The prediction of the tooth size in the mixed dentition for Korean

Moon, Sung-Hwan,Kim, Seong-Oh,Yu, Hyung-Seong,Choi, Byung-Jai,Choi, Hyung-Jun,Lee, Jae-Ho 大韓小兒齒科學會 2006 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.33 No.2

이번 연구의 목적은 혼합치열기 아동에서 미맹출된 견치와 소구치의 크기를 예측하는데 있어서 한국인에 맞는 방정식을 만들기 위함이다. 미맹출 치아의 크기를 예측하는 것은 혼합치열기 교정 진단과 치료계획 수립에 있어서 매우 중요하다. 미맹출된 견치와 소구치 크기를 예측하는 방법은 몇가지가 있지만 그중에서도 가장 흔하게 쓰이는 것이 모이어의 예측표와 다나카와 존스턴의 방정식이 있다. 하지만 그것들은 백인을 위해서 제작된 것이고 치아 크기는 인종에 따라서 다르다고 알려져 있다. 이번 연구에서는 치아크기를 측정하여 하악 영구 절치의 크기 합과 견치 및 소구치의 크기 합 사이의 상관관계를 구하고 회귀방정식을 이용해서 한국인에 맞는 예측표를 만들었다. 연세대학교 치과대학에 재학중인 178명의 한국 학생(남 108명, 여 70명, 평균연령 21.63)을 대상으로 실험하였다. 영구치의 근원심 폭경을 석고모형상에서 calipers를 이용해서 측정하였다. 성별간의 치아 크기는 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). Correlation coefficient는 0.57에서 0.64의 범위였고, standard errors of the estimates 는 여성에서 0.6으로써 남성보다 우수하였다. r^(2)값은 0.27에서 0.41의 범위를 나타내었다. Estimating the size of unerupted teeth is an essential aspect of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning in the mixed dentition. Several methods were introduced and used for the prediction. The most common methods among these would be Moyers probability chart and Tanaka and Johnston equations. These are currently used widely, but they were developed for Caucasians. Because there are clear racial differences in teeth size, the objectives of this study were to produce correlation coefficients between the combined mesiodistal widths of the permanent mandibular incisors and those of the canines and premolars for each quadrant, and prediction tables with regression equations, specifically for Korean. 178 young adults (70 women, 108 men, mean age 21.63 years) were selected from the College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. The mesiodistal crown diameters of the permanent teeth were measured with calipers. Significant sexual dimorphism was found in tooth sizes. The correlation coefficients between the total mesiodistal width of the mandibular permanent incisors and those of the maxillary and mandibular canines and premolars were found to be between 0.52 and 0.64. The standard error of the estimatation was better (0.60) for women and the r^(2) values ranged from 0.27 to 0.41 for both sexes, Prediction tables were prepared for Korean. This study showed larger canine and premolar diameters than Tanaka and Johnston's and Moyers' studies which might be due to the racial differences. Further investigations with a larger sample size will be needed for more representative data on the Korean population.

