암 환자의 발생 초기 의료비와 이에 영향을 미치는 요인

김소영,김성경,박종혁,박은철,Kim, So-Young,Kim, Sung-Gyeong,Park, Jong-Hyock,Park, Eun-Cheol 대한예방의학회 2009 예방의학회지 Vol.42 No.4

Objectives : The purposes of this study is to estimate the cost of cancer care after its diagnosis and to identify factors that can influence the cost of cancer care. Methods : The study subjects were patients with an initial diagnosis one of four selected tumors and had their first two-years of cancer care at a national cancer center. The data were obtained from medical records and patient surveys. We classified cancer care costs into medical and nonmedical costs, and each cost was analyzed for burden type, medical service, and cancer stage according to cancer types. Factors affecting cancer care costs for the initial phase included demographic variables, socioeconomic status and clinical variables. Results : Cancer care costs for the initial year following diagnosis were higher than the costs for the following successive year after diagnosis. Lung cancer (25,648,000 won) had higher costs than the other three cancer types. Of the total costs, patent burden was more than 50% and medical costs accounted for more than 60%. Inpatient costs accounted for more than 60% of the medical costs for stomach and liver cancer in the initial phase. Care for latestage cancer was more expensive than care for early-stage cancer. Nonmedical costs were estimated to be between 4,500,000 to 6,000,000 won with expenses for the caregiver being the highest. The factors affecting cancer care costs were treatment type and cancer stage. Conclusions : The cancer care costs after diagnosis are substantial and vary by cancer site, cancer stage and treatment type. It is useful for policy makers and researchers to identify tumor-specific medical and nonmedical costs. The effort to reduce cancer costs and early detection for cancer can reduce the burden to society and improve quality of life for the cancer patients.

Costs Stemming from Tax Systems: Tax Compliance Costs

Mehmet NAR(Mehmet NAR ) 한국유통과학회 2023 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.10 No.2

The relationship between the state and taxation starts from the establishment of the state. The most important element is the concept of “tax compliance”. Tax compliance can be considered as the harmony of state-society relations. However, the concept of tax non-compliance occurs when taxpayers do not fulfill their tax-related tasks as required. Tax noncompliance is just one of the costs that occur in tax systems, and is named “tax compliance cost” in the literature. This study focuses on tax compliance costs because tax compliance costs are the ones taxpayers are personally obliged to deal with. For this purpose, the study investigates costs accruing from tax systems, including efficiency, planning, application, and compliance costs. According to the analysis results, it was concluded that the main reason for fraud in the tax systems is high compliance costs and that tax compliance directly impacts social wealth. Besides, the existence of conditions conducive to tax evasion and tax avoidance in a country, short-term tax policies, belief in the unfairness and inequality of tax systems, inadequacy of audits conducted by tax authorities, insufficiency of pressure and deterrence mechanisms, constantly changing legislation, and the attitudes and perceptions regarding the illegitimacy of the government determine tax compliance.

