Estimation of drafts and metacentric heights of small fishing vessels according to loading conditions

Kim, Dong Jin,Yeo, Dong Jin The Society of Naval Architects of Korea 2020 International Journal of Naval Architecture and Oc Vol.12 No.1

A large percentage of maritime accidents in coastal seas are related to small fishing vessels. In order to investigate causes of maritime accidents, it is often necessary to carry out dynamic simulations for the estimation of trajectories and motions of vessels. Initial conditions of vessels such as main dimensions, loading conditions and hydrostatic properties are required for the accurate simulations. Small fishing vessels usually have few records of hydrostatic properties during their fishing operations. Therefore, in this study, estimation procedures for hydrostatic properties of small fishing vessels are proposed. At first, hull form characteristics of Korean small fishing vessels are investigated. Most of vessels have hard-chines and centerline skegs, they have similar hull forms. Bonjean curves of several small fishing vessels whose gross tonnages are below 10 tons are normalized with vessel breadths and depths. Representative bonjean curves are derived from normalized bonjean curves, and a representative hull plan is obtained as well. If the vessel loading conditions such as total weights and centers of gravity are given, fore and aft drafts can be calculated by using the representative bonjean curves with the constraint that weights and buoyancies are in equilibrium. Metacentric heights are also estimated by using the representative hull plan. Drafts and metacentric heights estimated by proposed iterative estimation procedures are compared with actual vessel data, estimated values are in good agreements with actual values. In addition, normalized fore and aft drafts, metacentric heights of vessels can be formulated as the linear functions of normalized total weights and centers of gravity. Empirical formulas of drafts and metacentric heights are proposed, and it is confirmed that the empirical formulas also provide reasonable results, which are similar to the results by iterative estimation procedures with representative bonjean curves and hull plan.

Estimation of drafts and metacentric heights of small fishing vessels according to loading conditions

Kim, Dong Jin,Yeo, Dong Jin The Society of Naval Architects of Korea 2020 International Journal of Naval Architecture and Oc Vol.12 No.-

A large percentage of maritime accidents in coastal seas are related to small fishing vessels. In order to investigate causes of maritime accidents, it is often necessary to carry out dynamic simulations for the estimation of trajectories and motions of vessels. Initial conditions of vessels such as main dimensions, loading conditions and hydrostatic properties are required for the accurate simulations. Small fishing vessels usually have few records of hydrostatic properties during their fishing operations. Therefore, in this study, estimation procedures for hydrostatic properties of small fishing vessels are proposed. At first, hull form characteristics of Korean small fishing vessels are investigated. Most of vessels have hard-chines and centerline skegs, they have similar hull forms. Bonjean curves of several small fishing vessels whose gross tonnages are below 10 tons are normalized with vessel breadths and depths. Representative bonjean curves are derived from normalized bonjean curves, and a representative hull plan is obtained as well. If the vessel loading conditions such as total weights and centers of gravity are given, fore and aft drafts can be calculated by using the representative bonjean curves with the constraint that weights and buoyancies are in equilibrium. Metacentric heights are also estimated by using the representative hull plan. Drafts and metacentric heights estimated by proposed iterative estimation procedures are compared with actual vessel data, estimated values are in good agreements with actual values. In addition, normalized fore and aft drafts, metacentric heights of vessels can be formulated as the linear functions of normalized total weights and centers of gravity. Empirical formulas of drafts and metacentric heights are proposed, and it is confirmed that the empirical formulas also provide reasonable results, which are similar to the results by iterative estimation procedures with representative bonjean curves and hull plan.

