염지 온도와 기간이 삶은 돼지고기 등심의 이화학적 특성과 기호성에 미치는 영향

현재석,강희곤,김미숙,정인철,문윤희 한국축산식품학회 2003 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.23 No.1

식염농도 7%의 염지액을 이용하여 돼지고기 등심을 염지할 때에 염지온도와 기간이 염지육의 이화학적 특성과 기호성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 열지온도 1$0^{\circ}C$에서 15일째에 염지육의 pH와 보수력이 현저히 저하되었다. 염지온도 1$0^{\circ}C$에서 염지액과 염지육 표면부위의 일반세균수는 12째에 현저히 많아졌으나 중심부위는 거의 검출되지 않았다. 임시 온도가 높을수록 염지기간에 관계없이 식염 침투가 빠르고 염지육 식염함량이 많아졌으며, 표면부위에 대한 중심분위의 식염함량 비율은 염지기간이 길수록 크게 나타났다. 염지육의 식염함량은 가열에 의하여 적어졌다. 염지 가열육의 짠맛과 풍미는 염지 초기에는 높은 온도에서, 후기에는 낮은 온도에서 우수하였다. 열지 가열육은 1$^{\circ}C$에서 12일, 5$^{\circ}C$에서 9일 염지하여 제조하면 기호성이 우수하였다. The effects of curing temperatures(1, 5 and 10$^{\circ}C$) and times on the chemical properties and palatability of cured pork loins which were cured in the 7% curing solution were investigated. The pork loins cured at 10$^{\circ}C$ curing temperature showed the decreased level of pH and water holding capacity up to 15 days of curing time. The growth of bacteria in the curing solution and surface region of cured loins, cured at 10$^{\circ}C$ were rapid after 12 days of curing. However, bacteria were not detected(<0.05${\times}$10$^2$ CFU/g) in the central region of cured loin until 15 days of curing. The penetration of salt into the central region of cured loins was faster at 10$^{\circ}C$ curing temperature than at lower curing temperatures for all curing times. The difference of salt contents between surface and central regions in the cured loins was less at higher temperature than at lower temperatures, and the difference decreased in boiling process for all curing times. The color fixation of the cured boiled loins was better at 5 and 10$^{\circ}C$ curing temperatures than at 1$^{\circ}C$. The sensory scores for saltiness and flavor of the cured boiled pork loins were higher at higher temperature than at lower temperatures until 9∼12 days of curing. Palatable cured boiled pork loins could be produced under the curing solution at low temperatures of 1 and 5$^{\circ}C$ for 12 and 9 days, respectively.

황색종 Bulk건조시 송풍량 조절에 따른 건조엽의 물리성 변화

이철환,진정의,한철수 한국연초학회 1999 한국연초학회지 Vol.21 No.1

In recent years, the line of increase in policy on tobacco production triggered a rise in the loading volume per bulk curing barn, and manufacturers boosted the output of their blowers in order to prevent dirty leaves in the process of curing. for this reason, we studied the effect of the reducing air flow in bulk curing chamber from the color fixing stage to the stem drying stage of flue curing process on physical properties of cured leaves. The control of air flow was composed of the reducing air velocity of blower by means of a voltage regulator (slidac), and condition before color fixing stage was all the same with the conventional curing method. As a result, an effectiveness of improvement in the physical properties of cured leaves were observed. The leaves cured by this method were somewhat orange in color of upper stalk position, better bodied, and less brittle compared with the leaves produced by conventional curing. However, the leaves cured by this method had a little sharpness and harshness. As to the physical properties, there was decreased in occurrence of flat leaves than that of conventional ones. On the other hand, in case of reducing air flow during the curing process, increase of price per kg reached to about 5 % compared with those of conventional curing method.

