한국, 미국, 스웨덴의 소비문화 비교 -성별, 세대별 차이를 중심으로-

김선우 ( Sunwoo Kim ) 한국소비자학회 2013 소비자학연구 Vol.24 No.3

본 연구는 시장이 세계화되고 글로벌기업의 활동이 활발해지면서 소비문화 이해의 중요성이 점점 더 커지고 있다는 점에 착안하여 한국, 미국, 스웨덴 삼국의 소비문화를 비교하고 성별, 세대별 소비문화 차이를 살펴보았다. 한국, 미국 및 스웨덴 삼국의 20~40대 성인 각 500명 등 총 1,500명을 조사대상으로 온라인조사를 실시하였으며, 조사도구는 김선우와 김난도(2011)의 연구에서 개발된 소비문화 차원 척도를 적용하였다. 연구결과, 세 국가에서 모두 상징지향적 소비수준보다 기능지향적 소비수준이 높게 나타났고, 사회지향적 소비수준보다 개인지향적 소비수준이 더 높게 나타나 소비의 의미는 보편적으로 기능적이고 개인적인 특성를 지닌다고 할 수 있다. 한국, 미국, 스웨덴의 소비문화적 특징을 살펴보면, 한국은 집단주의 문화권에 속하여 타자승인지향적이고 미국은 개인주의 문화권의 영향으로 개인지향적이었으며, 한국과 미국이 상징적 소비성향이 높은데 반하여 스웨덴은 전반적으로 소비성향이 낮고 개인적 기능지향 차원에 대한 고려가 발견되었다. 성별과 연령대에 따른 소비문화 수준을 살펴본 결과, 상징적 소비차원에서 두드러진 차이를 발견할 수 있었다. 성별에 따라서는 여성이 개인적 상징에 더 큰 비중을 두는 반면 남성은 사회적 상징에 상대적으로 더 큰 비중을 두고 있었다. 한편 젊은 층일수록 상징 차원의 소비수준이 더 높게 나타났는데, 기능적 소비차원의 경우 성별과 연령대에 따른 차이가 상대적으로 미미하거나 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 글로벌마케팅에 대한 시사점을 도출해보면, 한국에서는 사회적 상징, 미국에서는 개인적 상징으로 소구하고 스웨덴에서는 기능적 혜택을 제공하는 것이 중요하다. 또한 여성은 개인적 상징에 더 어필하며 남성에게는 사회적 상징을 강조하는 것이 소구 포인트가 될 수 있겠다. 아울러, 20대는 상징적 소비에 매 우 적극적이었으므로 20대를 대상으로 한 마케팅 커뮤니케이션을 원활하게 하기 위해서는 20대가 원하는 상징의 기원 및 유포과정에 대한 보다 심층적인 후속연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다. In the era of globalization since 1990``s, many global companies are actively pursuing crosscultural consumer understanding for optimized marketing decision. A lot of marketing efforts may be wasted or even hurt its brand due to the cultural or linguistic failure. With this background, culture has been a major research theme in the field of consumer studies, business management and consumer psychology. But the early researches with cross-cultural perspectives were mostly adopted qualitative ethnographic research methods to understand various aspects of the consumer culture. Empirical researches for cross-cultural consumer understanding from the global point of view are still emerging area. This research aimed to understand consumer culture and investigate gender and generation difference in the global context. An online survey was conducted to the 1,500 respondents in 20``s to 40``s of three metropolitan cities in Republic of Korea, USA and Sweden: Seoul, New York, and Stockholm. The dimensions and measures of consumer culture were adopted which was developed by S. Kim and R. Kim in 2011. Shortly introducing the dimensions and measures of consumer culture, consumer culture can be defined as an interaction of meaning via consumer goods, and herein, a meaning and an interactivity can be the main analysis unit. A consumer culture is classified into two dichotomies by meaning and interactivity; functional-symbolic and individual-social. These two dichotomies are combined into a 2×2 cross-classification, and four-celled dimensions of consumer culture are produced; individual-functional, socio-functional, individual-symbolic and socio-symbolic. Each dimension has two sub-dimensions; ‘economical efficiency’ and ‘frugality’ (individual-functional dimension), ‘fun pursuing’ and ‘self expression’(individual-symbolic dimension), ‘approval by others’ and ‘brand-good preference’(socio-symbolic dimension), and ‘ethical action’ and ‘pro-environmental action’(socio-functional dimension). The main findings from the study are as below. First, consumption is dominantly perceived as a functional and individual human activity with the finding that the functional consumption level was apparently higher than the symbolic and the individual consumption level was higher than the social. There was no significant difference in the ‘economical efficiency’ by country while it was scored around 4 points among 5 points likert type scale. ‘Economical efficiency’ is perceived as the main consideration point for consumers in the developed market economy countries to achieve a consumption task. Second, Korean consumers scored higher in ‘approval by others’ based upon their collectivism culture, while American consumers concerned more on ‘self expression’ influenced by their individualism culture. Swedish preferences were more located in individual-functional dimension, while Korean and American were striving more individual or social symbolic consumption. This finding supports the theory that culture and consumption is interdependent. Third, there was an apparent difference in symbolic consumption by gender and generation but there was no significant difference by age and generation in the functional consumption. By gender, female was more focused on individual symbol but social symbol and ‘brand good preference’ was more important to western male. This is an evidence that the consumption is a mechanism to form and reinforce culture and habitualize its fixed stereotype systematically. In the perspective of generation, the younger was attached more to the symbolic consumption than the older. Generational commons were found in 30``s and 40``s in Korea and 20``s and 30``s in America and sweden. This can be explained that the maturity of the market economy and that of the consumer culture is closely related with each other. In western society, the market economy was already matured in early 1970``s and the generation X in 30``s and the early 40``s is the first generation born to be a consumer. But Korea was transformed to the consumption society after the middle of 1980``s and the generation Y in their 20``s and early 30``s has its own identity as homo consumens. One more discussion point from the generation difference perspective is that the younger in America and Sweden is more eager to the ethical and pro-environmental consumption activity while the older has higher tendency in the socio-functional consumption activities in Korea. This can be explained that the long civic engagement tradition in the western country affects consumer culture as well. To expand ethical and pro-environmental consumption in young generation, it is important for them to provide an well-organized education program to reinforce Korean civil society and enhance their identity as consumer citizen. This research tried to provide business managerial implication from the global marketing``s point of view and ultimately to contribute to the expansion of empirical consumer culture study. The research findings imply several managerial implications for efficient global marketing. Frist, Korean``s aspiration is a social symbol but an individual symbol appeals to American, while Swedish is mainly focusing on the functional benefits. In addition, female prefers to individual symbols but social symbols are the key for the male targeted marketing. Furthermore, Y generation in their 20``s and in early 30``s is eager to consume the symbolic images, which need to be deeply explored more on to understand the nature of the symbols and their preferred touch points. This research has some limitations as below. First, this research didn``t limit the product category and measured the overall consumer culture. If the different category dynamics can be considered in the future research, it will be much more clear to understand the cultural differences and to provide more sharpened implications. Furthermore, there was a tendency of lower score in some question items from Swedish consumers even though the author tried to make a best effort to achieve equivalence of the measures. More thorough approach should be considered to understand the cross-cultural differences in the response styles for the elaborate cross-cultural comparison study. Finally, this research only included countries with matured market economy but it is suggested to consider developing countries or eastern european countries as well to investigate the consumer adjustment process and their identity as consumer.