해양안전 확보를 위한 소형어선 법제도 개선에 관한 연구

송병화,이경훈,최운규 해양환경안전학회 2018 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.24 No.7

대한민국 정부는 해양사고 예방 및 해양안전 확보를 위해 지속적으로 법제도를 개선하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 최근 해양사고는 계속적으로 증가하고 있어, 그동안 정부의 해양안전관련 법제도 개선방안 실효성은 미흡했음을 시사하고 있다. 최근 해양사고의 발생현황을 살펴보면, 전체 해양사고 건수 중 총톤수 10톤 미만의 소형어선이 차지하는 비중은 5년(’13~’17년)평균의 44.9%를 차지하고 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 해양사고 비중이 높은 소형어선의 해양안전 확보방안을 모색하기 위해, 관련 국내외 법제도의 현황과 특징을 조사 및 분석하였다. 그 결과, 국내 소형어선 관련 법제도는 어선과 비어선의 관련법이 통합(’97)되고 분법(’09)된 이력에 따라 접목교잡(接木交雜)의 현상을 보이고 있으며, 제도의 개선방안은 안전설비의 비치강화라는 단편적인 개선만 이루어 졌다는 문제점이 식별되었다. 또한, 해외 관련 법제도에서는 어선 소유자 및 운항자의 책임강화 및 자율검사제도 도입 등의 특징이 확인되었다. 본 연구에서는 이를 바탕으로 국내 해양안전 확보를 위해 실효성 있는 소형어선 법제도 개선방안을 제시하였다. The Government of the Republic of Korea has been continuously improving its legal system to ensure marine safety as a precaution against marine accidents. However, despite the ongoing improvement of the legal system, the number of maritime accidents has been increasing steadily, suggesting that the efficacy of the legal system is insufficient. As for recent marine accidents, small fishing vessels (less than 10 tons) account for 44.9% of marine accidents over 5 years ('13_'17). Therefore, this study investigated the improvement status of the Korean government’s legal system for small fishing vessels and the characteristics of related overseas legal systems in order to find a way to further improve marine safety for small fishing vessels. Following the results, the Korean government's laws related to small fishing vessels show a hybrid phenomenon due to the history of merging ('97) and separation ('09) of legal systems for fishing and non-fishing vessels, and it has been concluded that only improvements to construct additional facilities are being performed, and those in a fragmentary manner. In addition, overseas legal systems for small fishing vessels were confirmed to have requirements strengthening the responsibility of owners and operators of fishing vessels and introduced a self-inspection program. Based on these results, a plan is suggested to improve the efficacy of the legal system to ensuree marine safety for small Korean fishing vessels.

소형 어선의 재화상태를 고려한 중량 정보 추정 기법

김동진,여동진 한국항해항만학회 2019 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.43 No.1

본 연구에서는 국내 소형 어선의 재화상태에 따른 중량 및 무게중심 추정식을 제안하였다. 소형 어선에 탑재되는 중량물은 선원, 어구 등의 고정 중량과 연료, 청수, 식량, 미끼, 어획물 등의 가변 중량으로 분류할 수 있다. 다양한 소형 어선들의 중량 데이터를 통계 분석한 후, 각 탑재물의 중량 및 무게중심을 총톤수에 대하여 선형 함수화하였다. 그리고 재화상태를 고려하여 각 가변 중량물에 가중치를 부가하는 방식으로 총 중량 및 무게중심 추정식을 구성하였다. 소형 어선의 길이와 총톤수, 그리고 재화상태 정보만을 활용하여 총 중량 및 무게중심을 상당히 신뢰도 높게 추정할 수 있음을 검증하였다. This study proposed estimation methods for weight and center of gravity of small fishing vessels. Weights loaded on small fishing vessels were divided into fixed weights such as crew, fishing gear, and variable weights such as fuel, fresh water, provision, bait, and fish. Based on statistical analyses with weight data of several small fishing vessels, weight, longitudinal center of gravity (LCG), vertical center of gravity (KG) of each item were represented as linear functions of vessel gross tonnage. In addition, weighting factors of variable weights were added on estimation formulas in accordance with vessel loading conditions, e.g. full load departure condition. Estimation methods were verified using actual small fishing vessel data.

