만주국기 조선인의 만주 이민과 鮮滿拓殖(주)

정안기 동북아역사재단 2011 東北亞歷史論叢 Vol.- No.31

본 논문은 이민제도사의 시각에서 1930년대 조선인의 만주국 이민을 새롭게 검토하는데 있다. 즉, 1936년 설립된 국책 이민회사 선만척식(鮮滿拓植)과 그 자회사 만선척식(滿鮮拓植)의 설립 경위와 사업 내용 그리고 1941년 일본인의 만주국 이민 전담기구였던 만주척식공사(滿洲拓植公社)와의 통합·해산에 이르는 일련의 과정이다. 1931년 만주국 성립 이후 자유방임의 자발적 이민을 특징으로 했던 조선인의 만주이민은 1936년 선만척식(주)과 자회사 만선척식(주)의 설립을 계기로 해서 양적, 질적, 지역적 제한을 특징으로 하는 계획과 통제의 정책이민으로 바뀌었다. 이후 모회사 선만척식(주)은 주로 북선개척사업과 자회사 만선척식(주)에 대한 투자와 대부사업을 담당했던 반면, 자회사 만선척식(주)은 동아권업(東亞勸業)을 흡수해서 조선인의 신규 입식을 위한 토지매입과 영농자금 대부 그리고 자작농 창정사업을 담당하였다. 이러한 민족차별을 특징으로 하는 조선인의 만주이민정책은 1937년 중일전쟁 발발에 따른 재만 조선인의 전시협력과 오족협화(五族協和) 이데올로기에 대한 제도적 대응이 불가피하게 되었다. 그 결과, 1941년 선만척식(주)은 동양척식(東洋拓植)으로 흡수·합병되어 북선개발(北鮮開發)로 재편되었던 반면, 자회사 만선척식(주)은 당시 일본인의 만주이민을 전담했던 만주척식공사에 통합되었다. 결국, 조선인의 만주이민은 만주척식공사에 통합되면서 형식적으로 일본인 이민에 준하는 위치를 차지하기에 이르렀다. 이러한 만선척식(주)과 만주척식공사와의 통합은 1937년 중일전쟁의 영향을 반영한 만주국 건국이념이었던 오족협화 이데올로기의 제도적 완성으로도 간주할 수 있을 것이다. 이상, 만주국 시기 조선인 만주이민정책은 종래 연구가 관동군의 이니셔티브를 강조했던 것과는 달리 조선총독부가 보다 주도적인 역할을 담당하였다. 그래서 당시에는 선만척식(주)의 설립을 ‘우가키(宇垣)정책의 백미(白眉)’라고까지 회자(膾炙)되었다. 이상의 경위를 고려하면, 1930년대 조선인 만주이민정책의 플래너(planner) 혹은 디자이너(designer)는 바로 조선총독부였다고 하겠다. This paper intends to newly examine the formation and use of the immigration policy for Joseon farmers into Manchuria in the 1930s. For this purpose, it will put its focus on the foundation background and the business details of Seonman Colonization Co., Ltd., which was a state policy immigration company founded in 1936, and Manseon Colonization Co., Ltd., the affiliated company of Seonman Colonization. It will also pay its attention to the whole process that Manseon Colonization became unified into Manchu Colonization. In 1931 after Manchuria was built up, Joseon people’s immigration into Manchuria was characterized by permissive voluntary immigration, but it was changed into plan,control-based policy immigration with quantitative, qualitative, and regional restrictions in 1936 when Seonman Colonization Co., Ltd.,which was a state policy immigration company taking full charge of Joseon farmers’ immigration into Manchuria separately from Japanese immigration, and its affiliated company, Manseon Colonization Co.,Ltd., were founded. Seonman Colonization was involved in pioneering the northern part of Joseon and making investment and loaning for its affiliated company, Manseon Colonization. On the other hand,Manseon Colonization assimilated Dongah Gwonup Co., Ltd. and worked on the purchase of lands for the settlement of Joseon people,the loaning for agriculture, and the creation of independent farmers. This immigration policy for Joseon people into Manchuria, which was based on clear national discrimination, was totally corrected because the war between China and Japan, which broke out in 1937, required Joseon residents in Manchuria to cooperate during the wartime and the ideology of 5-nation cooperation had to be systematically completed. That is, Seonman Colonization became assimilated into Dongyang Colonization Co., Ltd. and then, reorganized into Bukseon Development Co., Ltd., but Manseon Colonization became unified into Manchu Colonization Corporation which took full charge of Japanese’immigration into Manchuria. While Joseon people’s immigration into Manchuria became entrusted to Manchu Colonization, the immigration organization for Japanese, it got positioned in the same level as Japanese’ immigration. The unification of Manseon Colonization and Manchu Colonization can be regarded as the systematic completion of the 5-nation cooperation ideology which was the spirit of the national foundation of Manchuria reflecting the shock of China-Japan war in 1937. The previous researches highlighted the initiative of Gwandong Army in Joseon people’s immigration into Manchuria during Manchu period, but actually, Japanese Government-General of Joseon worked for it more actively. That is, the foundation of Seonman Colonization,which took charge of Joseon people’s immigration into Manchuria in the 1930s, was the top of ‘Ugaki Policy’, which suggests that Japanese Government-General of Joseon was the planner of the immigration policy for Joseon people into Manchuria.