Effect of Steam Curing on Concrete Piles with Silica Fume

N. Yazdani,F. ASCE, M. Filsaime,T. Manzur 한국콘크리트학회 2010 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.4 No.1

Silica fume is a common addition to high performance concrete mix designs. The use of silica fume in concrete leads to increased water demand. For this reason, Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) allows only a 72-hour continuous moist cure process for concrete containing silica fume. Accelerated curing has been shown to be effective in producing high-performance characteristics at early ages in silica-fume concrete. However, the heat greatly increases the moisture loss from exposed surfaces, which may cause shrinkage problems. An experimental study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of steam curing of FDOT concrete with silica fume in order to reduce precast turnaround time. Various steam curing durations were utilized with full-scale precast prestressed pile specimens. The concrete compressive strength and shrinkage were determined for various durations of steam curing. Results indicate that steam cured silica fume concrete met all FDOT requirements for the 12, 18 and 24 hours of curing periods. No shrinkage cracking was observed in any samples up to one year age. It was recommended that FDOT allow the 12 hour steam curing for concrete with silica fume.

Effects of subsequent curing on chloride resistance and microstructure of steam-cured mortar

Hu, Yuquan,Hu, Shaowei,Yang, Bokai,Wang, Siyao Techno-Press 2020 Advances in concrete construction Vol.9 No.5

The influence of subsequent curing on the performance of fly ash contained mortar under steam curing was studied. Mortar samples incorporated with different content (0%, 20%, 50% and 70%) of Class F fly ash under five typical subsequent curing conditions, including standard curing (ZS), water curing(ZW) under 25℃, oven-dry curing (ZD) under 60℃, frozen curing (ZF) under -10℃, and nature curing (ZN) exposed to outdoor environment were implemented. The unsteady chloride diffusion coefficient was measured by rapid chloride migration test (RCM) to analyze the influence of subsequent curing condition on the resistance to chloride penetration of fly ash contained mortar under steam curing. The compressive strength was measured to analyze the mechanical properties. Furthermore, the open porosity, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were examined to investigate the pore characteristics and phase composition of mortar. The results indicate that the resistance to chloride ingress and compressive strength of steam-cured mortar decline with the increase of fly ash incorporated, regardless of the subsequent curing condition. Compared to ZS, ZD and ZF lead to poor resistance to chloride penetration, while ZW and ZN show better performance. Interestingly, under different fly ash contents, the declining order of compressive strength remains ZS>ZW>ZN>ZD>ZF. When the fly ash content is blow 50%, the open porosity grows with increase of fly ash, regardless of the curing conditions are diverse. However, if the replacement amount of fly ash exceeds a certain high proportion (70%), the value of open porosity tends to decrease. Moreover, the main phase composition of the mortar hydration products is similar under different curing conditions, but the declining order of the C-S-H gels and ettringite content is ZS>ZD>ZF. The addition of fly ash could increase the amount of harmless pores at early age.

이중경화법을 이용한 열개시제 및 광개시제가 배합된 황칠도료의 경화속도 촉진 및 물성향상 연구

황현득 ( Hyeon Deuk Hwang ),문제익 ( Je Ik Moon ),박초희 ( Cho Hee Park ),김현중 ( Hyun Joong Kim ),황백 ( Baik Hwang ) 한국목재공학회 2010 목재공학 Vol.38 No.4