경주 출토 통일신라시대 인각와의 검토

유환성 한국고고미술연구소 2011 고고학지 Vol.17 No.-

인각와는 고구려, 백제, 통일신라의 고지(故地)에서 출토되고 있다. 그 수량은 백제지역이 많지만 통일신라시대 경주 지역에서도 자료가 꾸준하게 축적되고 있다. 물론 앞으로 자료가 점점 증가하겠지만 지금까지 경주에서 출토된 통일신라시대 인각와는 대략 5종류 14점이다. 이러한 인각와의 현황을 명문의 속성(도장형태. 명문시문형태, 방곽유무, 명문내용)과 기와의 속성(기와의 종류, 타날판길이, 타날방향, 타날문양)을 기준으로 살펴보고, 비교유물을 통해서 인각와의 편년을 설정하였다. 그 결과 「한(漢)」·「한지(漢只)」, 「정도(井桃)」·「정잔(井拃)」명 인각와를 7세기 후반으로, 기호명 인각와를 7세기 후반 이후로부터 10세기 전반으로, 「창림(昌林)」·「창림사(昌林寺)」, 「남궁(南宮)」·「지인(之印)」명 인각와를 9세기에서부터 10세기 전반으로 설정할 수 있었다. 이러한 편년 설정을 통하여 통일신라시대 인각와의 속성 가운데 명문의 형태 기와의 종류, 타날판 길이, 타날 문양 등 4가지 정도가 시간이 흐를수록 변화하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 인각와 성격의 경우 첫째, 「한(漢)」·「한지(漢只)」명 인각와는 부명이 표기된 제작처로 판단하였고, 7세기 후반의 안압지와 그 주변 유적의 궁궐과 관청 축조에 사용한 기와로 보았다. 둘째, 「정도(井桃)」·「정잔(井拃)」명 인각와는 도교의 벽사적 의미와 관련해서, 건물의 안전과 벽사적인 의미로 새겼을 가능성이 높을 것으로 판단하였다. 또한 이 인각와의 출토지를 통하여 북천 이북의 동천동 일대까지 7세기 후반에 왕경과 관련한 기와건물지가 있었음을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 인왕동 556번지 출토의 기호명 인각와에 새겨진 원문 내 삼각점문이 다양한 문양의 인장와전이 출토하는 사천왕사지, 전(傳)인용사지에서 확인됨에 따라 기와 제작자 혹은 공급자의 구분을 위한 기호명으로 판단하였다. 넷째, 「창림(昌林)」·「창림사(昌林寺)」명 인각와는 출토지와 고려 초 경주지역 사찰명 평기와의 출토양상을 통해 시기에 따른 주체는 다르지만 적어도 통일신라시대에 관청 주도 아래, 복수 공급하였던 인각와로 파악하였다. 마지막으로 「남궁(南宮)」·「지인(之印)」명 인각와는 출토지를 통하여 안압지, 월성 등 궁궐과 관련한 유적에서 사용했을 수도 있지만, 인증인 혹은 검증인의 용도로서 다른 곳으로 공급하였을 가능성을 제기하였다. 이러한 인각와의 기능 및 용도와 《삼국사기(三國史記)》의 문헌 기록을 통하여 통일신라시대 주요 궁궐, 관청, 일부사찰 등에 인각와가 한정적으로 사용되었을 것으로 판단하였다. 이와 함께 인각와에서 확인되는 명문의 속성과 기와의 속성을 통하여 인각와가 백제의 영향을 다소 받은 부분도 있겠지만, 통일신라시대에 신라가 자체적으로 생산하였을 가능성도 제기하였다. Roof tiles with inscriptions have been unearthed from sites dating back to the Goguryeo, Baekje and Unified Silla kingdoms. Those found in the former Baekje territory outnumber those found in the other areas, but the number of those found in Gyeongju (Silla) has increased to 14 items in 5 kinds. This study examined the characteristics of the inscriptions (i.e., seal shape, type of phrase inscribed, existence of square frame, content of inscription, etc.) and the attributes of the roof tiles (types of roof tiles, length of pattern stamping board, direction and pattern of paddling). Based on these features, attempts to establish the chronological date of production were made. As a result of our analysis of the tiles, it was established that those inscribed with Chinsese characters such as 漢(Han), 漢只(Hanji), 井桃(Jeongdo) and 井拃(Jeongjan) were produced in the late 7th century; that those inscribed with signs were produced between the late 7th century and the early 10th century; and that those inscribed with Chinese characters suchas 昌林(Changnim), 昌林寺(Changnimsa), 南宮(Namgung), 之印(Jiin) were produced between the 9th century and the early 10th century. Based on these chronological sequences, it was observed that four features, namely the shape of the inscriptions, the types of roof tiles, the length of the paddling board, and the pattern of the paddling, changed over time. As regards tiles inscribed with characters meaning Han, Hanji, and so on, which are supposedly the names of the production sites, they are judged to be roof tiles used in the construction of Anapji Pond, nearby royal palaces, and office buildings in the late 7th century; whereas for tiles inscribed with characters meaning Jeongdo, Jeongjan, etc., it is thought that the inscriptions were likely to contain a Taoist meaning related to exorcism. This paper also confirmed via analysis of the roof tiles that there were buildings with roof tiles associated with Wanggyeong(王京), the plan of the capital city as far as Dongcheon-dong, north of the Bukcheon Stream. Patterns consisting of triangle points inscribed on roof tiles unearthed from #556, Inwang-dong, Gyeongju were also found at the site of Sacheonwangsa Temple (also supposedly Inyongsa Temple), where tiles and roof tiles with diverse patterns of inscriptions were also found. Thus, this paper assumes that these signs identify the producers or suppliers of the roof tiles. As regards roof tiles inscribed with characters such as Changnim, Changnimsa Temple, and the like, this paper concluded that they were supplied by a government office during the Unified Silla Period based on the site where they were unearthed, the names of temples in Gyeongju during the early Goryeo dynasty (i.e., right after the collapse of Silla), and the status of the plain roof tiles unearthed. Finally, roof tiles with inscriptions such as Namgung and Jiin pointed to the possibility that they might have been supplied from elsewhere through the site where they were unearthed, although it is also possible that they were used in a building related to the royal palace, such as Anapji or Wolseong. This paper concludes that roof tiles with inscriptions were used in a limited way in royal palaces, government offices, and temples during the Unified Silla Period, based on their functions and usage and on what is recorded in Samguksagi (History of the Three Kingdoms). This paper also raises the possibility that roof tiles with inscriptions might have been produced by a facility in the Korean Peninsula during the Unified Silla Period, although they were influenced in some way or another by those made in Baekje, judging from the characteristics of the roof tiles and their inscriptions.