한국인 녹내장 환자의 사회적 비용 분석

안용선,지동현 대한안과학회 2018 대한안과학회지 Vol.59 No.7

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate the socioeconomic costs of glaucoma in Korea. It is to be used as an academic reference regarding policy making for the introduction of glaucoma screening tests in the national health check-ups. Methods: We estimated the socioeconomic costs of glaucoma from a societal perspective, which included medical, nonmedical, and productivity costs. The medical costs consisted of official and nonofficial medical costs, and the nonmedical costs consisted of transportation, time, and nursing costs. We used the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort 2002-2013 and the Korea Health Panel study. Results: The socioeconomic costs of glaucoma were estimated to be 3,000 billion Korean won (KRW) in 2013. These total costs were divided into 1,539 billion KRW (51.3%) for medical costs, 1,292 billion KRW (43.1%) for nonmedical costs, and 168 billion KRW (5.6%) for productivity costs. Conclusions: Glaucoma is a large economic burden from a societal perspective. The nonmedical and productivity costs, as well as the medical costs are especially high. Because the disease costs of glaucoma are expected to increase continuously, political support for early detection of glaucoma should be considered. 목적: 한국인에서 녹내장의 사회적 비용을 분석하여 추후 국가건강검진사업에 녹내장선별검사 도입의 학문적 근거를 제공하고자 한다. 대상과 방법: 사회적 관점에서 비용 분석을 시행하였으며, 비용 항목으로 의료비용, 비의료비용 그리고 생산성 손실비용을 분석하였다. 의료비용은 공식적 의료비용과 비공식적 의료비용으로 세분하였으며, 비의료비용은 교통비용, 시간비용, 간병비용으로 세분하였다. 자료원으로는 국민건강보험공단 표본 코호트 2002-2013년, 한국의료패널 등을 이용하였다. 결과: 2013년 녹내장의 사회적 비용은 약 2조 9,997억 원으로 추정되었다. 이 중 의료비용은 약 1조 5,393억 원(51.3%), 비의료비용은 약 1조 2,920억 원(43.1%), 그리고 생산성 손실비용은 약 1,683억 원(5.6%)이었다. 결론: 본 연구를 통해 녹내장의 사회적 비용이 상당하고, 특히 의료비용뿐만 아니라 비의료비용과 생산성 손실비용도 크다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 향후 녹내장의 질병비용은 지속적으로 늘어날 것으로 예상되므로 국가적으로 녹내장 조기 발견에 대한 정책적 뒷받침이 필요할 것이다.

합리적 선택이론에서 투표의 비용 : 참여의 비용인가, 결정의 비용인가?

김기동 계명대학교 사회과학연구소 2019 한국사회과학연구 Vol.38 No.3

I argue that tangible costs and intangible costs in Rational Choice Theory (RCT) affect different stages in voting behaviors. RCT provides a strong theoretical tool to explain voting behaviors, but it cannot be free from the dilemma of voting in which costs of voting are always higher than the benefits. In order to address this dilemma, scholars contend that decreases of information costs (intangible costs) as well as physical costs (tangible costs) can increase the probability of voting. However, I attempt to criticize this alternative explanation. By analyzing a survey data conducted during the 7th Korean local elections in 2018, I show intangible costs can make voters decide candidates they would vote for early but cannot increase probabilities of voting, which can be affected by tangible costs. Thus, my findings suggest a skeptical opinion on the argument that intangible costs can increase the probability of voting. 본 연구는 합리적 선택이론의 수리적 모형(PB-C+D)에서 투표의 비용(C)에 관심을 가지고, 유형비용과 무형비용이 투표과정의 서로 다른 단계에서 각각 영향을 미친다는 것을 주장한다. 즉, 합리적 선택이론은 효용 극대화를 추구하는 유권자가 투표참여의 효용과 비용을 비교함으로써 합리적인 선택을 한다는 매우 강력한 이론을 제시하지만, 비용이 효용보다 언제나 클 수밖에 없다는 투표참여의 딜레마를 해결해주지 못한다. 이에, 물리적 비용(유형비용)뿐만 아니라 정보비용(무형비용)의 감소가 투표참여를 가능하게 해준다는 대안적 설명이 제시되기도 했지만, 본 연구는 이를 비판적으로 검토한다. 이를 위해 ‘제7회 전국동시지방선거 유권자 정치의식조사’를 통해 분석을 실시한 결과, 비록 유형비용이 투표참여 또는 기권여부에 영향을 미치지만, 무형비용은 오직 투표선택의 결정시기만을 앞당길 뿐이라는 것이 확인된다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 무형비용의 감소가 유권자들의 투표참여 확률을 높여줄 수 있다는 주장에 회의적인 시각을 제시한다.