The Korean Dendropanax lacquer, made from a natural resinous sap from Dendropanax morbifera Lev., was used as a golden and transparent varnish for the traditional artifacts (armor suits, helmets, arrowheads, etc.) to make them be brilliant golden color. The cured film of the lacquer has excellent protective properties such as weatherability, water resistance, and anticorrosive. But, one of disadvantages is that takes a long time and much energy to fulfill curing of the lacquer. The chemical constituents of the lacquer contained conjugated diene compounds as the photopolymerizable monomers. These monomers easily polymerized in sunlight to form golden-colored, hard-coating films in a short time. Photooxidation may be one of the most important reactions in the chemistry of the lacquer. Although the Korean Dendropanax Lacquer should be dried to a thoroughly dry stage to achieve optimal film properties, curing with elevated temperatures may be required for the protracted curing time at atmospheric temperature. So we intended to accelerate the curing rate of the lacquer by dual curing of thermal and radiation curing. The effect of thermal initiator on the thermal curing reaction was evaluated by monitoring the changes in double bond peak with FT-IR. Then the curing rate of the lacquer blended with thermal initiator and photoinitiator together was measured during dual curing using a RPT with UV spot curing machine. Thermal initiator not only accelerated the curing rate but also improved the physical property. And the curing rate of the Korean Dendropanax lacquer was improved by dual curing method of thermal and UV curing. According to these results, the application area of the Korean Dendropanax lacquer could be expanded to surface coatings for electronic devices such as mobile phones or electronics.

버어리종 잎담배 건조 환경 개선을 위한 건조실 개발 (I. 건조기간중의 미기상 변화)

차광호,장수원,양진철,오경환,신승구,조천준,Cha, Kwang-Ho,Jang, Soo-Won,Yang, Jin-Chul,Oh, Kyoung-Hwan,Shin, Seung-Ku,Jo, Chun-Joon 한국연초학회 2007 한국연초학회지 Vol.29 No.2

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of curing condition on microclimate of temperature, relative humidity during curing process of burley tobacco leaves. The developed facility, ridge opening type was designed to open the central top roof. The air-cured variety, (N. tabacum cv KB111) was normally grown at the Eumseong tobacco experimental station in 2007. Mean daily temperature of $3^{\circ}C$ in ridge opening type curing facility was lower than that of conventional, whereas mean daily relative humidity of 12.6 % RH was lower in conventional curing facility for the entire stage of curing. The frequency distribution of optimal air temperature at daytime was higher 37.5 % in ridge opening type curing facility than that of conventional, while that of optimal relative humidity was lower 8.2 %. In the ridge opening type curing facility, the excessive drying leaves were low, however the price per kilogram was high. These results suggest that the new developed curing facility may be applied to improved microclimate inside the curing facility for curing burley.

중합방법이 이중중합 레진시멘트의 미세경도에 미치는 영향

이기덕,박세희,김진우,조경모 大韓齒科保存學會 2011 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.36 No.2

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate curing degree of three dual-cure resin cements with the elapsed time in self-cure and dual-cure mode by means of the repeated measure of micro-hardness. Materials and Methods: Two dual-cure self-adhesive resin cements studied were Maxcem Elite (Kerr), Rely-X Unicem (3M ESPE) and one conventional dual-cure resin cement was Rely-X ARC resin cement (3M ESPE). Twenty specimens for each cements were made in Teflon mould and divided equally by self-cure and dual-cure mode and left in dark, , 100% relative humidity conditional-micro-hardness was measured at 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 3 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr and 24 hr after baseline. The results of micro-hardness value were statistically analyzed using independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons using Scheffe's test. Results: The micro-hardness values were increased with time in every test groups. Dual-cure mode obtained higher micro-hardness value than self-cure mode except after one hour of Maxcem. Self-cured Rely-X Unicem showed lowest value and dual-cured Rely-X Unicem showed highest value in every measuring time. Conclusions: Sufficient light curing to dual-cure resin cements should provided for achieve maximum curing. 연구목적: 본 연구는 3종의 이중중합 레진시멘트에서 자가중합법과 이중중합법이 중합도에 미치는 영향을 간접적으로 알아보고자 시간경과에 따라 미세경도를 측정하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 실험을 위해 자가접착 레진시멘트인 Maxcem Elite (Kerr)와 Rely-X Unicem (3M ESPE) 및 전통형 레진시멘트인 Rely-X ARC (3M ESPE)를 사용하였으며 각 레진시멘트를 동일한 크기의 테플론 몰드에 채우고 자가중합법과 이중중합법으로 중합을 하여 각각 10개씩 시편을 제작하였으며 중합 시작 후 10분, 30분, 1시간, 3시간, 6시간, 12시간, 24시간이 지난 시점에 미세경도를 측정하였다. 결과: 각 시점에서 레진시멘트별로 중합법 사이의 비교를 위한 independent samples t-test 및 모든 실험군 사이의 비교를 위한 one-way ANOVA와 Scheffe 사후검정을 95% 유의수준에서 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 모든 실험군에서 시간이 경과함에 따라 미세경도가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 2. Maxcem에서 중합 1시간 후 부터를 제외하고 이중중합이 자가중합에 비해 높은 미세경도 값을 보였다(p<0.05). 3. 매 시점에서 자가중합법의 Rely-X Unicem이 가장 낮은 미세경도를 보였으며 이중중합법의 Rely-X Unicem이 가장 높은 미세경도 값을 보였다. 결론: 이상의 실험 결과로 볼 때 이중중합 레진시멘트의 충분한 중합을 위해서는 광조사를 반드시 하여야 할 것으로 생각한다.

