Species Composition and Stand Structure of Natural Forest, Timber-harvested Forest and Degraded Forest in the Bago Yoma Region of Myanmar

Oo, Thaung Naing,Lee, Don Koo Korean Society of Forest Science 2007 한국산림과학회지 Vol.96 No.5

Tree species diversity is an important aspect of forest ecosystem stability. Tree species inventories at defined sites and in minimum diameter classes give a reliable indicator of the diversity level as well as the structural stability level of a study site. This study was conducted to investigate the species composition and the stand structure of the natural forest, timber-harvested forest (logged-over forest) and degraded forest of the Oak-twin Township in the Bago Yoma Region of Myanmar. Natural forest showed the highest family and species richness in all the investigated forests. At the family level, Verbenaceae occupied the highest importance value index (IVI) in all the forest stands while teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) occupied the highest IVI at the species level. However, the small diameter classes of T. grandis and other commercial species were less than those of big diameter classes in all the investigated forests. This abnormal pattern of diameter distribution could be a problem for the sustainable production of commercial timber species in the near future.

Urban Forest Monitoring in Korea since 1991: Case Study on Daegu Metropolitan City

Kwon, Jino,Cho, HyunJe,Choi, MyoungSnb,Park, Chan-Ryul,Sung, Joo-Han,Cho, Jae-Hyoung,Kim, Sunhee,Park, Jonggyun,Oh, Jeong-Hak Korean Society of Forest Science 2006 한국산림과학회지 Vol.95 No.5

To have better urban forests in future we are focusing on two major issues like other countries. How we could have more urban forest-quantitative approach-against the expanding of urbanization, and how we could produce better urban forest-qualitative approach-to give a chance in contact with better nature for urban people. Prime surveys on urban forests have been carried out in 6 major cities since 1991, and the city of Daegu which is located on the east southern area of Korea have been case studied for qualitative approaches during last 3 years. Major species of the remnant forests were Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, Pinus thunbergii and Robinia pseudoacacia. Approximately 20% of the surveyed forests were lost their structure as forests caused by illegal farming, facilities and as the bare ground by excessive visitors. Generally speaking the condition of forests for biotope was very poor in overall. From two years data of monitoring of birds, we found that wooded parkways and woodland squares had more species than street tree areas. Nests were found mainly on the branch of Zelkova serrata, Pinus densiflora and Quercus myrsinaefolia. The size of urban forests mainly determined the species richness of birds. According to the oxygen output and carbon input by photosynthesis measurement, the capability was in order of Platanus occidentalis, Zelkova serrata and Ginko biloba. Air conditioning effects of trees through transpiration measurement was found and the quality of forests also related to the reducing of urban heat-island.

The Classification of Forest Communities by Cluster Analysis in Mt. Seokbyung Experimental Forest of Gangwon-Do

Chung, Sang-Hoon,Kim, Ji-Hong Korean Society of Forest Science 2010 한국산림과학회지 Vol.99 No.5

This study examined the ecological attributes of classified forest community by cluster analysis in the mixed forest of Mt. Seokbyung Experimental Forest of Gangwon-Do. The vegetation data were collected in randomly established 51 sample plots (2.04 ha) and analysis adopted the cluster analysis, importance value index, and Shannon's diversity index. Main results were as follows; 1) the study area was classified into 4 clusters (A, B, C and D). 2) The cluster A was dominated by Pinus densiflora with an importance value of 71.6%. The most dominant species in the cluster B and cluster C were Larix leptolepis (57.1%) and Quercus mongolica (40.2%), respectively. Finally, The cluster D was dominated by P. densiflora (30.6%) and Q. mongolica (31.0%) with the mixed forest. 3) In the P. densiflora community (cluster A), distribution of DBH class showed a reverse J-shaped curve. In the L. leptolepis community (cluster B), individuals of dominant species had the bell-shaped distribution. Oak species indicated uniform distribution of DBH class (under 25 cm) in the mixed P. densiflora - Q. mongolica community (cluster D). 4) The species diversity index of the communities in descending order were: Pinus densiflora - Q. mongolica community > Larix leptolepis community > Pinus densiflora community > Quercus mongolica community.

Residents' Attitudes toward Recreation Forest Development

송형섭,김세천,전경수,Song, Hyung Sop,Kim, Sei-Cheon,Jeon, Kyung-Soo Korean Society of Forest Science 1998 한국산림과학회지 Vol.87 No.3