비강내 Staphylococcus aureus의 집락화와 esp 양성Staphylococcus epidermidis의 영향에 대한 연구

강고은,김현수,김한성,송원근,김재석 대한임상미생물학회 2021 Annals of clinical microbiology Vol.24 No.3

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a common colonizer of the nasal vestibule andis found in approximately 20%–30% of healthy adults, while Staphylococcus epidermidisappears to be the most frequent colonizer in all regions of the upper respiratory tract. Esp, aserine protease of S. epidermidis, was reported to inhibit S. aureus colonization. This studywas performed to examine the nasal colonization of S. aureus and S. epidermidis and thepresence of esp determinants. Methods: Nasal swab specimens from 54 patients were cultured on blood agar plates (BAP)and selective media for S. aureus (S. aureus ID, bioMerieux, France) for the isolation of S. aureus and S. epidermidis. After 48 hours of incubation of with BAP, three or four coloniessuspected of being coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were identified by MALDI-TOFMS (Bruker, Germany). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for esp was performed on all CNSisolates identified as S. epidermidis. Results: Forty-three S. epidermidis strains were isolated from 18 (33.3%) of the 54 patients. Nine (50.0%) of the 18 patients carried S. aureus, while the other nine did not. Of the 36 S. epidermidis non-carriers, 13 (36.1%) were colonized by S. aureus. All S. epidermidis strainswere confirmed by PCR to have esp determinants. Conclusion: S. epidermidis colonization did not affect S. aureus colonization in the nasalcavity. All S. epidermidis strains harbored the esp gene. We could not find any differencesin the nasal colonization rates of S. aureus according to the presence of esp -positive S. epidermidis. Further research on the characterization of S. epidermidis in Korea is needed tounderstand the association between S. epidermidis and S. aureus colonization.

Bacterial Traits Involved in Colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana Roots by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42

Dietel, Kristin,Beator, Barbara,Budiharjo, Anto,Fan, Ben,Borriss, Rainer The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2013 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.29 No.1

Colonization studies previously performed with a green-fluorescent-protein, GFP, labeled derivative of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 revealed that the bacterium behaved different in colonizing surfaces of plant roots of different species (Fan et al., 2012). In order to extend these studies and to elucidate which genes are crucial for root colonization, we applied targeted mutant strains to Arabidopsis seedlings. The fates of root colonization in mutant strains impaired in synthesis of alternative sigma factors, non-ribosomal synthesis of lipopeptides and polyketides, biofilm formation, swarming motility, and plant growth promoting activity were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Whilst the wild-type strain heavily colonized surfaces of root tips and lateral roots, the mutant strains were impaired in their ability to colonize root tips and most of them were unable to colonize lateral roots. Ability to colonize plant roots is not only dependent on the ability to form biofilms or swarming motility. Six mutants, deficient in abrB-, sigH-, sigD-, nrfA-, yusV and RBAM017410, but not affected in biofilm formation, displayed significantly reduced root colonization. The nrfA- and yusV-mutant strains colonized border cells and, partly, root surfaces but did not colonize root tips or lateral roots.