추완청구권과 민법 개정

이계정(Kye Joung Lee) 한국민사법학회 2023 民事法學 Vol.105 No.-

본 논문에서는 불완전이행에 관한 채권자의 구제수단인 추완청구권을 상세하게 논하면서 이를 우리나라의 민법에 어떻게 수용해야 하는지 검토하였다. 본 논문의 내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 추완청구권은 채권자의 이익과 채무자의 이익의 조화를 꾀할 수 있으면서도 계약법의 핵심 원칙인 「계약 준수의 원칙」을 실현하는 수단이라는 점에서 이를 명문으로 인정하는 것이 필요하다. 특히 비교법적 검토를 통해 알 수 있듯이 독일, 일본이 민법을 현대화하면서 추완청구권을 적극적으로 규정하고 있고, 국제모델법에서도 널리 인정되고 있는 점을 적극적으로 고려할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 추완청구권은 채권각론에 규정된 전형계약 전반에 적용된다는 점, 추완청구권은 채무불이행에 대한 일반적인 구제수단이라는 점에 비추어 채권총칙에도 이를 규정하는 것이 타당하다. 다만, 그 내용에 있어서 추완청구권 제한사유로 불비례성을 규정하고, 단기의 권리행사기간과 추완비용은 채무자가 부담한다는 점도 명확히 하는 것이 바람직하다. 셋째, 채무자의 불완전이행이 문제가 되는 전형적인 예인 하자담보책임에 추완청구권을 구체적으로 규정하는 것이 요청된다. 하자담보책임에서 추완청구권을 규율함에 있어 매도인에게 추완방법의 선택권을 인정할지 문제가 되는바, 이미 매도인에 의한 불완전이행이 발생한 상황에서 매도인에게 추완방법의 선택권이라는 적극적인 권리를 인정할 필요는 없다. 또한, 매수인이 추완청구권을 행사함이 없이 바로 추완에 갈음하는 손해배상을 청구할 수 있는지 문제가 되는바, 추완청구권의 사상적 기초와 민법 제395조의 취지에 비추어 매도인에 게 상당한 기간 동안 추완의 기회를 부여한 다음 추완에 갈음하는 손해배상을 청구할 수 있다고 규정하는 것이 타당하댜 이러한 추완 우선의 원칙은 매수인이 대금감액청구권, 해제의 구제수단을 취함에 있어서도 관철되어야 한다. 이를 통해 채무자{매도인)가 추완에 관하여 가지는 이익을 보호할 수 있는바, 별도로 채무자(매도인)의 추완권을 민법에 규정할 필요는 없다. This paper dealt with the issue how we should incorporate the Right to Cure, a remedial relief for the obligee in the case of an non-conforming (defective) performance, into the Korean Civil Code. The contents of this paper could be summarised as follows. First of all, as the Right to Cure is an instrument that could enforce 'pacta sunt servanda', a key principle in contract law, while striking a balance between an obligor's interests and an obligee's interests, its codification is necessary. This is especially clear after a comparative study: Gem血1y and Japan codified the Right to Cure in the amendments of their Civil Codes; international model laws (CISG, PICC, PECL, DEFR), too, have codified the Right to Cure. Secondly, the Right to Cure should be included in the General Provisions of the Law of Obligations since it is applicable to all types of contracts specified in the Particular Provisions of the Law of Obligations and since the Right to Cure is a typical and general remedy for a breach of contract. However, in doing so, 'disproportionality' ought to be stipulated as a cause for limiting a Right to Cure, there should be a short limitation period, and it must be clear that the obligor bears the cost of Cure. Thirdly, there is a need to specifically codify the Right to Cure into clauses related to Warranty for Defects, a classic example whereby non-conforming (defective) performance is an issue. If such codification were to take place, whether we should recognize a choice - to the seller - regarding the means of Cure will be an issue. However, since the non-conforming (defective) performance is attributable to the seller himself or herself, there is no need to recognize the right of a choice regarding the means of cure for the seller. Furthermore, whether a buyer could claim a Compensation of Damages in lieu of a Cure without exercising the Right to Cure is also an issue. Here, it ought to be codified that the buyer should first offer the seller an additional period for Cure, only after which the buyer could claim a Compensation of Damages in lieu of the Cure considering the rationale of a Right to Cure and that of Section 395 of the Korean Civil Code. This Priority of Cure must be enforced even in the case of a buyer resorting to the Right to Price Reduction or to termination of the contract. As the obligor's interests with regard to Cure will be protected by the aforementioned doctrine of Priority of Cure, there is no need to separately codify an obligor's Option to Cure into the Civil Code.

