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이지은,장혜경,오지영,유윤경,김현지,임숙인,연숙희,강진숙,최귀령 한국병원약사회 2003 병원약사회지 Vol.20 No.1
In an aging society, there is an increasing possibility of the duplication of the drugs given to patients because they take many kinds of drugs. Among the prescriptions given to the patients who was treated at multiple ambulatory clinics in St. Mary's hospital for one month of September, 2002, in which drugs that has identical or similar effects are prescribed, we analysed and evaluated them by patients' characteristics, kinds of medication, severity of side effects on a case by case basis. More, we assessed the potential additional costs. As a result of this study, the duplication rate turned out to be 6.69% and it was shown that the proportion of the elderly patients over 60 was high. The gastro-intestinal medications took up a large part and most of the cases showed that the danger caused by double taking of medicine was slight, but there were some examples in which the serious side effects were predicted. Expected additional costs were the average 11.349 won and it ranges from the minimum of 56 won to the maximum of 135,720 won. In conclusion, the management of drug histories of the patients who need the plural treatments is very important and the necessity of the individual and professional guidance of taking medicines for the elderly patients is emerged, too.
Regulation of interleukin-11 expression in ovulatory follicles of the rat ovary
Jang, You-Jee,Park, Jae-Il,Jeong, Seong-Eun,Seo, You-Mi,Dam, Phuong T. M.,Seo, Young-Woo,Choi, Bum-Chae,Song, Sang-Jin,Chun, Sang-Young,Cho, Moon-Kyoung Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Or 2017 Reproduction, fertility, and development Vol. No.
<P> The aim of the present study was to examine the regulation of interleukin (IL)-11 expression, as well as the role of IL-11, during ovulation in gonadotropin-primed immature rats. Injection of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), followed by human CG (hCG) to induce superovulation stimulated expression of the Il11 gene in theca cells within 6 h, as revealed by northern blot and in situ hybridisation analyses. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the IL-11 receptor, α subunit gene was expressed in granulosa and theca cells and that injection of hCG had no effect on its expression. IL-11 protein expression was stimulated in theca cells by hCG. LH-stimulated increases in Il11 mRNA levels in cultured preovulatory follicles were inhibited by protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 were detected in preovulatory follicles, and the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide, but not the TLR2 ligand Pam3Cys, increased Il11 mRNA levels in theca cells, but not in granulosa cells. Treatment of preovulatory follicles with IL-11 stimulated progesterone production and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (Star) gene expression. Together, these results indicate that IL-11 in theca cells is stimulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling and TLR4 activation, and increases progesterone production during ovulation. </P>
유기표(You Ki-Pyo),황지욱(Hwang Jee-Wook),유장열(You Jang-Youl),김영문(Kim Young-Moon) 대한건축학회 2008 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.24 No.9
The increase of population and the expansion of residential and industrial districts are continuously decreasing the green coverage and the land coverage that can purify the quality of air. In addition, the increase of energy consumption in urban areas is causing the phenomenon of urban heat island. Accordingly, the urban heat island phenomenon is the best indicator of urban climate characteristics. We examined the change of wind velocity according to building layout in apartment complexes. The development of high-rise apartments in the downtown affected the wind roads of the whole city, decreasing wind velocity by up to 50% compared to that before the development.
제주도 농촌지역 주민에서 알레르기성 비염의 유병현황과 원인 항원
김유영,김윤근,민경업,이명현,장윤석,정재원,반준우,이병재,김희연,이상록,손지웅,조상헌,박해심 대한알레르기학회 1999 천식 및 알레르기 Vol.19 No.1
Objective: Cross-sectional survey was performed to evaluate prevalence of allergic rhinitis and its causative allergens in people in rural area of Cheju Isl~and. Subject and method: A total of 1,236 people with 1,055 children and 181 adults in rural area of Cheju Island were enrolled in this study. In children, 544 were males and 511 were females, and their mean age was 12.3(ranging from 7 to 16) years. In adults, 78 were males and 103 were females, and their mean age was 50.1 (ratging from 18 to 87) years. Evaluations included a questionnaire survey, and skin prick test with extracts of Japanese cedar (Cryptomera japonica, J cedar) pollen and citrus red mite (Panonychus citri, CRM) as well as eleven common inhalant allergens. Results: Prevalence of chronic nasal symptoms was 40.6% (429/1,055) in children, and 45.8 % (83/181) in adults. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis based on positive nasal symptoms on the questionnaire and positive skin response to one or more of the 13 inhalant allergens were 15.4 % (159/1.035) in children, and 19.3% (35/181) in adults. Of 1,035 children, skin-test response was positive in 37.6%, and common sensitizing allergens in order of decreasing frequency were Dermatophagoides pteronpssinus (DP) (26.6%), D. farinae (DF)(22.6%), CRM(14.2%), cock- roach(11.3%) and J cedar(9.7%). Of 181 adults, skin-test response was positive in 25.9%, and t,he most common sensitizing allergen was CRM(16.5% ), followed by cockroach(11.0% ), DP(9. 9%), DF(9.4%), and J cedar(6.6%). Of 159 children with allergic rhinitis, the common sensitizing allergens in order of deereasing frequency were DP(79.2%), DF(67.3%), CRM(35.8%), J cedar(32.7%), and cockroach(27.0%). Of 35 adults with allergic rhinitis, the most common sensitizing allergen was CRM(68.6%), followed by DP(40%), DF(34.3%), cockroach(34.3%), and J cedar(28.9% ). Conclusion: Allergic rhinitis is a very common disease with a prevalence of 15.4% in children and 19.3% in adults in rural area of Cheju island, and common sensitizing allergens include house dust mite, citrus red mite, cockroach, and Japanese cedar pollen.
이유라(You-Ra Lee),신정호(Jong-Ho Shin),민성호(Seong-Ho Min),김태희(Tae-Hui Kim),김민혁(Min-Hyuck Kim),장형민(Hyung-Min Chang),박기창(Ki-Chang Park),안정숙(Joung-Sook Ah),전영안(Yong-An Jeon),장지숙(Jee-Sook Jang) 한국중독정신의학회 2005 중독정신의학 Vol.9 No.1
Objectives:This study was designed to find out the changes of alcohol use behavior and it’s attributing factors through two surveys conducted in 1998 and 2004 in a rural community. Methods:We selected 116 problem drinkers and 116 matched non-problem drinkers among 480 men of the first survey. We surveyed basic epidemiologic data and alcohol use behavior with several questionnaires. Results:The results were as follows : 1) Drinking amount and frequency decreased with increasing age. 2) More than half among previous problem drinkers did not show any significant change in their alcohol use behavior. 3) Most of previous non-problem drinkers maintained their past alcohol use behavior. 4) Continuous problem drinkers had larger amount of past alcohol drinking than no more problem drinkers. They had lower scores on awareness of negative consequence, higher scores on drinking for coping strategy of Alcohol Effects Questionnaire (AEQ) and higher scores on drinking urge to relieve hangover of the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ) than no more problem drinkers. 5) Continuous problem drinkers showed more smoking and earlier drinking than continuous non-problem drinkers. 6) Continuous problem drinkers became poorer than no more problem drinkers. Conclusions: Continuous problem drinking pattern was associated with larger amount of past alcohol drinking, higher drinking frequency, higher drinking urge to relieve hangover, higher use of drinking for coping strategy and less awareness of negative consequence.