단일병원 신생아 환자의 메티실린내성 황색포도알균 보균율

최수영,한상우,윤혜선,기모란,Choi, Soo Young,Han, Sang Woo,Yoon, Hye Sun,Ki, Moran 대한소아감염학회 2012 Pediatric Infection and Vaccine Vol.19 No.3

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the colonization rate of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in neonates by different clinical characteristics, to presume the origin of MRSA acquisition, and to identify the risk factors associated with MRSA colonization. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1,733 neonates admitted to Seoul Eulji hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between January 2008 and December 2011. Nasal, inguinal and rectal swab specimens were obtained upon admission and each week until discharge. We classified the route of MRSA acquisition as; hospital associated (HA-MRSA) and community associated (CA-MRSA) according to the case definition. Results: Among 1,733 neonates, 415 (23.9%) were colonized with MRSA. Gestational age, birth weight, delivery type, maternal antibiotics usage before delivery, birth place and care place before admission were influencing factors in colonization of MRSA. The colonization rate was significantly high in neonates without maternal prophylactic antibiotics use before delivery than in the other group (relative risk 2.77, 95% CI 1.88-4.07; P<0.01), and outborns showed higher MRSA colonization rate compared to inborns (relative risk 2.28, 95% CI 1.17-4.42; P=0.015). Conclusion: We identified the neonatal MRSA colonization rate to be 23.9%. We estimated HA-MRSA colonization rate to be 10% (51/511) and CA-MRSA colonization rate to be 36% (309/858). We ascertained that risk factors in MRSA colonization in neonates were prophylactic use of antibiotics in mothers and the birth place. 목 적 : 단일 병원 신생아입원실에 입원한 신생아를 대상으로 환자의 임상적 특징에 따른 MRSA 보균율을 알아보고, 그 기원을 추정해 보며, MRSA 보균에 영향을 미치는 요소들을 살펴보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2008년 1월부터 2011년 12월까지 을지대학교 서울 을지병원 신생아 입원실에 입원하여 MRSA 감시배양검사를 시행받은 1,733명의 신생아를 대상으로 의무기록을 후향적으로 조사하였다. MRSA 감시배양검사는 비강, 서혜부, 직장에서 시행하였고, 퇴원 시까지 매주 반복 시행 하였다. MRSA 감시배양결과에 따라서 보균자와 비보균자로 나누었다. 결 과 : 대상환자 1,733명 중에 415명(23.9%)이 MRSA 보균자였다. 제태기간, 출생체중, 분만 방식, 분만전 산모에게 항생제 투여 여부, 출생장소, 입원전 체류 장소에 따라서 MRSA 보균율에 차이를 보였다(P<0.001). 다변량 검사에서 분만전 산모에게 예방적 항생제를 투여하지 않은 경우가 투여한 경우에 비해서 신생아가 MRSA 보균자가 될 위험도가 2.8배(OR=2.77; 95% CI, 1.88-4.07), 출생장소가 외부인 경우가 본원인 경우에 비해서 2.3배(OR=2.28; 95% CI, 1.17-4.42) 높음을 확인하였다. 결 론 : 신생아 입원환자를 대상으로 한 MRSA 보균율은 23.9%로 상대적으로 높은 보균율을 확인하였다. 환자특성을 고려하여 추정한 HA-MRSA 보균율은 51/511명(10%), CA-MRSA 보균율은 309/858명(36%) 이었다. 본병원 신생아에서 MRSA 보균과 연관된 요인은 산모의 예방적 항생제 사용여부와 출생장소임을 확인하였다.

