Manipulation of Tissue Energy Metabolism in Meat-Producing Ruminants - Review -

Hocquette, J.F.,Ortigues-Marty, Isabelle,Vermorel, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.5

Skeletal muscle is of major economic importance since it is finally converted to meat for consumers. The increase in meat production with low costs of production may be achieved by optimizing muscle growth, whereas a high meat quality requires, among other factors, the optimization of intramuscular glycogen and fat stores. Thus, research in energy metabolism aims at controling muscle metabolism, but also liver and adipose tissue metabolism in order to optimize energy partitioning in favour of muscles. Liver is characterized by high anabolic and catabolic rates. Metabolic enzymes are regulated by nutrients through short-term regulation of their activities and long-term regulation of expression of their genes. Consequences of liver metabolic regulation on energy supply to muscles may affect protein deposition (and hence growth) as well as intramuscular energy stores. Adipose tissues are important body reserves of triglycerides, which result from the balance between lipogenesis and lipolysis. Both processes depend on the feeding level and on the nature of nutrients, which indirectly affect energy delivery to muscles. In muscles, the regulation of rate-limiting nutrient transporters, of metabolic enzyme activities and of ATP production, as well as the interactions between nutrients affect free energy availability for muscle growth and modify muscle metabolic characteristics which determine meat quality. The growth of tissues and organs, the number and the characteristics of muscle fibers depend, for a great part, on early events during the fetal life. They include variations in quantitative and qualitative nutrient supply to the fetus, and hence in maternal nutrition. During the postnatal life, muscle growth and characteristics are affected by the age and the genetic type of the animals, the feeding level and the diet composition. The latter determines the nature of available nutrients and the rate of nutrient delivery to tissues, thereby regulating metabolism. Physical activity at pasture also favours the orientation of muscle metabolism, towards the oxidative type. Consequently, breeding systems may be of a great importance during the postnatal life. Research is now directed towards the determination of individual tissue and organ energy requirements, a better knowledge of nutrient partitioning between and within organs and tissues. The discovery of new molecules (e. g. leptin), of new molecular mechanisms and of more powerful techniques (DNA chips) will help to achieve these objectives. The integration of the different levels of knowledge will finally allow scientists to formulate new types of diets adapted to sustain a production of high quality meat with lower costs of production.

Revisiting the Bacterial Phylum Composition in Metabolic Diseases Focused on Host Energy Metabolism

이연미,이희영 대한당뇨병학회 2020 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.44 No.5

Over a hundred billion bacteria are found in human intestines. This has emerged as an environmental factor in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and related diseases. The majority of these bacteria belong to two dominant phyla, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Since the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes increases in people with obesity and in various animal models, it has been assumed that phylum composition causes the increase in occurrence of metabolic diseases over the past decade. However, this assumption has been challenged by recent studies that have found even an opposite association of phylum composition within metabolic diseases. Moreover, the gut microbiota affects host energy metabolism in various ways including production of metabolites and interaction with host intestinal cells to regulate signaling pathways that affect energy metabolism. However, the direct effect of gut bacteria on host energy intake, such as energy consumption by the bacteria itself and its effects on intestinal energy absorption, has been underestimated. This review aims to discuss whether increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes is associated with the development of metabolic diseases, and whether energy competition between the bacteria and host is a missing part of the mechanism linking gut microbiota to metabolic diseases.

