한국전쟁 초기 중국군 조기파병을 둘러싼 스탈린, 마오쩌둥, 김일성의 동상이몽

김동길 ( Dong Gil Kim ) 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2014 한국과 국제정치 Vol.30 No.2

중국의 한국전쟁 참전에 관한 기존 연구는, 미국이 38선을 돌파하지 않았다면 중국의 참전도 없었을 것이란 주장이 주류를 이룬다. 그러나 최근 공개된 중국과 러시아의 당안 자료들은 유엔군과 한국군이 수세에 몰려있던 7~8월에 이미 마오쩌둥과 김일성이 중국군 파병을 적극 희망하고 있었음을 보여준다. 중국은 "미군의 38선 돌파 후 중국군 참전"이라는 스탈린과의 약속에도 불구하고, 혁명성과 보존, 대만문제 해결, 북한에 대한 영향력 확보 등을 위해 조기파병을 희망했고, 그 뜻을 북한과 소련에 전달했다. 마오쩌둥은 중국군 조기파병을 최소비용으로 최대효과를 낼 수 있는 수단으로 보았다. 그러나 유엔군의 인천상륙 이후 동요하기 시작했고, 38선 돌파 이후에는 참전 불가를 스탈린과 김일성에게 통보하기도 했다. 김일성을 비롯한 북한지도부는 미 공군의 폭격이 시작된 직후부터 자력으로 승리가 어렵다고 보고, 소련공군과 중국군의 참전을 스탈린에게 요청했다. 그러나 스탈린은 중국군 조기파병이 가져올 부정적 영향을 고려하여, 김일성과 마오쩌둥의 조기파병 요청에 동의하지 않았다. 주목할 것은 스탈린이 한국전쟁이 야기한 새로운 국제정세에 크게 만족하고 있었으며, 따라서 한국전쟁에 대한 목표를 속전속결에서 전쟁 장기화로 수정했다는 점이다. 이렇듯 스탈린, 마오쩌둥, 김일성은 한국전쟁 초기부터 각자 다른 꿈을 꾸고 있었다. Most of the existing researches on the intervention of China into the Korean War argued that if U.S. did not cross over the 38th parallel China would not intervene. But recently declassified China`s and Russia`s archive documents showed evidently that in July and August 1950 both Mao Zedong and Kim Il-sung wanted strongly to dispatch China`s troops to North Korea in period of U.S. and South Korean forces in extreme predicament. Notwithstanding the promise that only after the U.S. forces cross over the 38th parallel China would intervenes, Mao Zedong desired to send troops in early phase of the war, at aim of protecting China`s achieved revolution, solving Taiwan question, and acquiring influence on unified Korea. He regarded early dispatch of the China`s troops as a way of maximum gains with minimum costs. But after the landing of UN forces at Incheon, China`s determination for intervention was weakened gradually and sometimes decided even not to intervene. In the beginning of U.S. air force`s fire, North Korean leadership believed low possibility of victory through his own efforts and wanted for the participation of Soviet air force and China land force. However, considering negative effects of China`s early intervention, Stalin did not agree to Mao and Kim`s requests. It is noteworthy that Stalin satisfied with the new international situation produced after the war and changed his attitude towards the Korean War from quick victory to protracting it. In conclusion, Stalin, Mao Zedong, and Kim Il-sung dreamed different dreams respectively from the early phase of the Korean War.

출생후 흰쥐 구치의 발육에 따른 치수의 신경지배 발달에 관한 면역조직화학적 연구

김영진,남순현,배용철,김동길,김현정 大韓小兒齒科學會 1996 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.23 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the postnatal development of pulpal innervation with the tooth development and eruption process in developing rat mandibular molars (postnatal 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 35day-old and adult rats). Immunohistochemical method was carried out for the detection of nerve fibers, using the antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP). The results were as follows: The feature of CGRP-IR nerve fibers were shown in a bead-like appearance. The time of nerve entering into the dental papilla of tooth follicle began at the occured advanced dentinogenesis. The development of Raschkow plexus began at the formative stage of the roots and was accelerated at the stage of the crown emerged into the oral cavity. The number of nerve fibers entering the odontoblastic layer increased with the tooth eruption and mastication. The development of innervation was shown to be related with the stage of the development of individual teeth rather than the chronological age of the rat.