Effect of Preputial Type on Bacterial Colonization and Wound Healing in Boys Undergoing Circumcision

Hüseyin Tarhan,Ilker Akarken,Osman Koca,Işık Ozgü,Ferruh Zorlu 대한비뇨의학회 2012 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.53 No.6

Purpose: In this study, we evaluated the effect of preputial type on bacterial colonization and wound healing in boys undergoing circumcision. Materials and Methods: This study consisted of 78 boys consecutively admitted to our clinic for circumcision between 2009 and 2011. Preputial status was classified into five types on the basis of preputial retractability. One sterile culture swab was swept circumferentially once around the surface of the glans starting just proximal to the urethral meatus. Three weeks following circumcision, control swabs from the same regions of the same patients were taken and inoculated. Thus, the same patients formed the control group. Patients were evaluated on days 1 and 7 after the operation to assess whether the preputial type affected healing. Results: The mean age of the children was 46.3 months. In our study, the growth rate was 71.8% in pre-circumcision patients, whereas the rate was 10.25% in the post-circumcision group. Types 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 had 100%, 93.8%, 71.4%, 44.4%, and 53.6% colonization, respectively. A significant difference was observed among these types in terms of colonization. The most common agent was Enterococcus species (33%). When postoperative patients were evaluated, all had local swelling and hyperemia on postoperative day 1, whereas there was a significant difference on day 7. Conclusions: There was a significant correlation between preputial type and bacterial colonization, and the preputial type affected post-circumcision wound healing. Practitioners should keep in mind that the healing period will be longer in patients with type 1, 2, and 3 preputium. Purpose: In this study, we evaluated the effect of preputial type on bacterial colonization and wound healing in boys undergoing circumcision. Materials and Methods: This study consisted of 78 boys consecutively admitted to our clinic for circumcision between 2009 and 2011. Preputial status was classified into five types on the basis of preputial retractability. One sterile culture swab was swept circumferentially once around the surface of the glans starting just proximal to the urethral meatus. Three weeks following circumcision, control swabs from the same regions of the same patients were taken and inoculated. Thus, the same patients formed the control group. Patients were evaluated on days 1 and 7 after the operation to assess whether the preputial type affected healing. Results: The mean age of the children was 46.3 months. In our study, the growth rate was 71.8% in pre-circumcision patients, whereas the rate was 10.25% in the post-circumcision group. Types 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 had 100%, 93.8%, 71.4%, 44.4%, and 53.6% colonization, respectively. A significant difference was observed among these types in terms of colonization. The most common agent was Enterococcus species (33%). When postoperative patients were evaluated, all had local swelling and hyperemia on postoperative day 1, whereas there was a significant difference on day 7. Conclusions: There was a significant correlation between preputial type and bacterial colonization, and the preputial type affected post-circumcision wound healing. Practitioners should keep in mind that the healing period will be longer in patients with type 1, 2, and 3 preputium.