固體傳播音 및 構造體의 遮音實態

김선우,Kim, Sun-Woo 한국음향학회 1991 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.10 No.3

공간자료에 대한 지리적 가중회귀 모형과 크리깅의 비교

김선우,정애란,이성덕,Kim Sun-Woo,Jeong Ae-Ran,Lee Sung-Duck 한국통계학회 2005 응용통계연구 Vol.18 No.2

공간상관이 존재하는 지리통계 자료(geostatistical data)에 대하여 일반적으로 널리 사용되는 Kriging 모형과 통계학적 공간자료 분석모형인 지리적 가중회귀 모형을 고려하고, 미지의 위치에 대한 예측력을 비교해 본다. 두 모형의 예측력을 검토하기 위하여 환경부 자료를 실증사례로 활용한다. 전국의 116개 대기오염 측정망에서 얻은 1999년의 월별 일산화탄소(Co/ppm) 자료의 평균을 구하여 Kriging모형과 지리적 가중회귀 모형에 적합하고 미지의 위치를 예측하여 예측오차제곱합(PRESS)으로 각각의 방법에 대한 예측성능을 비교한다. Kriging methods as traditional spatial data analysis methods and geographical weighted regression models as statistical analysis methods are compared. In this paper, we apply data from the Ministry of Environment to spatial analysis for practical study. We compare these methods to performance with monthly carbon monoxide observations taken at 116 measuring area of air pollution in 1999.