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the local residents' attitudes toward adjacent recreation forest development sites. 20 items of residents' attitudes were designed from previous tourism impact studies. For this study, two recreation forest areas were selected. In 1995, a total of two-hundred and four local residents were interviewed in their villages near the two recreation forests. A 5-point Scale was used to record the answers. Most respondents were concerned about two negative impacts of the recreation forests development : small economic gains for the residents and damage to the local environment. There were significant differences in certain socioeconamic characteristics of the respondents. Specially, significant differences were identified between the variables of income or non-income from visitors and residence length. Results indicate that recreation forests development may not be perceived as positive as hoped by the government. Further research needs to be conducted on the impacts of present and projected recreation forest development at the local level. 본 연구는 휴양림 개발에 따른 개발 인접 지역의 주민 태도를 알아보기 위해 수행하였다. 기존 관광 영향 연구 문헌을 참조하여 20개 주민 태도 항목을 선발하였다. 본 연구를 위해 2개의 휴양림지역이 선정되었다. 1995년 휴양림 지역 인근에 거주하고 있는 204명의 지역 주민을 대상으로 직접방문조사가 실시되었다. 응답은 5 point 척도를 이용하였다. 주민 태도 분석결과 대부분의 응답자들은 현 휴양림 개발에 대해 경제적 혜택이 적고 지역 환경에 피해를 주고 있다는 부정적 시각을 갖고 있었다. 지각 태도는 응답자들의 사회 경제적 특성에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 특히 휴양림 방문객으로부터의 수입 여부와 거주기간 정도에 따른 유의적 차이가 현저하였다. 본 연구결과 휴양림 개발지역은 정부가 의도하고 있는 긍정적 측면이 지각되지 못하고 있음을 보여주고 있었다. 현재 및 계획된 휴양림 개발 효과에 대한 지역 영향 연구가 수행될 필요가 있었다.

Differences in Artificial Nest Boxes Use of Tits Between Deciduous and Coniferous Forests

Rhim, Shin-Jae,Lee, Ju-Young Korean Society of Forest Science 2005 한국산림과학회지 Vol.94 No.5

This study was conducted to describe the differences in artificial nest boxes use of tits between deciduous and coniferous forests at 2nd campus of Chung-Ang University ($37^{\circ}00^{\prime}04^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $127^{\circ}13^{\prime}96^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$), Ansung, Korea from January to August 2005. Tree species richness, tree species diversity index (H') and total basal areas were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. High, middle, low and understory canopy layers were more developed in deciduous forest, except the coverage of bush-ground layer. Varied tit Parus varius, marsh tit P. palustris and great tit P. major used the artificial nest boxes in this study. Number of breeding pairs of tits used artificial nest boxes, clutch size, and weight and size of eggs were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. The differences in habitat structure between study sites are very likely to have influenced how breeding birds used the available habitat. Artificial nest boxes could be used as management and conservation tool for birds, particularly in areas, where the availability of natural cavities and coverage of higher layer are limited.

Phosphorus and Base Cation Inputs through Litterfall Components in Pine Forests after Tree Removal Due to Pine Wilt Disease Disturbance

Baek, Gyeongwon,Kim, Seongjun,Kim, Choonsig Korean Society of Forest Science 2019 한국산림과학회지 Vol.108 No.3

This study was conducted to measure litterfall and nutrient (P, K, Ca, Mg) inputs under varying degrees of disturbance by pine wilt disease in pine forests in southern Korea. Litterfall was collected to evaluate nutrient responses at different intensities of disturbance (various levels of basal area) by pine wilt disease across 2 years. Phosphorus, Ca, and Mg concentrations in needle litterfall were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with decreased disturbance intensities (increased basal area) depending on the time of sampling, whereas the nutrient concentrations in other litterfall components (branches, bark, reproductive organs, and miscellaneous litterfall) were not significantly correlated (p > 0.05) with the intensity of pine wilt disease disturbance. Dry weight and nutrient inputs through litterfall components decreased linearly with increasing intensity of disturbance by pine wilt disease (p < 0.05), except for the nutrient inputs of branch (K, Ca, Mg) and reproductive organ (K, Ca) litterfall. These results indicate that decreased litterfall across different levels of disturbance may be related to the reduced soil nutrients in pine wilt disease forests.

Individual-based Competition Analysis for Secondary Forest in Northeast China

Li, Fengri,Chen, Dongsheng,Lu, Jun Korean Society of Forest Science 2008 한국산림과학회지 Vol.97 No.5

The data of crown width with 4 directions, DBH, tree height, and coordinate for sample trees were collected from 30 permanent sample plots in secondary fore st of the Maoershan Experimental Forestry Farm, Northeast China. In this paper, the competition of individual trees in stand were discussed for secondary forest by using iterative Hegyi competition index and crown overlap index that represented the competitive and cooperative interactions among neighboring trees. Active competitors of subject tree in the competition zone were selected to calculate the iterative competition index. Using the results of crown classification based on the equal crown projection area, a new distance dependent competition index called crown overlap index (COI) was developed for secondary forest. The COI performed well in describing the crown competition rather than crown competition factor (CCF). The individual-based competition index discussed in this paper will provide more precise for developing individual tree growth models for secondary forest and it can also use to adjust the stand structure for spatial optimal management.