음주로 인한 사회경제적 비용

이선미,신의철,김한중,조우현,정우진,김일순,안상훈,한광협,명재일 대한가정의학회 2008 Korean Journal of Family Medicine Vol.29 No.3

Background: The purpose of this study was to estimate socioeconomic costs caused by alcohol drinking in Korea as of 2004 in an effort to raise the awareness of the gravity of problems associated with alcohol drinking and the necessity of active intervention by family physicians. Methods: The costs were classified as direct costs, indirect costs and other costs. The direct costs consisted of direct medical costs and direct non-medical costs. The indirect costs were computed by the reduction and loss of productivity and the loss of workforce. Other costs consisted of property loss, administration costs and costs of alcohol beverage. Results: The annual costs, which seemed to be attributable to alcohol drinking, were estimated to be 200,990 hundred million won (2.9% of GDP). In the case of the former, the amount included 38.83% for reduction of productivity, 26.92% for loss of the workforce, 22.24% for alcoholic beverage, 5.34% for direct medical costs, 2.29% for loss of productivity, 1.87% for direct non- medical costs, 1.54% for administration costs and 0.97% for loss of property. Conclusion: Our study confirms that compared with the cases of Japan (1.9% of GNP), Canada (1.09% of GDP), France (1.42% of GDP) and Scotland (1.19% of GDP), alcohol drinking incurs substantial socioeconomic costs to Koreans. An active intervention by family physicians is suggested. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:201-212) 연구배경: 이 연구는 음주문제의 심각성을 알리고 가정의들의 적극적인 개입의 필요성을 인식시키기 위한 근거자료로 2004년 기준 우리나라에서 음주로 인해 발생하는 사회경제적 비용을 추계하였다. 방법: 비용항목은 크게 직접비, 간접비, 기타 비용으로 구분하여 직접비에는 음주관련 질병 및 상해 치료를 위한 직접 의료비와 교통비 및 간병비, 숙취해소 비용과 같은 직접 비의료비를 포함하였다. 또한 간접비는 과도한 음주 후의 생산성 저하, 질병 및 상해로 인한 병가(sick leave) 시의 생산성 손실, 그리고 질병 및 상해로 인해 조기사망할 시의 미래소득 손실분을 포함하며, 기타 비용으로는 교통 및 화재사고로 인한 재산피해액과 교통사고 시 자동차보험 및 교통경찰에서의 행정처리비용, 직접적인 주류소비에 지출되는 비용을 포함하였다. 결과: 2004년 음주로 인한 사회경제적 비용은 20조 990억 원으로 GDP 대비 2.9% 수준이며, 이 중 과도한 음주로 인한 생산성 저하가 38.83%로 가장 큰 비중을 차지하였다. 다음으로 조기사망으로 인한 미래소득 손실액이 26.92%, 주류소비 지출분이 22.24%, 직접 의료비가 5.34%, 질병 및 상해로 인한 병가 시의 생산성 손실이 2.29%, 교통비 및 간병비, 숙취해소 비용이 1.87%, 행정처리비용 1.54%, 재산피해 0.97% 순으로 나타났다. 결론: 우리나라의 음주로 인한 사회경제적 비용은 일본(GNP 대비 1.9%), 캐나다(GDP 대비 1.09%), 프랑스(GDP 대비 1.42%), 스코틀랜드(GDP 대비 1.19%) 등과 비교해 볼 때도 그 폐해정도가 심각하며, 가정의들의 적극적인 개입이 요구된다.

Socioeconomic costs of liver disease in Korea

이선미,정우진,현경래 대한간학회 2011 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.17 No.4

