Direct effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in elderly population in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: A case-control study

Kim, Jong Hun,Chun, Byung Chul,Song, Joon Young,Kim, Hyo Youl,Bae, In-Gyu,Kim, Dong-Min,Choi, Young Hwa,Jun, Yoon Hee,Choi, Won Suk,Kang, Seong Hee,Kwon, Hyun Hee,Jeong, Hye Won,Kee, Sae Yoon,Hur, Jia Elsevier Ltd. 2019 Vaccine Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>While herd effects and serotype replacement by childhood pneumococcal protein conjugated vaccines (PCVs) continues to accumulate worldwide, direct effectiveness of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) against pneumococcal diseases in the elderly has been challenged. We estimated the direct effectiveness of PPV23 in the elderly population.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>For a hospital-based case-control study, cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (NBPP) (adults ≥ 65 years) were identified in 14 hospitals participated in the pneumococcal surveillance program from March 2013 to October 2015, following implementation of PPV23 national immunization program (NIP) for the elderly in the Republic of Korea. Controls matched by age, sex, and hospital were selected at ratios of 1:2 (IPD) or 1:1 (NBPP). Clinical data and vaccination records were collected. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated as (1-adjusted odds ratio) × 100.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>We enrolled 148 IPD and 557 NBPP cases, and 295 IPD and 557 NBPP controls for analyses. Overall effectiveness of PPV23 against IPD was 28.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) −5.8%–51.6%] and against NBPP was 10.2% (-15.1-30.6) in all patients ≥ 65 years. However, in subgroup analysis of patients aged 65–74 years, PPV23 was protective against IPD [effectiveness 57.4% (19.4–77.5)] and against NBPP [effectiveness 35.0% (2.3–56.7)]. Furthermore, serotype-specific effectiveness of PPV23 against IPD was 90.6% (27.6–98.8) for PPV23-unique serotypes and 81.3% (38.6–94.3) for PPV23 serotypes excluding serotype 3.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>This study indicates that PPV23 with broad serotype coverage might be beneficial in preventing IPD and NBPP due to non-PCV13 serotypes in the young-elderly, with potentially increasing effectiveness in the setting of childhood PCV NIP.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> National immunization program for PPV23 for the elderly was implemented in Korea. </LI> <LI> PPV23 was effective against IPD and NBPP for young elderly patients aged 65–74. </LI> <LI> Effectiveness of PPV23 against IPD was higher for PPV23 unique serotypes. </LI> <LI> PPV23 was non-protective against IPD caused by PCV13 serotypes. </LI> </UL> </P>

영어·미술 통합수업을 통한 내용중심교육 프로그램 모형 개발 및 적용

강후동,강혜영 晋州敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 2009 初等敎育硏究 Vol.19 No.-

국내·외 관련 제도 및 실태분석을 통한 한국형 장애인 자립생활센터의 계획방향에 관한 연구

강지혜,윤영삼,김상운,성기창,박광재,강병근 한국의료복지시설학회 2006 의료·복지 건축 Vol.12 No.2

The wealth of Korean disability people’s paradigm has developed by the meaning of whole rehabilitation of the small society for acception and protection. Today, that meaning has been changed to make and choose disability people’s future plans by themselves. The CENTER FOR INDEPENDENT LIVING in Korea has been accepted through the American and Japanese’s activity systems with no objection. Following result of the real reserching, because the CENTER FOR INDEPENDENT LIVING in Korea have no legal basement, so there are little support for these centers and no proper rules and check systems. Therefore, we have to make the legal basement of CENTER FOR INDEPENDENT LIVING and separate by each parts of system and to specialize about them. That means, each parts of system have to mark role mode for doing well, and each systems have to develop new programs and services, and to specialize for in Korea. To add, we should have more small CENTER FOR INDEPENDENT LIVING in each area, and the CENTER FOR INDEPENDENT LIVING which are already started should make network system to contact with other centers in society for giving support of proper information.