위암 환자의 위절제술 후 식도산도의 변화와 운동장애

김선우,이상호,Kim Seon-woo,Lee Sang-Ho 대한위암학회 2004 대한위암학회지 Vol.4 No.4

Purpose: Some patients develop gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) after a gastrectomy for stomach cancer. Therefore, we conducted this research to gain an understanding of esophageal acidity and motility change. Materials and Methods: From July 2002 to March 2004, the cases of 15 randomized patients with stomach cancer who underwent a radical subtotal gastrectomy (RSG) with Billroth I(B-I) reconstruction (n=12) or a radical total gastrectomy (RTG) with Roux-en-Y (R-Y) gastroenterostomy (n=3) were analyzed. We investigated the clinical values of the ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring and esophageal manometry in these patients, just before discharge from the hospital after an operation. Results: GERD was present in three patients ($20\%$). Compared with two reconstructive procedures, 3 of the 12 patients in the RSG with B-I group had GERD; however, none of RTG with R-Y group had GERD. Compared with pathologic stage, 2 of 9 patients in stage I, 1 of 2 patients in stage II, none of 3 patients in stage III, and none of 1 patient in stage IV had GERD. Esophageal manometry was performed in 10 patients. Nonspecific esophageal motility disorder (NEMD) was present in 7 patients. Conclusion: Some patients had GERD as a complication following a gastrectomy for stomach cancer. We suspect that the postoperative esophageal symptom is due to not only bile reflux but also gastroesophageal acid reflux. Therefore, careful observation is recommended for the detection of GERD. 목적: 위암 환자의 위절제술 후 발생하는 가슴 쓰림, 역류, 비심인성흉통 등 식도증상의 원인규명을 위해 위절제술 후 식도 산도 변화와 운동장애를 알 수 있는 24시간 보행성 식도 산도 검사(일부 환자에서 식도 내압 검사를 병행)를 실시하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2002년 7월부터 2004년 3월까지 위암으로 Billroth I을 시행한 환자와 위전절제술을 시행한 환자 중 무작위로 선택한 15예를 대상으로 술 후 음식 섭취 후 퇴원 전에 24시간 보행성 식도 산도 검사를 시행하였다. 산 역류의 양성 판정은 DeMeester 점수를 사용하여 점수 14.72 이상을 양성으로 하였고, 증상지수는 증상을 보인횟수 중 실제로 산도(pH)가 4 이하였던 경우를 나타내는 것으로 양성판정은 증상지수 $50\%$ 이상인 경우로 하였다. 결과: 무작위로 선택되어 검사한 15예 중 산역류양성 (DeMeester 14.72 이상)을 보인 예는 총 3예($20\%$)로 분석 되었다. 그 중 술 식에 따른 분포는 Billroth I경우는 총 12예 중 3예($25\%$)에서 양성반응을 보였고 위전절제술을 시행한 환자는 3예 중 양성반응을 보인 예가 없었다. 병기에 따른 분포는 각각 I (2예/9예), II (1예/2예), III (0예/3예), IV(0예/1예)였다. 10예에서 식도 내압 검사를 병행하였는데 그 중 7예에서 비특이적 식도운동장애로 분석되었다. 결론: 위암 환자의 위절제술 후 산 역류로 인한 위식도 역류질환이 발생했다. 위암수술로 Billroth I 재건술 후 생기는 위식도역류 증상은 담즙역류뿐만 아니라 위산 역류에 의해서도 생긴다.

스타트업 나우 - 카프만 인덱스(Kauffman Index)를 통해 본 2015 미국의 창업활동(II)

김선우,박기윤,Kim, Seon-U,Park, Gi-Yun 과학기술정책연구원 2015 과학기술정책 Vol.- No.205

만성 치주염 환자에서 2형 당뇨병이 $PGE_2$, MMP-14 및 TIMP의 발현양상에 미치는 영향

김선우,박진우,서조영,이재목,Kim, Seon-Woo,Park, Jin-Woo,Suh, Jo-Young,Lee, Jae-Mok 대한치주과학회 2007 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.37 No.4

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to compare and quantify the expression of $PGE_2$, MMP-14 and TIMP-1 in the gingival tissues of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy adults of chronic periodontitis with alveolar bone resorption. Material and methods: Gingival tissue samples were obtained during periodontal surgery or tooth extraction. According to the patient's systemic condition & clinical criteria of gingiva, each gingival sample was devided into three groups. Group 1 (n=8) is clinically healthy gingiva without bleeding and no evidence of bone resorption or periodontal pockets, obtained from systemically healthy 8 patients. Group 2 (n=8) is inflammed gingiva from patients of chronic periodontitis with alveolar bone resorption. Group 3(n=8) is inflammed gingiva from patients of chronic periodontitis with alveolar bone resorption associated with type 2 diabetes. Tissue samples were prepared and analyzed by Western blotting. The quantification of $PGE_2$ MMP-14 and TIMP-1 were performed using a densitometer and statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Results: The expressions of MMP-14 and TIMP-1 were showed increasing tendency in group 2 & 3 compared to group 1. The expressions of $PGE_2$, MMP-14 were showed increasing tendency in group 3 compared to group 1 and group 2. According to MMP-14 levels were increasing, $PGE_2$ showed increasing tendency in group 3, and although $PGE_2$, MMP-14 levels were increasing, TIMP-1 levels were similar expressed comparing to group 2. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the expression levels of MMP-14 and TIMP-1 had increasing tendency in inflammed tissue. It can be assumed that $PGE_2$ and MMP-14 may be partly involved in alveolar bone resorptive process and the progression of periodontal inflammation associated to type 2 DM.