소양호에서 인의 존개 형태별 분포에 관하여 : The Distribution of Phosphorus Fractions in Lake Soyang

김범철,허우명,황길순,김동섭,최광순 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1996 環境硏究 Vol.13 No.-

The distribution of phosphorus in Lake Soyang from January 1985 to August 1992 was surveyed by the measurement of soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP), total dissolved phosphorus(DTP), and total phosphorus(TP) concentration. SRP concentration was in the range of 2~7㎎/㎥ in epilimnion, and 4~200㎎P/㎥ in hypolimnion. The vertical distribution pattern of SRP showed a large difference with the season. SRP concentration decereased during the growing season of phytoplankton in the epilimnion of Lake Soyang and increased in hypolimnion during the oxygen depletion. Higher concentration near the bottom implies they are diffused from the bottom sediment where organic particles are settled and degraded. SRP, DOP, POP and TP concentration was higher in the meralimnion of Lake Soyang in rainy season It might be related with storm runoff. General trend of TP variation is that the TP concentration of water column is increasing substantially from yeat to year. TP concentration in the surface water increased from 5㎎P/㎥ at 1985 to 20㎎P/㎥ at 1992.

치아의 발육 및 맹출에 따른 신경지배의 발달

김동길 慶北大學校 齒科大學 1995 慶北齒大論文集 Vol.12 No.2

치아의 발육 및 맹출에 따른 신경지배의 발달을 관찰하기 위하여 출생후 1,5,10,15,20,25,35일 된 백서 및 성장이 완료된 백서 각 5마리씩 총 40마리의 하악 구치를 대상으로 neurofilament protein(NFP)과 calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)의 항체를 이용한 면역조직화학적방법을 사용하였으며 결론은 아래와 같다. . NFP 면역반응 신경섬유보다 CGRP면역반응 신경섬유의 분포밀도가 높게 나타났다. 그러나 NFP 면역반응 신경섬유는 비교적 선이 명확한 외형을 나타내는 반면 CGRP 면역반응 신경섬유는 외형이 거칠면서 염주알 모양을 나타냈다. . 치수내 신경섬유의 진입은 상아질 형서이 시작되는 시기였다. Raschkow plexus는 치근형성시기 부터 발달하여 치아가 구강내로 맹출되면서 보다 발달되었다. 조상아세포층으로 진입하는 신경섬유도 치아가 구강내로 맹출하면서 밀도가 높아졌다. . 치조점막상피의 신경지배는 치아의 발육 및 맹출과 관련하여 발달하였다. 치주인대의 신경지배도 치근 형성과 함께 발달하였다. . 신경지배 발달은 역연령(chronological age)보다 치아연령(dental age)에 따르는 것으로 나타났다. The purpsoe of this study was to investigate the postnatal development of dental innervation with the tooth development and eruption process in developing rat mandibular molars(postnatal 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 35day-old and adult rats). Immunohistochemical method was carried out for the detection of nerve fibers, using the antibodies against neurofilament protein(NEP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP). The results were as follows: 1. The distribution of CGRP immunoreactive(IR) nerve fibers was more densely detected than the NFP-IR nerve fibers. The feature of CGRP-IR nerve fibers were shown in a bead-like appearance and that was more frequently revealed in nerve terminal and immature stages of development. 2. The time of nerve entering into the dental papilla of tooth follicle began at the occured advanced dentinogenesis. The development of Raschkow plexus began at the formative stage of the roots and was accelerated at the stage of the crown emerged into the oral cavity. The number of nerve fibers entering the odontoblastic layer increased with the tooth eruption and mastication. 3. The development of the innervation in the alveolar mucosa was represented associated with dental development and erupiton. The innervation of preiodontal ligament developed according to the eruption of tooth. 4. The development of innervation was shown to be related with the stage of the development of individual teeth rather than the chronological age of the rat.