중금속이 코스모스와 해바라기의 초기 생육반응에 미치는 영향 : the Potential for Phytoremediation

강민혜,이영현,이종화 韓國植物ㆍ人間ㆍ環境學會 2003 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.6 No.2

This research used cosmos(Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.) and sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) to test the possibility of phytoremediation, an environment-friendly heavy metal removing method. I examined the emergence, growth rate and physiological responses and confirmed heavy metal accumulation of Cd and Cu treatment and pH treatment-affected plants at early growing period. The emergence and growth rate was shown the most low in the Cu 2000uM. Chlorophyll and soluble protein content according to pH concentration were a little bad in their treatment plot compared with the control and were a little bad as pH concentration was low. But total nitrogen content was shown the highest in the Cu 2000μM than other treatments and was increased as pH was low. Heavy metal accumulation of roots in two plants was higher than the content of shoot part. Heavy metal accumulation concentration was measured Cu 369.79μg/g, Cd 114.99μg/g in roots of cosmos, and Cu 318.94μg/g, Cd 81.20μg/g in roots of sunflower.

유방선암의 유형에 따른 c-erbB-2, p53, bcl-2, 그리고 c-myc의 발현

강영근,조현득,오미혜,김의한,양승하 순천향의학연구소 2006 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.12 No.2

Breast carcinoma is a common malignant tumor in female of the korea. Various oncogenes have been found in malignant tumor cells. There were many reports or correlation between the prognosis of patients and c-erbB-2, p53, bcl-2, and c-myc, but is controversial. We performed immunohistochemical stain for above antigenic protein for 80 cases of breast carcinoma and evaluated expression rate of each antigens, and we compared their correlation with prognosis of patients. The results were as follow; 1) The expression rates in breast carcinoma was c-erbB-2 80%, p53 56.3%, bcl-2 51.3% and c-myc 53.8%. 2) c-erbB-2 showed no significant difference according to histologic types, grade, and lymph node metastatic status of breast carcinoma. 3) p53 showed higher expression rate in metastatic cases compared to non-metastatic cases, and it showed higher expression rate according to increasing of grade without significant difference. There is no significant difference according to types. 4) The expression rate of bcl-2 in breast carcinoma be lowed according to increasing of grade. There was no significant difference according to types, side, and status of lymph node metastasis. 5) c-myc showed higher expression rate in non-metastatic cases compared to and metastatic cases, and it showed decreasing expression rate according to increasing of grade without significant difference. There is no significant difference according to types. 6) p53 and bcl-2 in breast carxinoma showed reverse corre1ation(P < 0.05), and bc1-2 and c-myc showed close correlation without statiscally significance. Above results showed that p53 may be related to poor prognosis of the patients and c-myc may be related good prognosis in breast carcinoma. There was reverse correlation between p53 and bcl-2 and bcl-2 and c-myc may be correlated closely. c-erbB-2 and bcl-2 showed no interrelation to prognosis.