신생아 집중 치료실에 입원한 신생아에서 장내 세균에 의한 장관 집락화와 관련된 위험 인자

김민지,정유진,홍유라,배일권 대한신생아학회 2011 Neonatal medicine Vol.18 No.2

Purpose: The incidence of nosocomial infection caused by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) has increased in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). This study identified the progression of sepsis caused by GNB colonization and analyzed the risk factors associated with using periodic stool culture surveillance. Methods: We included 86 newborns admitted to the NICU, Kosin University Gospel Hospital from October 2007 to May 2008. Three stool specimens were collected right after birth and two more were collected at 2 week intervals. The risk factors related to GNB colonization were established from each medical record and related references. Results: The incidence of colonization by GNB was 22 (25.6%) per 86 neonates but none had culture-proven sepsis. The three most commonly isolated GNB were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, and Citrobacter freundii . Approximately 89%(32/36) of isolated GNB were susceptible to amikacin. The probability of GNB colonization increased in infants who were fed a small volume during enteral feeding. In contrast, delayed enteral feeding resulted in a decreased probability for GNB colonization. Conclusion: Colonized GNB in the intestine was confirmed by enteric surveillance culture of newborns admitted to the NICU. However,we found no evidence of culture-proven GNB sepsis. As lower feeding volume on the colonization day is a risk factor for GNB colonization, the chance for GNB colonization should be considered when feeding intolerance is present. 목적: 최근 신생아 집중 치료실(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)에 입원한 신생아들의 병원내 감염 중 그람 음성 간균(Gram negative bacilli, GNB)에 의한 패혈증이 증가하고 있다.NICU에서 정기적인 대변의 감시 배양을 통해 GNB에 의한 장관 집락화가 같은 균에 의한 패혈증으로 이행되는 지를 확인하고, 집락화된 GNB 병원균의 종류를 확인하며 집락화에 관여하는 위험인자를 조사하고자 하였다. 방법: 2007년 10월부터 2008년 5월까지 고신대학교 복음병원 신생아 집중치료실에 입원한 86명의 환아를 대상으로 하였다. 모든 환아에게 총 3회의 대변 채집을 계획하였는데, 출생 후첫 대변과 2주 간격으로 2회 채집을 계획하였다. 장관의 GNB 집락화와 관련된 위험 인자들은 대상 환아들의 의무기록을 열람하거나 연관된 논문의 고찰을 통해 설정하였다. 결과: 86명의 환아 중 22명(25.6%)이 GNB에 의한 장관 집락화가 있었으나 이 환아들을 퇴원까지 추적하였을 때 GNB로 인한 패혈증은 없었다. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobcter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii가 가장 많이 분리되었다. 분리된GNB 중 약 89% (32/36)는 amikacin에 감수성이 있었다. GNB 에 의한 장관 집락화의 가능성은 집락화 당시 수유량이 적을 때증가한 반면, 첫 수유 시기가 지연될 때 그 가능성은 감소하였다. 결론: 저자들은 NICU에 입원한 신생아에서 장관 감시배양을통해 장관에 집락화된 GNB를 확인하였으나 연구에 포함된 환아에서 GNB에 의한 패혈증이 발생하지 않았으므로 집락화가패혈증으로 이행되는 지를 확인할 수는 없었다. 집락화시 적은수유량(feeding volume at colonization day)이 집락화의 위험요인이었으므로 장관 영양의 진행이 원활하지 않을 경우 장관의GNB 집락화 가능성을 고려해야 한다.

Biodiversity, Spore Density and Root Colonization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi at Expressway Cut-slopes in Korea

Lee, Kyung Joon,Lee, Kyu Hwa,Tamolang-Castillo, Evangeline,Budi, Sri Wilarso Korean Society of Forest Science 2009 한국산림과학회지 Vol.98 No.5

This study was conducted to investigate the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biodiversity, spore density and root colonization in relation to site ages at expressway cut-slopes in Korea. Stabilization of exposed surface involved soil amendments and spraying seed mixture of turf grasses and/or nitrogen-fixing shrub species. Eighteen sites were selected with varying ages (2 to 16 years). Soil samples collected in October from each site were analyzed for fungal diversity and spore counts. Fine root samples from the plants were assayed for fungal colonization. Of the total 37 plants inspected in the sites, 26 species had endomycorrhizal colonization with an average root colonization rate of 18%, and with a range from 1 to 67%. The average endomycorrhizal colonization rate of initially introduced Festuca arundinacea which became the most dominant grass in later stage showed 22.8%, while that of Lespedeza bicolor which became the most dominant woody species were 21.6%. Naturally-invading Robinia pseudoacacia showed higher colonization rate in the old sites. Although site age did not show significant effects on fungal diversity, the root colonization rates of initially introduced plants decreased with the site aging, while those of invading plants increased with aging of the sites. The soil chemical properties, pH, N, and P contents, were negatively correlated with spore density, root colonization and endomycorrhizal species diversity. A total of forty arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species in seven genera were identified. Of the 40 species, Acaulospora lacunosa, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus constrictum, Scutellospora erythropa, and Acaulospora spinosa were the five most dominant species in the decreasing order.