Background/Aims: This study analyzed the scale and trends of the social and economic costs of liver disease in Korea for the past 5 years. Methods: The social aspects of socioeconomic costs were projected for viral hepatitis (B15-B19), liver cirrhosis, malignant neoplasm of the liver (C22) and other liver diseases (K70-K76), as representative diseases by dividing costs into direct and indirect from 2004 to 2008. Direct costs include hospitalization, outpatient, and pharmacy costs in the health-care sector, and transportation and caregiver costs. Indirect costs include the future income loss due to premature death and the loss of productivity resulting from absence from work. Results: The social and economic costs of liver disease were projected to be KRW 5,858 billion in 2004, KRW 5,572 billion in 2005, KRW 8,104 billion in 2006,KRW 6,095 billion in 2007, and KRW 5,689 billion in 2008. The future income loss resulting from premature death is thus greatest, from 73.9% to 86.1%, followed by the direct medical costs, from 9.0% to 18.1%. The productivity loss resulting from absence from work accounts for 3.3-5.5%, followed by the direct nonmedical costs such as transportation and caregiver costs, at 1.5-2.5%. Conclusions: Among the socioeconomic costs of liver disease in Korea, the future income loss resulting from premature death is showing a decreasing trend, whereas direct medical costs are increasing dramatically.

The Quality Costs Assessment in the Aspect of Value Added Chain

( Asta Daunoriene ),( Egle Katiliute ) 한국품질경영학회 2015 한국품질경영학회 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.2

Purpose - The dynamism and chaos of organizational environment has been stated by the analytics of organizational performance. In order to survive in such rapidly changing environment, organizations have to adapt and be able to anticipate changes, to forecast probable activity scenarios that could provide maximum expected benefit. Acknowledging this, many innovative organizations have been involved in management and improvement activities consider the value chain which is based on interaction between the businesses processes functions and management activities. The managerial benefits of value chain analysis has been recognized many scientists still acknowledge that value chain management is inseparable from the investment that is directed towards quality and reduction of the loss that is as well as associated with quality. According to Campanella (1999) and Wood (2013) the assessment of the investment that is directed towards quality and the loss that is associated with quality can be made through application of the analysis of quality cost. However, it should be noted that quality costs aren□t analysed with the value chain activities in order to increase added value. This paper aim focus on the quality costs influence direction and intensity on the added value in the aspect of value chain. Methodology/approach - The article is based on a nomothetic point of view that includes three modules: conceptual, hypothetical - deductive and inductive methods. To formulate theoretical aspects of quality costs evaluation, comparative and chronological analysis of scientific literature is used. Empirical results of the research are obtained by applying method of expert evaluation. Findings - During expert evaluation procedure is identified and selected significant quality costs elements. It is a useful tool to identify quality costs thought value chain processes. Created model of quality costs assessment in the aspect of value added chain is based on identification and classification of quality costs elements and allows to measure and to evaluate influence of quality costs, its direction and intensity on added value. Research limitations/implications - The formulated model of quality costs assessment in the aspect of value added chain is assigned to the models that “are oriented towards the situation”, i.e. diverted towards organizational analyses. Originality/value - The paper complementing the gap between theoretical and practical framework of determining influence of quality costs on added value and proving importance of the assessment of quality costs elements in the aspect of added value chain.

기업물류비 관리 방안에 관한 연구

홍철규(Cheol-kyu Hong) 한국국제상학회 2007 國際商學 Vol.22 No.1

Several studies have focused on the cost accounting side of corporate logistics costs, that is, how to calculate the exact total amount of logistics costs, how to categorize these costs, and how to calculate the logistic costs of various cost objects including products, customers, distribution channels and geographical areas. However, the ultimate goal in the cost accounting side of logistics costs is to manage logistics costs to price products, evaluate relative competitiveness and increase/decrease some part of or all logistics costs. This is the cost management side of logistics costs. Cost management of logistics costs includes increasing (not always decreasing) logistics costs deliberately if doing so decreases the total costs of the firm"s value chain activities. The goal of this study is to suggest the right direction about how to manage logistics costs and how to utilize recent cost management tools such as JIT(Just-in-time) manufacturing, Cell production, TOC(Theory of Constraints), and ABC(Activity based costing) in order to control and manage various logistics costs.