Poly ethylene terephthalate의 저온결정화에 의한 미세구조의 변화

김동건,진영길 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2002 농업생명과학연구 Vol.36 No.4

용융상태로부터 급랭한 PET의 무정형 상태는 용융온도에 크게 영향을 받아 용융온도가 낮은 경우에는 랜덤한 분자쇄 배열보다 결정화가 용이한 무정형구조를 나타내었으며 높은 용융온도에서 급랭한 경우에도 100℃의 저온 열처리에 의해 결정화시키면 부분적으로 분자쇄의 재배열이 일어나 결정화가 용이한 무정형구조로 변화하여 가는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 저온결정화에 의한 발열피크가 열처리에 의해 저온쪽으로 이동하는 현상도 이러한 열처리에 의해 질서가 상대적으로 높은 무정형구조가 되기 때문으로 생각된다. 무정형 PET의 저온열처리에 의한 결정화의 과정은 무정형구조가 부분적 또는 단계적으로 질서화됨으로써 결정화가 이루어진다고 생각된다. Preparing amorphous PET films which were quenched after being melted at various temperature, we examined a change of micro structure by the cold-crystallization using DSC, XRD and TEM. The amorphous PET films quenched from the melting condition were largely influenced by the melting temperature. The PET films showed the amorphous structure that is easier to crystallize than the random molecular chain arrangement under the low melting temperature. Also, in the case of high melting temperature, the PET films were changed into the amorphous structure that is easy to crystallize by the portional rearrangement of molecular chain as a result of the 100 degree low annealing treatment. The phenomenon, the exothermic peaks by"the cold-crystallization move to the low temperature owing to the annealing treatment, can be also explained by the well-ordered amorphous structure by this annealing treatment. A crystallization process of the amorphous PET films by the low temperature annealing treatment is accomplished by the portional and gradual order of amorphous structure.

수분흡수가 섬유강화 고분자 복합판의 기계적 성질에 미치는 영향

김혁,한길영,이동기 조선대학교 생산기술연구소 1995 生産技術硏究 Vol.17 No.1

Nowadays, it is common and becoming more popular to use fiber-reinforced polymeric composites(FRP) in order to reduce the lightweight of the structures such as marine vehicles, automobiles and airplane. It investigates the residual strength characteristics of composite under the environment of high temperature and humidity. The residual strength of FRP is known to be greatly influenced by temperature, humidity etc. In this context, the hygrothermal effect of changing the fiber contents and orientation are investigated in order to provide better residual strength characteristics. When exposed long terms in high temperature and humidity, the randomly oriented composites is to be more stable than the unidirection one.

국악감상수업을 위한 멀티미디어 학습자료개발 : 초등학교 3, 4학년을 중심으로

김동현,채길룡,오한숙 光州敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 2002 初等敎育硏究 Vol.17 No.-

