁,홍웅길,정경원,김태훈,심왕근,나재운 한국공업화학회 2019 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2019 No.1

Flufenamic acid (FA) has be widely used as anti-inflammatory agent. According to study recently, many of researchers reported that it has anticancer effect against bladder cancer cell. However, solubility of FA against water is very low, which may lead to inefficient anticancer effect. These for reason, researchers have designed to polymeric micelles composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substance in order to drug delivery at cancer cell. We synthesized lauric acid (LA)-grafted chitosan micelle (LC) by coupling agent. Chemical structure of LC was confirmed by ¹H-NMR and FT-IR. In addition, FA-loaded LC (LCF) nanoparticles were produced by dialysis method. Their drug contents (DC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) from LCF were calculated by using UV-vis spectrophotometer. Also, cytotoxicity and anticancer activity were conducted by using MTT assay. These results suggest that it can be applied to anticancer agent against bladder cancer cell.