절식대사 시험에 의한 한우 수소의 유지에너지 요구량 결정에 관한 연구

이상철,탁태영,김경훈,윤상기 한국동물자원과학회 2003 한국축산학회지 Vol.45 No.1

한우 수소의 유지를 위한 정미에너지 및 대사에너지를 구하기 위하여 28회의 절식대사 시험을 수행하였다. 체중 100 ㎏에서 400㎏까지 100㎏ 증체 간격(100, 200, 300, 400 ㎏)으로 7종류의 사료를 각각 유지에너지 수준만 급여하여 분뇨채취를 위한 대사시험(5일)과 열 발생량 측정을 위한 호흡대사시험(2일)을 수행한 후 다시 5일간 완전 절식시켜 마지막 24시간 동안 호흡대사시험을 실시하였다. 3종의 사료는 배합사료+볏짚(실험 Ⅰ), 배합사료+목건초(실험 Ⅱ), 배합사료+옥수수 사일리지(실험 Ⅲ)이었고, 조사료와 농후사료의 비율은 40:60으로 하였다. 실험 Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ, Ⅶ은 각각 볏짚, 목건초, 옥수수 사일리지, 배합사료를 단독 급여하였다. 체중 100㎏에서는 절식대사량이 66.05/W^0.75로 높았으나, 체중 200∼400㎏ 사이에서는 60∼63㎉/W^0.75로 거의 비슷하였다. 절식대사량에서 절식시 근육 활동(기립시간과 기복횟수)에 소요된 에너지를 제외한 체중 100∼400㎏의 평균 기초대사량은 55.92㎉/W^0.75이었다. 절식대사량에 체조직의 분해산물로서 뇨 에너지 배설량을 추가적으로 보정한 NEm 요구량은 체중 100㎏에서 가장 높아 69.10 ㎉/W^0.75였으나, 체중 200∼400㎏ 간에서는 62.07∼65.76㎉/W^0.75로서 체중간에 차이가 없었다. 각 사료조합중 유지량을 급여한 사료조합의 에너지 균형에서 얻어진 에너지 축적량(retained energy)과 보정 NEm인 기초대사시 열 발생량으로 섭취한 대사에너지를 에너지 평형상태로 환산한 결과, 전 체중 평균 MEm 요구량은 102.69㎉/W^0.75이었다. Net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) bulls were estimated in twenty-eight fasting metabolism trials using seven different feeds at four stages of body weight(100, 200, 300 and 400㎏). Three cattle for each of twenty-eight trials fed at a level of maintenance energy requirement were housed in metabolic stalls during the 5 days of collection period. Thereafter, during the 2 days of respiration period the heat production was measured by indirect calorimetry using respiratory chamber. After finishing the respiratory metabolism trials under the maintenance level, experimental animals were fasted for 5 days and were measured heat production by indirect calorimetry using respiratory chamber. Seven different fees were: 1) mixed ration of concentrate and rice straw, 2) mixed ration of concentrate and mixed grass hay, 3) mixed ration of concentrate and corn silage, 4) rice straw alone, 5) mixed grass hay alone, 6) corn silage alone, 7) concentrate alone. Fasting heat production were 66.05/W^0.75 at 100㎏ of body weight and 60~63㎉/W^0.75 at 200~400㎏ of body weight. When subtracting heat loss by muscular work from the fasting heat production, basal metabolic rate was 55.92㎉/W^0.75. The average values of NEm requirements were obtained by adding urinary energy excretion to the basal metabolic rates were 69.1, 62.1, 65.8 and 64.4㎉/W^0.75 for the four stages of body weight, respectively. The ME requirement for maintenance could be calculated using retained energy and the efficiency of utilization of ME for net energy. The ME requirement for maintenance thus obtained was 102.69㎉/W^0.75.

중년여성의 신체활동 수준과 운동형태가 대사증후군 위험요인 및 에너지대사에 미치는 영향

이향범(Hyang Beum Lee) 한국발육발달학회 2014 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.22 No.4