Emphasis of Korean classical music has been greatly placed on the music course since the 6th curriculum, and it is more laid in the 7th curriculum; the content is more detailed and Korean classical music of materials in music textbook amounts to 38% - increased 10% compared to the 6th curriculum. Now is rather to devise data to enable 'esthetical experience' of Korean classical music by providing certain 'experience activity' program and develop data to be effectively used in the field than to discuss weight of Korean classical music education. Therefore, this study attempts to develop appreciation data with computer and multimedia to be used as teaching and learning data in the appreciation area, which specially teachers suffer from how to guide, among several areas of Korean classical music. For such objective, the music course of the third and fourth grader was analyzed to draw a teaching and learning objective and a viewpoint of appreciation, materials of Korean classical music were examined in textbook, and various multimedia data and related website to improve teaching effect were surveyed, arranged and made into PowerPoint data. In addition, students' interest in learning and results of the performance evaluation were compared by application of the produced multimedia data to the actual field class to verify effect of data use. As a result of comparison of results of students' interest in Korean classical music appreciation class before and after application of the produced data, use of the data influenced improvement of students' interest in Korean classical music class. Also, as a result of making the field teachers who are interested in Korean classical music class examine the data, they responded that the data is very useful for improvement of the field Korean classical music class. Results of this study are summarized as follows; A. In Korean classical music class, data enabling broad experience and musical practice through application of the varied multimedia dta out of monotonous listening-centered class was developed. B. Out of the limited educational environment by improvement of teaching and learning method with ICT, self-directional learning was enabled in consideration of learner's level and interest.

용접비드 형상예측 시스템 개발에 관한 연구

김일수,손준식,박창언,서주환,장경천,이동길 朝鮮大學校 機械技術硏究所 2005 機械技術硏究 Vol.8 No.2

Generally, the use of robots in manufacturing industry has been increased during the past decade. GMA(Gas Metal Arc) welding is an actively growing area and many new procedures have been developed for use with high strength alloys. One of the basic requirement for welding applications is to study relationships between process parameters and bead geometry. The objective of this paper is to develop a new approach involving the use of neural network and multiple regression methods in the prediction of bead geometry for GMA welding process and to develop an intelligent system that enables the prediction of bead geometry using Rapid Prototyping(RP) in order to employ the robotic GMA welding processes. This system developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK, could be effectively implemented not only for estimating bead geometry, but also employed to monitor and control the bead geometry in real time

출토유물에 수착되어진 직물의 재질특성

김동건,진영길 한국의류산업학회 2003 한국의류산업학회지 Vol.5 No.3

Some of historical textiles were analyzed to identify the imprinted textures on the metal remains of Ilaengveup(a horse strap pendant) and Doja (a knife), which were excavated in the ruins of Hwangsung-dung, Kyungju city in the fifth century and textiles imprinted on the human bones that were excavated in the Pungnac 4th Area, Natnyan6i county in the sixteenth century. The results analyzed are as follows ; It was confirmed that the imprinted textures of Haengyeup and Doja are white ramie since the structural characteristics of cellulosic hast fibers, partially pn ected long oval cross sections with large lumens and the imprinted textures of human bones are silk fabrics since the triangular cross sections of fibroin is showed. All of the textiles were designed in plain weaves. In the case of weaving yarns, the warp threads were thicker than the weft threads, that is, the imprinted textures of Haengyeup were measured by 1.35 mm for warp and 1.21 mm for weft, and the Doja by 1.16mm for warp and 1.11 mm for weft, In connection with the direction of the yarn twist, the Z-twist were observed in the imprinted textures of human bones, whereas it presented the S-twist in the case of Haengyeup and Doja. The warp yarns were mostly harder twisted than the weft yarns on the amounts of twist, that is, it was observed that the case of Haengyeup were amounted to 0.33 twists per centimeter for warp yarns and 0.25 twists per centimeter for weft yarns. Also it was showed 0.32 twists per centimeter for warp yarns and 0.26 twists per centimeter in the case of the textures of human bones. On the fabric counts, it was showed that the finer the yarns the higher the densities since it were 4.3x5.1 threads per sqaure centimeters and 7.6x7.1 threads per sqaure centimeters each in the case of Haengyeup and Doja, whereas it was 18.2x33.7 threads per sqaure centimeters in the case of the textures of human bones.

관동맥 우회로술 중 경식도 심초음파도로 관찰한 도부타민 투여후와 우회로술후의 좌심실 국소벽운동

김희열,김종진,윤호중,유기동,박지원,이길환,노태호,채장성,김재형,홍순조,최규보 대한순환기학회 1997 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.27 No.8