Bacterial Traits Involved in Colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana Roots by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42

Kristin Dietel,Rainer Borriss,Barbara Beator,Anto Budiharjo,Ben Fan 한국식물병리학회 2013 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.29 No.1

Colonization studies previously performed with a greenfluorescent-protein, GFP, labeled derivative of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 revealed that the bacterium behaved different in colonizing surfaces of plant roots of different species (Fan et al., 2012). In order to extend these studies and to elucidate which genes are crucial for root colonization, we applied targeted mutant strains to Arabidopsis seedlings. The fates of root colonization in mutant strains impaired in synthesis of alternative sigma factors, non-ribosomal synthesis of lipopeptides and polyketides, biofilm formation, swarming motility,and plant growth promoting activity were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Whilst the wildtype strain heavily colonized surfaces of root tips and lateral roots, the mutant strains were impaired in their ability to colonize root tips and most of them were unable to colonize lateral roots. Ability to colonize plant roots is not only dependent on the ability to form biofilms or swarming motility. Six mutants, deficient in abrB-, sigH-, sigD-, nrfA-, yusV and RBAM017410, but not affected in biofilm formation, displayed significantly reduced root colonization. The nrfA- and yusV-mutant strains colonized border cells and, partly, root surfaces but did not colonize root tips or lateral roots.

중환자실 입원환자에서 Vancomycin 내성 장구균의 직장내 감시 배양 연구

김동림,유철웅,정희진,우흥정,최선주,김우주,박승철 대한화학요법학회 2001 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.19 No.2