The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of 8 weeks of participation in exercise by middleaged women on body composition, risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome and energy metabolism based on the level of physical activity and types of exercise and the effect on physical functions and provide basic information for effective exercise prescription. This study investigated the difference between factors depending on the level of physical activity by dividing groups into two; one is the active group with the physical activity of more than 1500METㆍmin/week and the other is the non-active group with less than 600METㆍmin/week of physical activity. The non-active group has again been divided into combined exercise group(n=9), the aerobic exercise group(n=9) and control group(n=9). The results of 8-weeks of participation in exercise depending on the type of exercise and its impact on risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome and energy metabolism are as follows. 1. As a result of the analysis of the difference of body composition, metabolic syndrome risk factors and energy metabolism using the Short-form on WHO International Physical Activity Questionnaires(IPAQ), there were the statistically significant differences for body composition in body fat percentage, for metabolic syndrome risk factors in neutral fats and HDL-Cholesterol and for energy metabolism in insulin and growth hormone. 2. As a result of the analysis of the difference of body composition according to the exercise types of non-active middle-aged women, there were the statistically significant differences for interaction effect in weight, BMI, body fat percentage and body fat amount and for exercising period in weight, body fat percentage and body fat amount. As a result of the analysis of the difference of metabolic syndrome risk factors, there were the statistically significant differences for interaction effect in blood sugar, neutral fats, HDL-C and waist measurement and for the exercising period in blood sugar, neutral fats, HDL-C and waist measurement. As a result of the analysis of the difference of energy metabolism, there were the statistically significant differences for interaction effect in free fatty acid, insulin, growth hormone and leptin and for the exercising period in free fatty acid, insulin, growth hormone and leptin. In case of exercising group, there were no statistically significant differences in body composition, metabolic syndrome risk factors and energy metabolism.

트레드밀 보행 시 단일 3축 가속도센서를 사용한 대사에너지 소모량 예측

이희영,박선우,김승현,이동엽,김영호,Lee, H.Y.,Park, S.W.,Kim, S.H.,Lee, D.Y.,Kim, Y.H. 대한의용생체공학회 2011 의공학회지 Vol.32 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relevance of the prediction equations derived from the relationship between metabolic energy expenditure and kinetic energy, for different speeds of walking and running over the treadmill. Seven male subjects participated in this study. A tri-axial accelerometer was attached on between the left and right posterior superior iliac spines. Kinetic energy was calculated by the integration of acceleration data and compared with the metabolic energy measured by a gas analyzer. Correlation coefficients were determined to find a relationship between the kinetic energy and the metabolic energy expenditure. Also, the difference between measured and predicted values was used to find the relevance for individual and group equations. Results showed a relatively good correlation between the measured metabolic energy and the calculated kinetic energy. In addition, a dramatic increase in kinetic energy was observed at the transition speed of walking and running (6 km/h). There was no difference in how to predict the kinetic energy expenditure for individual and group even though people have different physical characteristics. This study would be useful to predict metabolic energy expenditures by the regression analysis with acceleration data.

Integrative Physiology: Defined Novel Metabolic Roles of Osteocalcin

김유식,박일영,이영준,서상훈 대한의학회 2010 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.25 No.7

The prevailing model of osteology is that bones constantly undergo a remodeling process,and that the differentiation and functions of osteoblasts are partially regulated by leptin through different central hypothalamic pathways. The finding that bone remodeling is regulated by leptin suggested possible endocrinal effects of bones on energy metabolism. Recently, a reciprocal relationship between bones and energy metabolism was determined whereby leptin influences osteoblast functions and, in turn, the osteoblast-derived protein osteocalcin influences energy metabolism. The metabolic effects of bones are caused by the release of osteocalcin into the circulation in an uncarboxylated form due to incomplete γ-carboxylation. In this regard, the Esp gene encoding osteotesticular protein tyrosine phosphatase is particularly interesting because it may regulate γ-carboxylation of osteocalcin. Novel metabolic roles of osteocalcin have been identified, including increased insulin secretion and sensitivity, increased energy expenditure, fat mass reduction, and mitochondrial proliferation and functional enhancement. To date, only a positive correlation between osteocalcin and energy metabolism in humans has been detected,leaving causal effects unresolved. Further research topics include: identification of the osteocalcin receptor; the nature of osteocalcin regulation in other pathways regulating metabolism; crosstalk between nutrition, osteocalcin, and energy metabolism; and potential applications in the treatment of metabolic diseases.