버어리종 건조방법이 건엽의 품질에 미치는 영향

배성국,조천준,임해건,김요태 한국연초학회 1998 한국연초학회지 Vol.20 No.1

This study was conducted to obtain the basic information on the burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) curing methods. The effects of the three kinds of curing methods on the dry weight losses during curing, chemical contents and physical properties of cured leaves, and organoleptic and smoking qualities were observed. The dry weight losses during curing was the highest in the stalk curing, and the lowest in the conventional priming. The longer the curing periods was, the more the loss of dry weight. The percent of the excessive dried leaves was high and the price per kilogram was low in the conventional priming. The chemical contents and the physical properties of the cured leaves in the conventional priming were similar to those of yellowing or browning stage of curing. But, the chemical contents and the physical properties of the cured leaves in the stalk curing were comparable to those of the air curing. The smoking quality was the best in the stalk curing.

버어리엽 건조과정에서 비휘발성 유기산, 지방산 및 폴리페놀화합물의 함량변화

김도연,배성국,이정일,지상운,김영회 한국연초학회 2000 한국연초학회지 Vol.22 No.2

This study was carried out to investigate the changes in composition of the non-volatile organic acid, fatty acid and polyphenolic compounds during air-curing in burley tobacco leaves, and the effect of curing methods on the contents in air-cured leaves. The air-cured variety, (Nicotiana tabacum cv KB108) was normally grown at the Chonju tobacco experiment station in 1998. Plants designated for the each curing methods were harvested on the same date, and the ripe leaves for primed curing were harvested at the tenth leaf position from the top on the stalk. The major compounds of non-volatile organic acid and fatty acid were malic, citric, oxalic, palmitic, and linolenic acid. The concentrations of malic acid, unsaturated fatty acids, chlorogenic acid and rutin in cured leaves were remarkably decreased during curing, while citric acid was increased. The changes of these compounds showed the similar pattern during both primed and stalk curing. In connection with curing methods, the contents of malic, linoleic and linolenic acid were higher in excessive cured leaves than those in primed cured or stalk cured leaves, while the content of citric acid was lower in excessive cured leaves than that in primed cured or stalk cured leaves.