화석연료 대체에너지원의 환경,경제성 평가 Ⅰ -원자력을 중심으로-

이창훈 한국환경정책평가연구원 2013 기후환경정책연구 Vol.2013 No.-

기후변화에 대응하여 온실가스 배출을 줄이기 위한 노력이 전 세계적으로 강화되면서 원자력과 재생에너지가 저탄소에너지원으로 각광받기 시작하였다. 특히 에너지사용량이 많은 제조업이 주를 이루는 우리나라에서는 전력을 안정적이고 저렴하게 생산하기 위해서 원자력이 불가피하다 고 생각되었다. 하지만 원자력이 지닌 고유의 약점도 명확하다. 1986년 구소련의 체르노빌 및 2011년 일본 후쿠시마에서 발생한 원자력발전소 사고에서 알 수 있듯이 원전사고는 그 규모와 영향의 지속성 측면에서 다른 에너지원의 사고와는 근본적인 차이를 보이고 있다. 또 사용후핵연 료 저장과 원자로 폐로 등의 문제가 미제로 남아있다. 현재의 원자력 생산비용에는 이러한 리스크가 적절하게 반영되어 있지 않아, 원자력의 사회적 비용과 한국수력원자력이 부담하는 사적(私的) 인 비용 사이에는 차이가 발생하고 있다. 본 연구는 화석연료의 대체에너지원인 원자력과 재생에너지의 환경?경제성평가를 통해 지속 가능한 에너지믹스정책의 수립에 기여하고자 한다. 이를 위해 2013년 1차년도 연구에서는 원자력 발전 사업자인 한국수력원자력이 부담하는 비용과 시장에서 거래되지 않는 원자력 중대사고 위험 과 관련된 외부비용을 함께 추정하였다. 그 중에서도 외부비용에 초점을 맞추어 원자력 환경?경 제성 평가를 수행하였다. 2014년 2차년도 연구는 재생에너지의 환경성 및 경제성 평가를 통해 재생에너지의 개발 잠재량 및 사회적 비용을 추정하고 향후 우리나라 에너지믹스에 대한 시사점을 도출할 계획이다. 사회적 비용 중에서 원자력발전 사업자가 부담하는 사적(私的) 비용은 가장 최신 원자로인 APR-1400을 기준으로 건설비, 연료 주기비, 운전 및 유지비, 해체비를 산정하고 균등화 발전단가를 시산하였다. 건설비는 kWh당 22.6원으로 전체 사적 비용(私的) 48.8원의 46.3%에 해당한다. 사용후연료 관리비용을 포함하는 연료주기비용, 수선유지비용, 원전해체비용은 각각 kWh당 8.4 원(17.2%), 13.6원(27.8%), 4.3원(8.7%)으로 추산되었다. 향후 안전기준의 강화에 따라 건설비 및 해체비용이 증가할 경우, 이러한 균등화 원가(사적 비용)도 kWh당 62.2원(건설비 및 해체비용 이 50% 상승하는 경우)까지 증가할 것으로 계산되었다. 원자력발전으로 인해 발생하지만 원자력발전 사업자가 부담하는 대신, 국가나 국민이 부담하고 있는 외부비용은, 특히 발전원가에 미치는 영향이 큰 중대사고 위험비용을 중심으로 추정하였다. 첫째, 정부가 예산을 통해 직접 지원하고 있는 원자력관련 연구개발예산 및 홍보비용은 2011년 기준 kWh당 2.4원이다. 둘째, 정부는 ``원자력손해배상법``을 통해 중대사고 발생 시 원자력발전사 업자의 손해배상책임을 제한함으로써 사업자에게 보조금을 암묵적으로 제공하고 있는데 이 보조 금은 중대사고 피해액 및 발생확률에 대한 시나리오 따라 kWh당 0.2~16.1원에 달한다. 셋째, 일반 국민들은 보험가입을 통해 미래의 불확실한 위험상황을 회피하고자 하는데, 이러한 ``위험회피 ``성향을 반영한 중대사고 피해비용은 시나리오 분석 및 설문조사를 통해 추정하였다. 프랑스의 위험상황 시나리오인 ST21을 이용하면, 위험회피 성향을 반영한 중대사고 피해비용은 kWh당 0.3~203.1원에 달한다. 설문조사결과를 조건부가치측정법(CVM)으로 분석하면, 기존 원자력발전 소에서 기인하는 위험의 해소를 위해서는 국민들이 평균적으로 kWh당 3.8~6.8원, 자신들의 거주 지 주변에 건설되는 신규 원자력발전소에서 기인하는 위험의 해소를 위해서는 kWh당 52.1~94.9 원을 지불할 의사를 보이고 있다. 원자력발전에 있어 중대사고의 위험비용을 고려해 외부효과를 내재하는 가장 효과적인 방법은 전통적인 해법으로 외부효과의 크기만큼 ``환경세``를 부과하는 것이다. 물론 보험을 통해 이러한 위험을 내부화하는 방안도 가능하지만, 현재 어떠한 상업적인 보험사 또는 보험사의 풀도 배상책임 한도가 없는 중대사고에 대해서는 보험계약을 체결하지 않으려 하기 때문에 보험을 통한 위험의 상업적인 내부화는 불가능하며, 환경세를 통한 공법적인 내부화만 현실적인 대안이 된다. 다만 중대사고의 환경위험은 통상적인 환경오염과 그 성격이 다르므로, 과세 추진 시 다음과 같은 차이점을 고려하여야 한다. 첫째, 과세대항인 원자력 중대사고 위험은, 이미 배출된 오염물질이 아니라, 미래 발생가능한 것으로, 전통적인 환경세의 ``오염물질 배출량``이라는 도식에는 맞지 않는 다. 하지만 우리나라의 ``대기배출부과금``과 같이 오염물질 배출량에 직접 과세하는 경우도 있지만, 과세 편의상 오염물질의 배출을 야기하는 에너지사용에 과세하는 경우도 있다. 따라서 원자력발전 이 야기하는 ``위험``에 대해서도 그 위험을 야기하는 발전연료에 개별소비세인 ``핵연료세(가칭)``의 형태로 환경세를 부과하는 것을 적극 추진할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 핵연료에 과세할 경우 세율은 원자력발전의 중대사고 위험비용을 반영하여야 한다. 이러한 위험비용 반영의 준거수치로, 독일의 핵연료세율을 기준으로 할 경우, 핵연료 1kg당 8.7백만 원(원자력발전량 kWh당 22.17원), LNG의 발열량을 감안한 개별소비세율을 기준으로 할 경우핵연료 1kg당 3.2백만 원(원자력발전량 kWh당 8.04원)의 세율을 고려할 수 있다. 셋째, 세수의 활용과 관련하여, 세수를 일반회계로 전입하여 원자력발전으로 인한 이익(낮은 전기요금 등)을 누리고 있는 현재 세대를 위해 사용하기 보다는, 가칭 ``원자력사고대응기금``을 설치하고 ``핵연료세(가칭)``의 세수를 전입하되, 이 기금의 용도를 원자력 사고의 예방과 치유에 국한시킬 필요가 있다. After the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, nuclear power dependent countries have immediately reexamined energy mix policy as the nuclear power had a significant share in the mix. Korea also has been in favor of nuclear power since the low cost of electricity generation has been appealing to policy makers and manufacturing companies who are the key players in the Korean economy. However, this "inexpensive and clean" energy has been controvertible in many ways. For instance, the major external costs