미국 Medicare 투석환자 치료의 질 지표 개발 : 4가지 주요 치료영역을 바탕으로

강혜영 한국의료QA학회 2000 한국의료질향상학회지 Vol.7 No.2

Background : There has been a concern that the quality of care provided to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in the United States may not be as good as recommended. This paper illustrates a composite measure to assess, the quality of care received by ESRD patients undergoing in-center hemodialysis by incorporating outcomes for 4 major treatment areas. The 4 treatment areas are: dialysis treatments, anemia control, nutritional management, and blood pressure control. Methods : The major data source for the study was the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study Wave 1 (DMMS-1) d Sixteen categories of a composite quality in-dicator were constructed by combining 4 dichotomous variables (16=2*2*2*2). representing the optimal vs. less than optimal level of outcome for each of the 4 treatment outcome measure respectively. Optimal outcome level for each treatment area was defined based on the recommendation from the National Kidney Foundation: (a) delivered dialysis doses (Kt/V) ≥ 1.2: (b) hematocrit level ≥ 30%: (c) serum albumin concentration ≥3.8g/di : and (d) blood pressure of <140 / <90mmHg. The 16 quality indicator were ranked according to their relative quality weights, which were estimated from its association with the relative risk of survival, adjusting for patient's baseline severity and dialysis facility characteristics. Results : Out of the entire sample of 2.179 patients, only 229 (10%) meet th recommended outcome levels for all 4 treatment areas. Overall, the study patients were distributed evenly over the 16 quality indicators, indicating a great variation in the quality of 'ESRD care. It appears that the rank of the 16 quality-indicators is driven by serum albumin concentration, suggesting that serum albumin concentration may be the most powerful predictor of ESRD patient survival among the 4 outcome measures. Conclusion : The developed quality indicator has the advantage of describin a range of care for dialysis patients and thus providing a more complete picture of care as compared to previous studies that have focused on only single or few components of the ESRD care.

전국 단위 감시체계의 현황과 전망

강성규,안연순,지영구,김형옥,하미나,권호장,백남종,김성아,홍윤철,김재용,강대희,정혜선,하은희 대한산업의학회 2001 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.13 No.2

취업 주부의 자녀 관리에 관한 연구 : 학령전 자녀를 중심으로

강영자,김혜연 대전대학교 기초과학연구소 1990 自然科學 Vol.1 No.-

본 연구는 가정과 사회라는 이중역할 속에서 취업주부가 수행해야 하는 가사노동의 한 측면으로 자녀관리를 인식하고, 자녀관리 만족도와 관계가 있는 변수들을 파악함으로써 이상적인 자녀관리를 위한 기초자료를 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이러한 연구목적을 위하여 학령전 자녀를 가지고 있고 직업이 교사인 취업주부들을 대상으로 실증조사를 실시하였는데 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 취업주부 가정의 주부와 남편은 자녀관리에 소비하는 시간이 많으며, 휴일에는 다른 가사노동보다도 자녀관리를 위해 대부분의 시간을 소비한다. 또한 주부가 취업할 경우 남편은 자녀관리의 책임을 분담하는 시간이 늘어난다. 2. 취업주부가정의 대리자녀관리자는 시어머니, 친정어머니와 같은 혈연관계의 가족이나 친척이 자녀관리를 대행하는 가정형의 유형이 많았다. 취업주부가 생각하는 이상적인 대리자녀관리자 유형은 자녀의 연령이 0-3세인 경우 가정형이었으며, 자녀의 연령이 4-7세인 경우 시장형이었다. 3. 취업주부의 자녀 관리 만족도는 약간 불만족한 수준으로 자녀발달에 대해서는 약간 만족했지만, 자녀관리에 전체자녀관리에 소비하는 시간에 비해 자녀관리시간에 대한 만족수준은 매우 낮았다. 대리 자녀관리자와 전체자녀관리에 대한 만족수준은 중간정도였다. 4. 자녀관리만족도에 유의한 차이를 가져오는 변수는 주부의 연령과 대리자녀관리자 유형이었다. 가족크기에 따라 대리자녀관리자에 대한 만족도에는 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 자녀발달만족도에 유의한 차이를 가져오는 변수는 주부의 연령, 막내의 연령, 주부의 자녀관리시간이었다. 사회심리적 변수와 남편의 자녀관리 시간은 자녀관리만족도에 유의한 차이를 가져오지 않았다. The purpose of this study is to present the fundamental data for the desirable pre-school age child-care of working wives. For this purpose, questionnaire is given to the working wives who are teachers and have pre-school age children. frequences, percent ANOVA were used in analysis of the data. Major results are : 1. As working wives have the time constrants for child-care, they try to have more time in holiday and their husbands are supportive. 2. Workingwives have chosen the family type child-care and it is considered ideal type among all types. 3. Workingwives are dissatisfied with child-care. 4. There is significant difference in child-care satisfaction and sub satisfaction according to the wife's age, family size, type of child-care, the youngest's age, wife's child-care time.