Studies on the Productivity of Korean White Pine Forest (I) Effects of Temperature, Light and Water Stress on Photosynthesis and Dark Respiration Rates of Leaves

한상섭,Han, Sang Sup Korean Society of Forest Science 1982 한국산림과학회지 Vol.55 No.1

본 연구(硏究)는 잣나무림(林)의 일차(一次) 생산력(生産力)을 알기위한 것으로, 엽(葉)의 온도(溫度) 광도(光度) 수분결핍(水分缺乏) 등이 광합성속도(光合成速度)및 호흡속도(呼吸速度)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 측정(測定) 보고(報告)한다. 1) 광포화(光飽和)는 40Klwx 전후에서 일어나며 광보상점(光補償点)은 l.0~1.3Klwx 임을 알았다. 2) 당년엽(當年葉)의 광합성(光合成) 속도(速度)가 가장 높고 엽령(葉令)이 증가함에 따라 감소(減少)했다. 3) 온도반응(溫度反應)에 따른 호흡속도(呼吸速度)는 2월엽(月葉)이 8월엽(月葉)보다 2배(倍)정도 높았고, 양자(兩者) 모두 $17^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 심한 감소(減少)를 보였다. 4) 광합성(光合成) 속도(速度)는 약 -10bar에서 감소(減少)가 시작되며 약 -24bar에서 0으로 되었다. 호흡속도(呼吸速度)는 약 -5 bar에서 감소(減少)가 시작 -24bar에서 43% 정도 감소했다. 5) 광합성(光合成)에 관한 최적온도(最適溫度)는 8월 엽(葉)에서 $23{\sim}26^{\circ}C$, 2월엽(月葉)에서 $15{\sim}18^{\circ}C$를 나타냈다. This study is to investigate the effects of temperature, light and water deficit on apparent phytosynthesis rate (Pn) and dark respiration rate(Rd) of leaves in the series of studies dealing with primary productivity of korean white pine forest. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The light saturation for Pn occured at about 40 Klux, and light compensation at 1.0 to 1.3 Klux. 2. The Pn of current leaves was highest, and Pn was decreased with increasing leaf age. 3. The Rd on the response of temperature in February was about two times value in all of the temperature ranges as compared with the ones in August. 4. The incipient water stress, above which Pn and Rd declined from 100%, was different for Pn(-10bar). The high water stress required to reduce Pn to nearly 0%, at -24 bar, but Rd was only 43% at -24 bar. 5. The optimum temperature range for Pn showed about 15 to $18^{\circ}C$ in February and 23 to $26^{\circ}C$ in August.

Seasonal Phosphorus Dynamics in a Forest Stream Water Following Different Harvests

Park, Byung Bae Korean Society of Forest Science 2008 한국산림과학회지 Vol.97 No.2

Even small changes in phosphorus concentrations in stream water could cause eutrophication because of very low level of phosphorus concentrations in natural waters. I investigated the impact of strip cut and clear cut on phosphorus concentrations in stream water at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and investigated stream water phosphorus concentrations as a function of flow rate and season (as well as cutting history). Mean phosphate concentrations in the control (undisturbed forest) increased $1.9{\mu}g\;L^{-1}\;to\;2.6{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, while strip cut treatment increased phosphate concentrations in stream water $2.2{\mu}g\;L^{-1}\;to\;3.7{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ during the same period. There was no significant effect of clear cut treatment on phosphate concentrations in stream water. No relationships were found between discharge rate and phosphate concentrations, but the magnitude of fluctuation were increased during two decades in undisturbed forest: $1-5{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ from 1963 to 1975 and $1-12{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ from 1983 to 1995. Based on this study, forest harvests with buffer zone will not make a problem by imported phosphate to cause eutrophication in natural water.

Allometry, Biomass and Productivity of Quercus Forests in Korea: A Literature-based Review

Li, Xiaodong,Yi, Myong-Jong,Son, Yo-Whan,Jin, Guangze,Lee, Kyeong-Hak,Son, Yeong-Mo,Kim, Rae-Hyun Korean Society of Forest Science 2010 한국산림과학회지 Vol.99 No.5

Publications with the data on allometric equation, biomass and productivity of major oak forests in Korea were reviewed. Different allometric equations of major oak species showed site- or speciesspecific dependences. The biomass of major oak forests varied with age, dominant species, and location. Aboveground tree biomass over the different oak species was expressed as a power equation of the stand age. The proportion of tree component (stem, branch and leaf) to total aboveground biomass differed among oak species, however, biomass ranked stem > branch > leaf in general. The leaf biomass allocation over the different oak species was expressed as a power equation of total aboveground biomass while there were no significant patterns of biomass allocation from stem and branch to the aboveground biomass. Tree root biomass continuously increased with the aboveground biomass for the major oak forests. The relationship between the root to shoot ratio and the aboveground tree biomass was expressed by a logarithmic equation for major oak forests in Korea. Thirteen sets of data were used for estimating the net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) of oak forests. The mean NPP and NEP across different oak forests was 10.2 and 1.9 Mg C $ha^{-1}year^{-1}$. The results in biomass allocation, NPP and NEP generally make Korean oak forests an important carbon sinks.