Eagle씨 증후군의 치험례

오승환,이상철,윤옥병,지유진,김여갑,류동목 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 1996 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.18 No.3

Eagle's syndrome is the term given to symtomatic elogation of the styloid process or mineralization of the stylohyoid or stylomandibular ligament. Since ossification of stylohyoid ligament at cadeva was fist described by De Manchetics in 1652 and Weinlecher described clinical symptom which produced by elongated styloid process and osteotomy of styloid process in 1872, Clinical symptom which include sensation of a foreign body on the pharynx, dysphagai, dysphonia, referred pain, and mouth opening disturbance was termed by Eagle as Eagle's syndrome. then, case reports of Eagle's syndrome are presented. in these cases, the patient's chief complaints included periauricular radiating pain, mouth opening disturbance, foreign body sensation, dysphagia, tenderness on the neck. Through vairous X-ray examination and palpation of tonsillar fossa, elongted styloid process were confirmed. Under the general anesthesia there were successfully removed out via transoral approach technique, described by Eagle. after resented styloid process, they were freed from the symptoms without further complication. Therefor we reported these cases treated by surgical resection of styloid process with good results.

데이터 연관 필터를 이용한 자율이동로봇의 환경지도 작성

임종환,이유철,강철웅 제주대학교 공과대학 첨단기술연구소 2005 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.16 No.2

This paper describes a method of building the probability grid map for an autonomous mobile robot using the ultrasonic DAF(data association filter). The DAF, which evaluates the association of each datum with the rest and removes the data affected by the specular reflection effect, can improve the reliability of the data for the probability grid map. This method is based on the evaluation of possibility that the acquired data are all from the same object. Namely, the data from specular reflection have very few possibilities of detecting the same object, so that they are excluded from the data cluster during the process of the DAF. Therefore, the uncertain data corrupted by the specular reflection and/or multi-path effect, are not used to update the probability map, and hence building a good quality of a grid map is possible even in a specular environment. In order to verify the effectiveness of the DAF, it was applied to the Bayesian model and the orientation probability model which are the typical ones of a grid map. We demonstrate the experimental results using an real mobile robot in a real world.