are not included in the generation costs. Restoration and recovering from severe accidents can cost astronomical figures but some international conventions- Paris and Vienna Convention- set some financial cap on liability which allows nuclear utilities to be exempted from any financial liability. As a result, the risk costs are not fully taken into consideration and thus not internalized in the costs of electricity generation. The goal of this study is to find the "real" cost or "social cost" of nuclear-generated electricity, mainly focusing on obtaining external costs. The private cost that is paid by the operators of nuclear power plants is expressed by levelized generation cost and calculated by the sum of construction cost, fuel cycle cost, operating and management cost(O&M cost) and decommissioning cost of the most recent model, APR-1400. Construction cost, accounting for 46.3% of the total private cost (48.8 won/kWh), is 22.6won/kWh, fuel cycle cost is 8.4won/kWh (17.2%), O&M cost is 13.6won/kWh (27.8%), and decommissioning cost is 4.3won/kWh (8.7%). If the safety standards get tighter and the construction and decommissioning costs increase, the levelized cost(private cost) would rise up to 62.2won/kWh (in case construction and decommissioning costs increase by 50%). While the nuclear utility pays the private cost, the remainder is on government or the public. This remainder is defined as "external cost" of nuclear-generated electricity. It has been estimated by looking into risk costs of severe accidents that has significant effect on generation costs. Four ways of estimating external costs were illustrated in the study. First, the budget government spent to support nuclear related R&D and public relations in 2011 was 2.4won/kWh. Second, under Nuclear Damage Compensation Act, Korean government provides "implicit subsidy" by limiting liabilities of the utility in case of severe accidents. This implicit subsidy ranges from 0.2won/kWh to 16.1won/kWh depending on the amount of damage and the probability of incident. Third, the cost of how people deal with risk aversion in case of severe accidents was estimated by analyzing scenarios and conducting a survey. Applying ST21, severe accident scenario in France, the damage cost varies from 0.3 to 203.1 won/kWh. Fourth, analyzing the result from the survey through the contingent valuation method (CVM), households` willingness to pay are 3.8~6.8won/kWh on average to mitigate any risks that comes from existing reactors, and 52.1~94.9won/kWh on average to mitigate risks that originates from new reactors built nearby the residential area. Consequently, this study suggests internalizing external costs by imposing environment taxes as nuclear fuel tax. At precisely, the tax rate must contain the risk cost of severe accident. Referring to Germany`s nuclear fuel tax rate, the risk cost is 8.7 million won per 1kg of nuclear fuel (22.17won/kWh). Based on individual consumption tax rate considering a calorific value of LNG, the tax rate will be 3.2 million won per 1 kg of nuclear fuel (8.04 won/kWh). Lastly, this study suggests installing ``Nuclear Emergency Response Fund (tentative) and securing finances from the revenue of ``Nuclear Fuel Tax (tentative), which should be transferred to general accounts for the future generation. The purpose of this fund should be restricting to use for preventing and curing from any nuclear accidents.