소형어선 자체검사승인제도를 위한 모바일 애플리케이션 개발에 관한 연구

이리나,이창현,송병화 해양환경안전학회 2022 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.28 No.2

According to the statistics of marine accidents occurring in Korea since the past 10 years, the proportion of small fishing boats having a gross tonnage of less than 10 tons was confirmed to be as high as 47.51% of the total marine accidents. Additionally, the trend of marine accidents involving small fishing boats has been increasing steeply compared with that of other ship types/sizes (gross tonnage); hence, countermeasures must be prepared urgently. The Korea maritime transportation authority proposed the introduction of a self inspection system to improve the ship inspection system of small fishing vessels. Futhermore the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries recently prepared and implemented the ‘Remote Method of Vessel Inspection Guidelines’ to introduce non-face-to-face inspection methods. In this study, a self inspection approval system was presented as a method for reducing marine accidents of small fishing vessels. Moreover, a mobile application was developed to prepare a standardized remote method, and its effectiveness was analyzed. Resultantly, the necessity of introducing a mobile application-based ship inspection system was confirmed with the introduction of a self inspection approval system that could induce voluntary safety management in fishing vessel owners. Additionally, we confirmed that the self inspection approval system could effectively reduce marine accidents by raising the safety awareness of ship owners. 최근 10년간 국내에서 발생한 해양사고현황에 따르면, 총톤수 10톤 미만의 소형어선이 차지하는 비중은 전체 해양사고 중 47.51%로 높게 확인되었다. 또한 해양사고의 증가추세 역시 다른 선종/크기(총톤수)에 비해 매우 가파르게 증가하고 있어 이에 대한 대책마련이 시급한 실정이다. 한국해양교통안전공단에서는 소형어선의 선박검사제도 개선방안으로 자체검사제도의 도입을 제안한 바 있으며, 해양수산부에서는 최근 비대면 검사방법의 도입을 위해 ‘원격방식에 의한 선박검사 지침’을 마련하여 시행하였다. 본 연구에서는 소형어선의 해양사고 감소 방안으로서 자체검사승인제도를 제시하고, 원격방식의 선박검사제도의 정형화 방안마련을 위해 모바일 애플리케이션을 개발하여 실효성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 어선소유자의 자발적인 안전관리를 유도하기 위한 자체검사승인제도의 도입과 함께 모바일 애플리케이션 기반 선박검사제도 도입의 필요성이 확인되었으며, 자체검사승인제도는 선박소유자의 안전의식을 고취시켜 해양사고 감소에 대한 실효성이 있음을 확인하였다.

소형어선의 좌초사고 분석과 사고 저감을 위한 제언

정대율 해양환경안전학회 2022 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.28 No.4

An analysis of marine accidents that occurred in the last five years, revealed that 77.0% of all grounding accidents and 66.1% of all marine casualties involved small vessels, which was a very high level relatively. The Mokpo Regional Maritime Safety Tribunal (Mokpo-KMST) inquired on 72 cases of marine accidents in 2021, of which 10 cases were grounding accidents. Furthermore, eight cases of grounding accidents occurred in small fishing vessels. This study analyzed eight cases of grounding accidents on small fishing vessels that inquired in the jurisdictional area of Mokpo-KMST in 2021. I found out that this grounding occurred in clear weather with good visibility (2-4 miles) and good sea conditions with a wave height of less than 1 meter. Furthermore, I found that the main causes of grounding were drowsy navigation due to fatigue, neglect of vigilance, neglect of checking ship’s position, overconfidence in GPS plotter, and lack of understanding of chart symbols and tidal differences. To reduce grounding accidents of small fishing vessels, I suggested the following measures. First, crew members who have completed the able seafarer training course on bridge watchkeeping should assist to the master. Second, alarm systems to prevent drowsiness should be installed in the bridge. Third, the regulation should be prepared for the performance standards and updating GPS plotter. Finally, the skipper of small vessels should be trained periodically to be familiar with chart symbols and basic terrestrial navigation. 최근 5년간 발생한 해양사고를 분석한 결과, 소형선박은 전체 좌초사고의 77.0%를 차지하고, 인명사상도 66.1%로서 매우 높았다. 목포지방해양안전심판원은 2021년 72건을 재결하였고, 이중 좌초사건은 10건이었다. 그리고 좌초사건 중 8건은 소형어선에서 발생하였다. 본 논문은 2021년 목포지방해양안전심판원에서 재결하였던 소형어선에서 발생한 8건의 좌초사고에 대해 분석하였다. 이 소형어선의 좌초사고는 맑은 날씨에 시정이 2~4마일로 양호하고, 파고 1미터 이내로 양호한 해상상태에서 발생한 것을 파악되었다. 그리고 좌초사고의 주요 원인은 피로에 따른 졸음 운항, 경계 소홀, 선위확인 소홀, GPS Plotter 과신, 해도도식 및 조석간만의 차에 대한 이해부족 등인 것으로 나타났다. 이에 소형어선의 좌초사고 저감을 위해 다음의 방안을 제시하였다. 첫째, 갑판부 항해당직 부원교육을 이수한 선원이 선장을 보좌하도록 하여야 한다. 둘째, 졸음 방지용 경보장치는 조타실에 설치하여야 한다. 셋째, GPS Plotter의 성능기준과 최신화를 위해 제도는 마련되어야 한다. 마지막으로, 소형어선 선장은 주기적으로 해도도식과 기초 지문항법을 숙지할 수 있도록 교육을 받아야 한다.