중강도 지속적 운동과 고강도 인터벌 운동 간 에너지대사와 운동후 초과산소소비량(EPOC)의 비교 분석

조현석(HyunSeokCho),김형준(HyoungJunKim),이만균(ManGyoonLee) 한국체육학회 2016 한국체육학회지 Vol.55 No.3

본 연구에서는 중강도 지속적 운동(moderate-intensity continuous exercise: MICE)과 고강도 인터벌 운동(highintensity interval exercise: HIIE) 간에 에너지대사관련 변인과 운동후 초과산소소비량(EPOC)을 비교ㆍ분석하였다. 20대 남성 9명의 대상자가 MICE와 HIIE 처치에 반복 참여하도록 한 후 에너지대사관련 변인과 EPOC관련 변인을 측정하였다. 두 처치 간 종속변인의 비교를 통하여 얻은 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 에너지대사관련 혈액변인은 두운동 처치 간에 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 2) 산소소비량은 HIIE가 MICE에 비하여 운동 종료 후 10분과 20분시점에서 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 3) 호흡교환율은 HIIE가 MICE에 비하여 운동 종료 후 10분과 20분 시점에서 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 4) 에너지소비량은 HIIE가 MICE에 비하여 운동 종료 후 10분과 20분 시점에서 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 5) 시간대별 EPOC의 경우 HIIE가 MICE에 비하여 운동 종료 후 10분과 20분 시점에서 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 총 EPOC의 양 또한 HIIE가 MICE에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. 이상의 결과를 통하여 HIIE를 실시한 경우 MICE에 비하여 회복기 중 에너지소비량이 더 크게 증가된 것으로 결론지을 수 있다. 장기간의 HIIE 훈련은 MICE 훈련에 비하여 회복기 중 지방대사를 더욱 큰 폭으로 증가시켜 전반적인 체지방률 감소에 더 크게 공헌할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The purpose of this study was to compare energy metabolism and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) between moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Nine males, aged 20-29 yrs, participated in both MICE trial and HIIE trial repeatedly, separated by one week, according to a counter-balanced order. Energy metabolism-related blood variables and EPOC-related variables were measured and compared between MICE and HIIE. Main results of the study were as follows: 1) There was no significant difference in cortisol, glucose, and FFA between MICE trial and HIIE trial. 2) HIIE trial showed higher VO2 at 10 min and 20 min during recovery phase than MICE trial. 3) HIIE trial showed lower RER at 10 min and 20 min during recovery phase than MICE trial. 4) HIIE trial showed higher energy expenditure at 10 min and 20 min during recovery phase than MICE trial. 5) Magnitude of EPOC was higher in HIIE trial than MICE trial. It was concluded that energy expenditure and fat metabolism during recovery phase would be increased by performing HIIE rather than MICE, even though there would not be difference in energy metabolism pattern during exercise between MICE trial and HIIE trial, suggesting that HIIE would be more effective mode to solve the obesity than MICE.

The Influence of Different Fiber and Starch Types on Nutrient Balance and Energy Metabolism in Growing Pigs

Wang, J.F.,Zhu, Y.H.,Li, D.F.,Jorgensen, H.,Jensen, B.B. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.2