남자대학생의 흡연태도와 행동에 관한 연구

강경진,김정미,민혜영,안소진,오경숙,은경희,이현,이희선,홍주미,김수지 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2003 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.37

There have been so many researches about problems of cigarettes and relation of smoking and heath since 1950's and generally known that smoking is one of the worst factor of increasing disease and mortality. No matter what such many proofs about various problems of smoking have been researched, smoking rate of current male collage students has not been decreased. Besides, most of the researches about cigarette use and its addiction have been focused on the adolescent or adult women smokers or adult male, not male collage student. Therefore, the subject of this study is about smoking attitude and smoking behavior of male collage students by general features. Smoking attitude was analyzed by modifying 'Guidelines for the content of tobacco smoking surveys of the general population'(WHO, 1982). Two hundred of male collage students participated to the distributed questionnaire for one week in May. The smoking attitude was categorized into duration of smoking and number of cigarette per day(CPD), and nicotine dependency, investigated by Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire(FTQ) (Fagerstorm & Schneider, 1989). All statistics were performed by procedure of SAS according to number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and ANOVA. The results are as follows: 1. Smoking attitude level was mean 25.73±5.15 marks, ranging from 13 to 39 marks of the total 40 marks. 2. Duration of cigarettes, number of cigarette per day, and nicotine dependency were mean 5.14±2.84 years, 12.88±6.85 pieces, and 4.78±1.69, respectively. 3. Smoking attitude showed significance according to general features such as marital state and allowance, but the significance according to marital state is not valuable because the numerical difference is so big between married one and single that they cannot be compared with each other. 4. Duration of smoking was significant according to general features such as age and allowance. 5. Smoking amount showed significance the factors of age only. 6. ll1ere was no significance in nicotine dependency according to general features. As a result, smoking attitude of male collage student in this study shows moderate level. Smoking attitude and duration is significant according to allowance, and smoking amount is significant according to age. Nicotine dependency according to general features is not significant but comparing with the preceding study about adult male, male collage students in this study are respectively more nicotine-dependent than adult male smokers. In conclusion, the right allowance usage strategies and effective heath education focused on the young are needed. In addition, helpful programs and information spreading strategies are necessary for establishing higher level of smoking attitude. At last, systemic regulations in daily living for ""anti-nico-dependent"" and perspective reforming of male university student are needed for reducing nicotine dependency.

유기산 완충용액의 포화도가 상아질의 탈회에 미치는 영향

강혜실,이찬영 大韓齒科保存學會 2004 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.29 No.5

The purpose of this study is to compare and to evaluate the effects of the degree of saturation on the progression of artificial root caries lesion. A total of 8 human premolars without any defects and cracks selected and the cementum were removed and the teeth were cleaned with ultrasonic device and pumice without fluoride. Each tooth was sectioned into 6 pieces and they were ground with #800 sandpaper until they had a thickness of 200 ㎛. Specimens were applied with nail vanish except for the 2-3 mm window area after application of bonding agent. Under the constant pH, the specimens were divided into 6 groups (degree of saturation: 0.1415, 0.1503, 0.1597, 0.1676, 0.1771. 0.1977). Each group was immersed in acid buffer solution for 1, 2, 3, 5 days under controlled temperature (25℃) and imbibed in water and examined using the polarizing microscope. The results were as follows 1. Although the degree of saturation of demineralization solution decreased, the depth of penetration in the dentin was constant. 2. Erosion was observed on the surface of all the teeth in the group Ⅰ, Ⅱ. In the group Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ, surfaces were not changed. The teeth in the group Ⅵ showed the more mineralized surface but not the shape of the dentinal tubules distinctively. 3. In all groups, the lesion progressed rapidly at the first day of the experiment, but increased gradually as time elapsed.