토레몰리노스 협약 발효에 따른 기대효과 및 우리나라 대응방안

이윤철,연효흠,윤귀호 한국해사법학회 2008 해사법연구 Vol.20 No.2

그 동안 IMO를 위시한 어선 및 어선원관련 각종 국제기구에서는 어업부문의 안전 및 어선원의 안전성 향상의 문제를 해결하기 위하여 각종 규정들을 제․개정하여 왔다. 소형어선의 해양사고 증가로 소형어선 및 어선원을 위한 안전에 대해서도 관심이 고조되면서 그 규정의 적용범위도 점차 소형어선으로 확대되고 있다. 특히 IMO 및 ILO에서 제정된 강제 협약인 1993년 토레몰리노스협약 의정서와 2007년 통합어선원노동협약의 경우 공법적인 성질을 지니고 있어서, 관련 협약을 준수하지 아니하고는 어선의 국제적 운항이 현실적으로 불가능하다. 따라서 우리 나라는 이들 협약의 발효를 위한 긍정적 검토를 위하여 어선안전에 관한 국제적 흐름을 주도하는 IMO, FAO 및 ILO 등 관련 국제기구의 동향을 구체적으로 파악하고 이 분야의 연구를 지속적으로 수행해야 한다. 또한 우리나라와 어업현실이 비슷한 동아시아 수산강국인 한․중․일의 협력을 통한 국제적인 공동대응이 필요하다. 이렇게 하여 우리 나라는 우리나라는 어선관련 협약에 대한 능동적인 관점의 변화로 창의적이고 현실적인 대안을 선점 공포함으로써 어선안전 분야에서도 선도국가로 거듭나야 할 것이다. In this paper, it is argued that safety at sea should be reinforced with the adoption of 1993 Torremolinos Protocol(1993 Protocol) by IMO (International Maritime Organization) with regulations amendment. Many international laws and regulations on international fishing vessels safety including 1993 Protocol and Work in fishing convention 2007(ILO Convention No.188) by ILO(International Labour Organization) have significant impact on national fishing industry because they are of mandatory nature that it is almost impossible for the fishing vessels to navigate & operate without complying with such regulations, furthermore scope of such regulations may expand even into small fishing vessels. Accordingly, considering such impact, most advanced countries in maritime and fishing industry actively engage in from the legislative stage of such regulations and carefully review before rectification or reservation even after entering into any related conventions. However, the 1993 Protocol has serious defect to be applied internationally because at the time of drafting, only European standards for fishing vessel types and working area conditions were taken into consideration. Also 1974 SOLAS(International convention for the safety of life at sea by IMO) which was the parent of the 1993 Protocol that does not rightfully represent present maritime environments was established 14 years ago. IMO strongly demands its member countries to rectify the 1993 Protocol but perceiving such problem, it also promotes new enactment or amendment of the 1993 Protocol and enactment of ILO Convention No.188 is expected to accelerate such process. In order for ROK to actively participate in such international trend, it is recommended that ROK, above all, advocates amendment of the Protocol. Detailed action plans can be as follows ; Firstly, ROK should closely observe the trend of international institutes in relation to maritime and fishery industry and continuously study on such movement. Secondly, International forums consisting of experts on fishing vessel safety from ROK, China and Japan should be organized in order to give organized response to any changes or movement of such institutions. Lastly, in long-term view, it should step forward to organize Pan-Asian forums for the fishing vessel safety to further systematically cope with the European countries logic.