스마트 의류 라벨 표준화에 관한 연구

김선우,김성민,박창규,Kim, Sun Woo,Kim, Sungmin,Park, Chang Kyu 한국섬유공학회 2021 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.58 No.4

This study aimed to provide basic data for standardizing smart garment labels by deriving a smart garment labeling model and certification test items. For this, the labels of 175 smart garments and the relevant certification standards on the market were analyzed to investigate the actual status and problems of the current smart garment label and certification test. A Delphi technique that draws consensus from experts was used to derive the smart garment labeling model and test items. To secure the reliability and validity of the research, two sessions of the modified Delphi survey were conducted with experts having more than 10 years of experience, including researchers and professors. Based on this, a common authentication standard for smart garments and individual standards for the functions of each device have been proposed.

바닥 衝擊音 遮音性能基準 및 等級化에 관한 硏究(Ⅱ)

김선우,손철봉,송용식,장길수,이태강,국찬,김재수,한명호,Kim, Sun-Woo,Son, Chul-Bong,Song, Yong-Sik,Jang, Gil-Soo,Lee, Tae-Kang,Kook, Chan,Kim, Jae-Soo,Han, Myung-Ho 한국음향학회 1990 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.9 No.4

국내 설정에 적합한 차음성능기준 및 등급화 방안을 설정하기 위하여 그 기초 연구단계로서 주민반응조사 및 차음성능수준을 측정하고, 차음성능 평가치와 생활감과의 상관관계를 분석 외국의 기존 평가기준곡선 적응가능성을 검토하였다. 분석결과 ISO에 의한 평가방법보다는 JIS에 의한 평가방법이 국내 공동주택의 경우에는 보다 합리적임을 파악하였고, 표준충격원은 경량 및 중량충격원을 사용하는 것이 타당하다고 판단된다. 또한 측정시 문제가 되는 63Hz 중심 주파수대역을 측정범위에서 제외하여도 차음성능 지수상의 오차는 무시할 수 있었다. This study aims to establish the appropriate class and standards of sound insulation performance, which are suitable for domestic conditions. For, these purpose, field surveys were conducted, correlationship between subjective response and impact sound insulation performance and then, the applicability of ISO and JIS evaluation method was reviewed. As a result, the JISs method is more advisable than the ISO to evaluate Impact sound insulation performance of domestic apartment house and it is desirable to use both light and heavy weight source (tapping machine, tire) as standard impact sources. And, whether including 63Hz bandwidth or not, the difference was recognized very small in calculating impact sound insulation index of JIS A 1419.

해양구조물 특수해석 : 선박충돌해석

김선우,신민용,정사교,Kim, Seon-U,Sin, Min-Yong,Sin, Min-Yong 한국전산구조공학회 2015 전산구조공학 Vol.28 No.2

가중치 차 영상과 움직임 벡터를 이용한 두드러진 움직임 정보 검출 방법

김선우,하태령,박춘배,최연성,Kim, Sun-Woo,Ha, Tae-Ryeong,Park, Chun-Bae,Choi, Yeon-Sung 한국정보통신학회 2007 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.11 No.4

비디오 감시를 위한 움직이는 객체의 검출은 매우 중요하다. 많은 환경에서 움직임은 관심 있는 움직임과 관심없는 움직임으로 나눌 수 있다. 관심 있는 움직임을 갖는 연구는 이미 많은 논의가 있어 왔다. 이 논문에서, 우리는 최신의 MPEG-4 EPZS 알고리즘을 이용한 움직임 벡터로부터 많은 움직임을 갖는 블록 영상을 구한 뒤, 시간에 대한 가중치를 부여한 차 영상과의 결합에 의한 복합적인 환경에서의 현저한 움직임 검출 방법을 제안한다. 우리의 방법은 기존의 배경 차 방법과 비교하여 눈에 띄게 좋은 결과영상을 얻을 수 있었다. 제안된 검출 방법은 다른 움직임의 간섭이 있는 복잡한 환경에서의 객체검출에 매우 효과적이다. Moving object detection is very important for video surveillance in modern days. In special case, we can categorize motions into two types-salient and non-salient motion. In this paper, we first calculate temporal difference image for extract moving objects and adapt to dynamic environments and next, we also propose a new algorithm to detect salient motion information in complex environment by combining temporal difference image and binary block image which is calculated by motion vector using the newest MPEG-4 and EPZS, and it is very effective to detect objects in a complex environment that many various motions are mixed.