음주의 사회경제적 비용 추계

정우진,전현준,이선미,Chung, Woo-Jin,Chun, Hyun-Jun,Lee, Sun-Mi 대한예방의학회 2006 예방의학회지 Vol.39 No.1

Objectives: We wanted to estimate the annual socioeconomic costs of alcohol drinking in Korea. Methods: The costs were classified as direct costs, indirect costs and the other costs. The direct costs consisted of direct medical costs, indirect medical costs and subsidiary medical costs. Particularly, the medical costs and population attributable fraction for disease were considered to reflect the calculation of the direct medical costs. The indirect costs were computed by the extent to which the loss of productivity and loss of the workforce might have occurred due to changes in mortality and morbidity according to alcohol drinking. The other costs consisted of property loss, administration costs and costs of alcoholic beverage. Results: The annual costs, which seemed to be attributable to alcohol drinking, were estimated to be 149,352 hundred million won (2.86% of GDP). In case of the latter, the amount includes 9,091 hundred million won for direct costs (6.09%), 62,845 hundred million won for the reduction and loss of productivity (42.08%), 44,691 hundred million won for loss of the workforce (29.92%), and the other costs (21.91%). Conclusions: Our study confirms that compared with the cases of Japan (1.9% of GNP) and the other advanced countries (1.00-1.42% of GDP), alcohol drinking incurs substantial socioeconomic costs to the Korean society. Therefore, this study provides strong support for government interventions to control alcohol drinking in Korea.