토레몰리노스 협약 발표에 따른 기대효과 및 우리나라 대응방안

이윤철(Yun-Cheol Lee),연효흠(Yyo-Hum Yeon),윤귀호(Gwi-Ho Yun) 한국해사법학회 2008 해사법연구 Vol.20 No.2

  그 동안 IMO를 위시한 어선 및 어선원관련 각종 국제기구에서는 어업부문의 안전 및 어선원의 안전성 향상의 문제를 해결하기 위하여 각종 규정들을 제ㆍ개정하여 왔다. 소형어선의 해양사고 증가로 소형어선 및 어선원을 위한 안전에 대해서도 관심이 고조되면서 그 규정의 적용범위도 점차 소형어선으로 확대되고 있다. 특히 IMO 및 ILO에서 제정된 강제 협약인 1993년 토레몰리노스협약 의정서와 2007년 통합어선원노동협약의 경우 공법적인 성질을 지니고 있어서, 관련 협약을 준수하지 아니하고는 어선의 국제적 운항이 현실적으로 불가능하다. 따라서 우리 나라는 이들 협약의 발효를 위한 긍정적 검토를 위하여 어선안전에 관한 국제적 흐름을 주도하는 IMO, FAO 및 ILO 등 관련 국제기구의 동향을 구체적으로 파악하고 이 분야의 연구를 지속적으로 수행해야 한다. 또한 우리나라와 어업현실이 비슷한 동아시아 수산강국인 한ㆍ중일의 협력을 통한 국제적인 공동대응이 필요하다. 이렇게 하여 우리 나라는 우리나라는 어선관련 협약에 대한 능동적인 관점의 변화로 창의적이고 현실적인 대안을 선점 공포함으로써 어선안전 분야에서도 선도국가로 거듭나야 할 것이다.   In this paper, it is argued that safety at sea should be reinforced with the adoption of 1993 Torremolinos Protocol(I993 Protocol) by IMO(International Maritime Organization) with regulations amendment.<BR>  Many international laws and regulations on international fishing vessels safety including 1993 Protocol and Work in fishing convention 2007(ILO Convention No.188) by ILO(International Labour Organization) have significant impact on national fishing industry because they are of mandatory nature that it is almost impossible for the fishing vessels to navigate & operate without complying with such regulations, furthermore scope of such regulations may expand even into small fishing vessels. Accordingly, considering such impact, most advanced countries in maritime and fishing industry actively engage in from the legislative stage of such regulations and carefully review before rectification or reservation even after entering into any related conventions.<BR>  However, the 1993 Protocol has serious defect to be applied internationally because at the time of drafting, only European standards for fishing vessel types and working area conditions were taken into consideration. Also 1974 SOLAS(International convention for the safety of life at sea by IMO) which was the parent of the 1993 Protocol that does not rightfully represent present maritime environments was established 14 years ago. IMO strongly demands its member countries to rectify the 1993 Protocol but perceiving such problem, it also promotes new enactment or amendment of the 1993 Protocol and enactment of ILO Convention No.188 is expected to accelerate such process.<BR>  In order for ROK to actively participate in such international trend, it is recommended that ROK, above all, advocates amendment of the Protocol. Detailed action plans can be as follows ; Firstly, ROK should closely observe the trend of international institutes in relation to maritime and fishery industry and continuously study on such movement. Secondly, International forums consisting of experts on fishing vessel safety from ROK, China and Japan should be organized in order to give organized response to any changes or movement of such institutions. Lastly, in long-term view, it should step forward to organize Pan-Asian forums for the fishing vessel safety to further systematically cope with the European countries logic.