탈냉전시대의 통일교육 방향

고유환 동국대학교 안보연구소 1995 安保硏究 Vol.- No.25

정확한 완충기체효과가 적용된 질량분석원리에 대한 다중입자 분석 전산시늉

이유용,이원욱,오차환,김필수,송석호 한양대학교 자연과학연구소 2001 自然科學論文集 Vol.20 No.-

질량분석기로 사용되는 폴 트랩 내에서 보다 실제적인 이온운동을 예측해내기 위하여 약 2천 개의 다중입자의 궤적에 대한 계산을 실시하였다. 보다 정확한 질량 분석스펙트럼을 얻기 위하여 충돌확률에 대한 보다 정확하고 실질적인 함수 값을 도입하였다. 계산된 전산시늉의 결과들로부터 특히 작은 질량의 영역에 대한 분석을 할 경우 본 논문에서 제시된 바와 같이 매우 정확한 충돌확률이 고려되어야 함을 확인할 수 있었다. To predict the practical characteristics of ion motion in the paul trap as a mass spectrometer, the ion trajectories of the multi-particle(over than 2000 particles) were calculated. In order to expect more practical mass spectrum, the exact expressions for the collision probability was adopted. From the simulation result, we found that the exact collision probability has to be considered to analyze the materials existed in the low mass region.

개에서 발생한 폐수종의 치료 증례

김유수,심재현,김건우,김지용,이병희,송근호,이영원,김덕환 충남대학교 수의과대학 동물의과학연구소 2004 動物醫科學硏究誌 Vol.12 No.-

A 9 months intact male American bull dog with chief complaints of dry cough, dyspnea and fever was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chungnam National University. Based on the findings of physical examination, radiological examination, and blood and blood chemical examinations, the present patient was diagnosed into pulmonary edema secondary to primary bacterial and aspiration pneumonia. The patient was hospitalized and treated with buscopan, cephazolin and furosemide for 1 week. His activity and appetite was returned to normal and thoracic radiographs revealed that Jung was recovered to the normal condition after treatment for 7 days. The present patient was a case with pulmonary edema showed favorable therapeutic responses to proper medication.

질의문 키워드의 가중치 부여 방법을 이용한 정답 문서 순위화 시스템

강유환,안영민,서영훈 충북대학교 컴퓨터정보통신 연구소 2005 컴퓨터정보통신연구 Vol.13 No.1

본 논문에서는 자연어로 된 질의문에 대한 키워드 추출 및 가중치 부여 방법을 이용하여 정답 문서를 상위로 순위화하는 방법을 제안한다. 정답 문서를 상위로 순위화하기 위해 자연어 질의문과 정답 문서에서 나타나는 키워드의 특성을 분석하고, 색인어로써 중요한 역할을 할 수 있는 키워드를 다양한 형태로 추출한 후, 추출된 키워드에 차별화된 가중치를 부여한다. 끝으로 문서에 나타난 키워드의 출현 횟수와 문서 가중치를 이용하여 문서를 순위화한다. 실험에서는 20개의 질의문에 대해 상위 5위 안에 들어 있는 정답 문서의 수를 측정하였다. 실험결과 상위 5위 안에 들어 있는 정답 문서의 평균 개수는 3.05개로 키워드의 출현횟수와 키워드의 근접상을 이용한 방법보다 높은 성능 향상을 보였다. This paper describes a method of weighting keywords in the question that is written in a natural language for ranking answer documents. We extract keywords from the question using characteristic of question and keywords that are used in answer documents. And we assign differentiated weight to each keyword. Finally, we rank documents in order that answer documents can be ranked in high position using frequency of keywords and weight of documents. In experiment, we tested the number of answer documents that are ranked in top 5 for 20 questions. Experimental results show that the average number of answer documents that are ranked in top 5 was 3.05 and the accuracy of the proposed method was improved comparing with the existing method using frequency and proximity of keywords.