목적: 1990년대 들어 미국에서 중요한 원내 병원균으로 부각되고 있는 VRE는 대부분 항생제에 내성을 보이며 적절한 치료약제가 없는 실정이다. 국내에서 VRE의 빈도는 임상분리 장구균중 약 1%, 대변 배양검사에서 2-8%로 보고된 바 있다. 그러나 VRE 출현의 위험이 높은 중환자실에서 VRE 보균율에 대한 연구 결과는 없었다. 저자들은 본원에서 VRE의 임상 감염예가 발생되었던 중환자실 환자들을 대상으로 직장내 감시 배양을 시행하여 VRE의 보균율을 조사하고 VRE 보균에 관여하는 위험인자를 규명하여 VRE 감영 관리에 기본 자료로 삼고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1998년 8월부터 10주간 고대 구로 병원 중환자실엣 입원한 환자들을 대상으로 매주 1회 직장내 감시 배양을 시행하여 VRE의 보균율을 조사하였다. 직장 도말을 vancomycin 6㎍/mL이 포함함 Enterococcosel agar에 접종하여 VRE를 일차 검색하였다. 한천 회석법으로 vancomycin과 teicoplanin의 MIC를 측정하여 표현형을 결정하였고 PCR을 이용하여 vanA, vanB, vanC1, vanC2에 대한 유전형을 결정하였다. VRE 직장내 보균자와 비보균자간 임상 자료를 비교하여 VRE 보균에의 위험 인자들을 조사하였다. 결과 : 대상환자 93명중 22명 환자에서 26주의 VRE가 분리되어 23.7%의 직장내 보균율을 보였으나 조사기간 중 임상 감영은 없었다. 분리주중 E. faecium, E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus는 VanC형을 표현형으로 나타내어 유전형과 일치하였다. 3명의 환자에서는 2개 이상의 균종이 분리되어 복합 보균이 있음을 알 수 있었다. VanA형VREF가 분리된 2명은 모두 기저 질환을 가지고 있엇고, 각각 중환자실 입원 32, 16일째에 VRE가 분리 동정되었다. VRE 직장내 보균에의 위험 인자로는 당뇨병, 중심 정맥 도관 장착, 동맥 도관의 장착, vancomycin사용의 기왕력 등의 유의하게 관련되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 결론 : 본원 중환자실에서 직장내 감시 배양 연구 결과 VRE의 직장내 보균율은 23.6%였으나, 임상적으로 유의한 VanA형 VREF의 보균율은 2.2%(2/93) 였다. 따라서 출현 초기인 현 시점에서 국내 대학병원 중환자실 환자에서 VRE의 감염을 예방하기 위해 HICPAC에서 제시한 수칙을 준수하며, 특히 vancomycin의 사용을 제한해야 될 것으로 사료된다. Background : VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci) have been an important nosocomial pathogen in the United States in the 1990s. VRE are usually multidrug-resistant, and pose a therapeutic problems and dilemmas. In late 1990s, VRE have become an emerging nosocomial pathogen in Korea, but there have been a few studies on the epidemiologic investigation on the infection or colonization of VRE among hospitalized patients with high risk factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of rectal colonization of VRE among patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU), to study the risk factors for nosocomial acquisition of VRE, and to obtain the baseline data for controlling the spread of VRE infection within the hospital. Methods : Between August 1 and October 12 (10 weeks) 1998, a prospective surveillance study was conducted in the ICU at Korea University, Guro Hospital. Surveillance rectal swab cultures for detecting VRE were obtained at weekly intervals among 93 patients admitted to the ICU during the study period. To obtain the VRE, rectal swab cultures were performed on Enterococcosel agar (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md, USA) containing 6 ㎍/mL of vancomycin. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin and teicoplanin were determined by agar dilution method. For the genotyping of isolated VRE, detection of vanA, vanB, vanC1 and vanC2 gene by polymerase chain reaction was done. Patients harboring VRE were compared to patients who were not colonized with this organism to identify the risk factors associated with rectal colonization. Results : The rectal colonization rate of VRE among ICU patients was 23.6%(22/93patients), but there were no patients with VRE infection during the study period. Twenty-six strains of VRE, which were isolated from 22 patients, incluede 2 vanA E.feacium, 18 vanC1 E. gallinarum and 6 van C2 E. casseliflavus isolates. Therefore the colonization rate of clinically significant vanA genotype vancomycin-rexixitant E.faecium(VREF) was 2.2% (2/93 patients). Risk factors for rectal colonization of VRE included diabetes, catheterization of arterial and central venous lines, and vancomycin usage. Conclusions : This study demonstrated the low rectal colonization rate of clinically significant VREF (2.2%) among patients admitted to the ICU. This study suggested that maintaining HICPAC guidelines, restricted vancomycin usage and periodic surveillance in patients with high risk factors are important in preventing the emergence and spread of VRE infection among ICU patients in a university-affiliated hospital.

Nutrient Amendments Influence Endophytic Colonization of Rice by Serratia marcescens IRBG500 and Herbaspirillum seropedicae Z67

Gyaneshwar, P.,Reddy, Pallavolu M.,Ladha, Jagdish K. 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2000 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.10 No.5

Serratia marcescens IRBG500 and Herbaspirillum seropedicae Z67 grow endophytically in rice. The ability of these bacteria to colonize rice grown under increased nutrient availability was assessed in variety IR72 using strains marked with transposon-based gusA. The endophytic colonization was monitored via bacterial enumeration and histochemical visualization of GUS expression of bacteria in plant tissues. Rhizoplane and endophytic colonization by both bacteria was significantly inhibited in the rice plants grown in the presence of 10mM NH_4C1. In contrast, the addition of 10mM KNO_3 showed no adverse effect on colonization. Increasing the concentration of Ca^2+ to 5mM significantly reduced endophytic colonization by both bacterial strains, whereas the addition of 0.5mM Fe2+ substantially lowered the colonization of roots by S. marcescens IRBG500 but showed no effect on colonization by H. seropedicae Z67. Taken together, these findings suggest that, like in legume-rhizobial symbiosis as well as plant-pathogen interactions, nutrient status, particularly NH^+_4and Ca^2+ concentrations in the surrounding medium, plays an important role in the regulation of endophytic infection and colonization processes in rice.