소형 FRP 어선의 화재사고 예방방안에 관한 고찰 : 어선원의 현장 조치사항을 중심으로

손영태 한국해양경찰학회 2016 한국해양경찰학회보 Vol.6 No.2

2013년 현승호와 2014년 성일호에서 발생한 어선의 화재사고는 승선인원 대부분의 인명피해를 발생시키면서 심각한 사회 문제로 대두되었다. 특히 이들 어선의 선체 재질은 FRP(Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics, 강화플라스틱) 소재로 불에 타기 쉬운 가연성물질로 구성되어 있어 화재발생 시 초기 진화에 실패할 경우 순식간의 화재확산으로 재산상의 손실뿐만 아니라 사람의 생명에 있어서도 막대한 피해를 동반하게 된다. 현재 우리나라 연안에서 운항하고 있는 어선의 대부분은 총톤수 20톤 미만의 FRP 선질로 전체 등록어선의 약 90% 이상을 차지하고 있어 화재사고로부터의 위험에 매우 취약한 환경에 놓여있다. 한편, 정부(국민안전처, 해양수산부 등)에서는 어선 화재사고에 대한 예방 대책마련을 위해 여러 정책들을 수립하여 시행하고 있으나, 근본적인 대안을 제시하는데 있어서는 한계가 있는 것으로 보인다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 우리나라 등록 어선 중 대부분을 차지하고 있는 FRP 연안어선의 사용실태 등을 분석하고 이를 통해 소형 FRP 어선 화재사고의 예방방안에 있어 실질적으로 현장에서의 어선종사자가 취하여야 하는 조치사항을 중심으로 제시하고자 한다. Since the fire accident in 2013(Hyeonseung) and 2014(Seongil) in fishing vessels caused most of the board personnel dying, it has emerged as a serious problem to our society. In particular, these hull material of fishing vessels were composed of FRP(Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics). It consists of flammable materials which is to easily catching on fire. Furthermore, if it fails at the early suppression of fire as the fire spread quickly, as well as damage to properties it will also be accompanied by enormous damage to people's lives. Currently most of the fishing vessels being operated in Korean coastal are in very risky environment. Because most of registered fishing vessels are made of FRP and even the gross tonnage is under 20tons. These percentage is over 90% of the total registered fishing vessels in Korea. Even though our government(Ministry of Public Safety and Security(MPSS), Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries(MOF)) is trying to establish policies to prevent for these fire accident of fishing vessels, it seems that there are limit exist. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to protect the lives and properties of the nation from fire accident by proposing the necessary corrective measures to enhance fishing vessel crew safety in the field through analysis of use realities and fire accident causes of the small FRP fishing vessels.

횡파 중 소형어선의 안정성에 관한 연구

박노식(Ro-Sik Park),이진복(Jin-Bok Lee) 대한조선학회 2011 대한조선학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2011 No.6

The marine accident case the last 5 years, a small vessel of less than 20tons of incidence of accidents accounted for 33.2%, most these vessels were composed of small fishing vessels. in addition most of ship capsized occurred by excessive roll motion. In this paper, Now widely used in domestic gross tonnage of 1 ton and 3 ton based on the linear fluctuations of small fishing vessels to development of new type for motion of response and stability. It used to Three-dimensional source distribution method find out hydrodynamic force and moition of response for even keel and heeling state. As a result, In the development of small fishing boats knuckle line resistance characteristics influence the decision a lot but does not significantly affect of the motion characteristics.