6·15 남북공동선언의 이행과 과제

고유환 연세대학교 통일연구원 2004 통일연구 Vol.8 No.2

At the first south-north summit meeting held on June 15, 2002, after 55 years of the division of Korea, two heads of state agreed to turn the relationship of confrontation and conflict into one of reconciliation, cooperation and mutual prosperity. Before the agreement, the two Koreas had been eager to strengthen governmental power by stressing the threats from the other within the frame of "antagonistic dependence" upon each other, and were caught in a "self-righteous posture" in which they tried to find their identity by negating the other. While it was a simple statement, we can safely say that the formal agreement between the heads of the two Koreas, ending the era of discord and strife and opening one of a mutually profitable relationship based on reconciliation and cooperation, was a dramatic turning point leading to a historic paradigm shift. For the new paradigm to be firmly built, it is necessary to back the declaration with actual deeds. However, anyone should admit that numerous obstacles will stand in the way to turning the relationship of antagonistic dependence that lasted over half a century into one of "mutually beneficial dependence." The South, in the aftermath of the declaration for example, had to suffer a paradox of "South-against-South conflict within the era of South-North reconciliation" with a deluge of mutually hostile debates on the possibility of changes in the North, the South's "unquestioning scooping out" of aid to the north, unification theories on whether the standpoints of both parties in the declaration were on a common basis, and the special prosecutor investigation of the "special aid money" to the North. In a way, such conflicts are an unavoidable struggle between old and new in terms of the paradigm of the South-North relationship. The North, too, has shown sensitive responses concerning, for example, the hard-line position of the United States after the start of the Bush administration, particularly after the 9/11 terrorist attack, and it revealed roller coaster reactions in the latest progress in the South-North relationship. To set the 2000 agreement into practice, it is necessary for both the South and the North to show their will to put the agreement into action and break down the "Cold War structure" still firmly set surrounding the Korean Peninsula. A master plan for Korean reunification was successfully worked out when the leaders of two Koreas signed the joint declaration at the 2000 summit meeting. What is important now is how efficiently and wisely the two Koreas can handle the details of the agreement. The bad tradition of "agreement without performance" in the earlier age should be ended. The July 4 Joint Statement in 1972 and the 1992 Basic Agreement have now ended mere scraps of paper due to the differences in interpretation and a lack of enthusiasm for putting them into action. The authorities of both Koreas should learn a lesson from the experience and make their best efforts to carry the new agreement into practice. Since the division in the late 1940s, the Koreas have been pitted against each other under different ideologies and political systems. In the Cold War period, each tried to establish its own identity by negating the existence of the other and "inertia" was rampant in both parties even after the historic summit meeting. Many Koreans in the South still find it hard to recognize the North as an independent state and regard it as a country for coexistence and mutual prosperity rather than a target to throw at. The internal conflicts in the South, in addition to that between the South and North, may be unavoidable in the days where the paradigm is shifting in relations between the two Koreas. What is wanted now for the era of reconciliation, cooperation and mutual prosperity is changing the Korean people's mentality from that of Cold War to that of the post-Cold War era.

상전환법에 의한 6FDA-p-TeMPD 폴리이미드막의 제조

김유신,김진환,이우태 全南大學校 觸媒硏究所 2002 觸媒硏究 論文集 Vol.23 No.-

Asymmetric polyimide(6FDA-p-TeMPD) membranes were prepared by a wet phase inversion method. The polyimide used in the preparation of membranes was synthesized by chemical imidization method of hexafluoroisopropylidene-2,2-bisphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and 2,3,5,6-tetramethy-1-1,4-phenylenediamine(p-TeMPD). The change of the membrane morphology were investigated with polymer concentration, sort of solvent and the differences of solubility parameter in polymer, solvent and nonsolvent. The micro-voids disappeared as the concentration of polymer increased, indicating that the exchange between solvent and nonsolvent was prohibited due to increasing of polymer concentration. The difference of solubility parameter plays a very important role in determining the membrane morphology and performance. In accordance with solubility parameter difference, the morphology of the membrane was shown in two aspects: (1) a sponge-type in the delayed liquid-liquid phase separation process; (2) a finger-type in the instantaneous liquid-liquid phase separation processes. According to the sort of the nonsolvents used to the formation of the membranes, oxygen permeability coefficient(P_O2) was the order of IPA> MeOH> H_2O> EtOH, and selectivity(P_O2/P_N2) was the order of MeOH> H_2O> EtOH> IPA. Especially, in the system of PI/DMAc/MeOH, the membrane which had the remarkable gas separation performance was produced. Oxygen permeability coefficient(P_O2) and selectivity(P_O2/P_N2) in the membrane was 106 Barrer and 4.21, respectively.