A repeated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design was conducted with eight ileal cannulated castrates to examine the effect of source of starch and fiber on nutrient balance and energy metabolism. Pigs were fed on one of the four experimental diets: Control diet (C) mainly based on cooked rice; and diets P, S and W with the inclusion of either raw potato starch, sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, respectively. With the exception of an increased (p<0.05) energy loss from methane production with diet S observed, no significant differences (p>0.05) in the ratio of metabolizable energy (ME)/digestible energy, the utilization of ME for fat deposition and for protein deposition, energy loss as hydrogen and urinary energy were found between diets. The efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was lower (p<0.05) with diets P and S than with diet C. The inclusion of fiber sources (sugar beet pulp or wheat bran) or potato starch reduced the maintenance energy requirement. The fecal energy excretion was increased (p<0.05) with either sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, while it was unaffected (p>0.05) by addition of potato starch. In comparison with diets C and P, a lowered ileal or fecal digestibility of energy with diets S and W was observed (p<0.05). Feeding sugar beet pulp caused increased (p<0.05) daily production of methane and carbon dioxide and consequently increased energy losses from methane and carbon dioxide production, while it did not influence the daily hydrogen production (p>0.05). An increased (p<0.05) proportion of NSP excreted in feces was seen by the supplementation of wheat bran. Higher NSP intake caused an increased daily amount of NSP in the ileum, but the ileal NSP proportion as a percentage of NSP intake was unaffected by diets. Feeding potato starch resulted in increased daily amount of starch measured in the ileum and the proportion of ileal starch as a percentage of starch intake, while no significant influence on fecal starch was found. Higher (p<0.05) daily amount of fecal starch and the proportion of fecal starch as a percentage of starch intake were found with fiber sources supplementation compared with diets C and P. By increasing the dietary NSP content the fecal amount of starch increased (p<0.01).

The effect of red ginseng and ginseng leaves on the substance and energy metabolism in hypothyroidism rats

Hang Xiao,Cheng Tan,Guanlin Yang,Deqiang Dou 고려인삼학회 2017 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.41 No.4

Background: Recent studies have revealed that the properties Traditional Chinese Medicine is mostly associated with are substance and energy metabolism. Our study aimed to compare the effect of red ginseng (RG) (warm property) and ginseng leaves (GL; cold property) on the substance and energy metabolism of rats with hypothyroidism. Materials and methods: Rats were administered propylthiouracil intraperitoneally for 20 d to cause hypothyroidism. The reference group was orally administered Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparaia [FZ (Fuzi in Chinese)], while both the RG and GL groups were orally administrated crude drugs. The rectal, tail, toe, and axilla temperature of the rats were assayed every 3 d. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, heat production, and energy expenditure were measured via TSE phenoMaster/LabMaster animal monitoring system. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, Naþ-Kþ-ATPase, fumarase, pyruvic acid and cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic guanosine monophosphate were determined. Results: The lower levels of triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the higher level of thyroid stimulating hormone revealed the successful establishment of a hypothyroidism model. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, heat production, and energy expenditure in the FZ and RG groups were obviously increased. The activity of Naþ-Kþ-ATPase and fumarase in the FZ and RG groups was significantly increased. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic guanosine monophosphate level in the FZ and RG groups was increased, while the GL group showed the opposite. Conclusion: Our research provides a new way to explore the efficiency of Chinese medicine on the basis of the relationship between drug property and effects on substance and energy metabolism.

물렁가시붉은새우(Pandalopsis japonica)의 유생 단계애 따른 에너지수지

김진각 ( Jin Gak Kim ),권오남 ( 0 Nam Kwon ),박기영 ( Ki Young Park ) 한국수산과학회 2013 한국수산과학회지 Vol.46 No.6

The energy budget of the larvae of pandalid shrimp, Pandalopsis japonica, reared in the laboratory from zoea to post-larva was investigated. Energy used during the growth of the shrimp larvae was calculated daily for feeding, growth, molting, and metabolism. The total energy used was 16.2 J for the entire larval stage. Molting energy loss was estimated at a total 1.03 J. Energy used for respiration was estimated at a total of 1.85 J. The intake energy by feeding reached a total of 77.69 J. The total sum of energies used by excretion and egestion was 58.61 J. Larvae assimilated 24.57% of ingested food and used 84.91% for somatic growth. The gross growth efficiency (K1) was 22.19% for the entire larval stage, and the net growth efficiency (K2) was 90.31%. Maintenance costs were estimated at 9.69% of assimilated energy for the entire larval stage.