북한 김정은 정권의 국가목표와 군사정책 방향: 새로운 위협 요소의 등장과 한국의 대응전

이영종(Lee, Young-jong) 한국전략문제연구소 2020 전략연구 Vol.27 No.1

지난 2018년 초 대남 유화국면으로 급전환하며 대미협상을 주축으로 한 새로운 생존 전술을 구사하는 모습을 연출한 김정은 북한 국무위원장은 약 2년 만인 2019년 말 노동당 중앙위원회 제7기 5차 전원회의 개최를 계기로 다시 강경 노선 쪽으로 선회하며 “조·미 간의 교착 상태는 불가피하게 장기성을 띠게 되어있다”고 선언했다. 세계적 대유행 양상을 빚고 있는 신종 코로나바이러스(코로나19)는 대북 문제에 대한 관련국들의 집중력을 떨어트리고 있으며, 북한 또한 ‘셀프제재’로까지 불리는 사실상의 교류·교역 전면차단 조치를 취하면서 방역에 전력투구하고 있다. 이런 상황 속에서 북한이 향후 어떤 전술이나 전략을 앞세워 대남, 대미 정책을 펼쳐나갈지는 한반도와 주변 정세에 결정적 영향을 미칠 수 있는 변수가 될 수 있다. 하지만 2012년 김정은 체제 등장 이후에 북한의 핵 실험과 장거리 미사일 도발이 이어졌음에도 불구하고 이에 대한 면밀한 연구나 대응책 마련이 북한의 국가목표나 군사정책 차원에서 깊이 있게 다뤄지지 못한 측면이 있다. 김정은 집권 이후 통치노선이나 스타일에서 드러난 두드러진 특징 가운데 하나는 ‘국가’로서의 북한체제를 공식화하고 부각시키고 있다는 점이다. 김정은 스스로 ‘국무위원회 위원장’이란 직함을 사용하고, ‘조선인민군 최고사령관’이란 호칭 대신 ‘조선민주주의인민공화국 무력 최고사령관’으로 칭해지고 있는 점에서도 이를 확인할 수 있다. 김정은 체제는 대남 및 대미 외교와 경제·사회 등의 분야에서 이전과 다른 전향적 조치들을 취함으로써 변화와 개혁·개방에 대한 기대를 불러일으키기도 했으나 △당 국가 체제의 유지 △핵보유국 지위 굳히기 △경제·핵 병진 노선과 그 변용 △대미접근과 미국에 대한 이중적 인식 등에서 북한 체제의 국가목표 근간이 그대로 유지·고수되고 있음을 드러내고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 김정은 정권의 중요한 국가 목표 중 하나는 핵과 미사일의 완성을 기반으로 하는 한반도 적화통일이며, 군사정책도 이런 대목에 초점이 맞춰진 것이다. 북한의 이런 국가목표나 군사정책에 대한 우리의 정책적 대응은 △북핵 불용에 대한 공감대 형성과 대북압박 △사실상의 ‘핵보유국’ 북한에 대한 현실적 대응 △개혁ㆍ개방 및 국제무대 유인 등이 고려될 수 있다. North Korea"s policy in the midst of rapid changes in the situation on the Korean Peninsula can have a major impact on inter-Korean relations and surrounding circumstances. The need for closer analysis on North Korea"s military policy directions, the nature of its national strategy as well as its nuclear weapon and missile has grown. The purpose of this article is to analyze the ultimate national goal and military policy direction pursued by the Kim Jong-un regime and to diagnose Korea"s counterstrategy. One of the prominent features of Kim Jong-un"s policy line after his inauguration was his emphasis on the North Korean regime as a “state”. The Kim Jong-un regime"s national goals and visions were presented concretely at the Labor Party"s 7th Labor Party Congress held in May 2016, setting a five-year strategic period for national economic development (2016-2020) and building a socialist economic power as a banner. Yet, more national goals and visions still remain undisclosed, considering most of them are often secretly established and promoted. North Korea"s appeasement toward South Korea and the United States since 2018 has changed the impression of the Kim Jong-un regime from an aggressive, provocative regime to open, reconciling and cooperation-oriented regime. However, North Korea showed no more than superficial and tactical gestures, failing to take fundamental actions like denuclearization. As military policy line of Kim Jong-un regime backed by nuclear missile weapon gets more sophisticated and belligerent, importance of South Korea"s countermeasures have grown. Strategic counteractions based on military power should be taken against North Korea’s two-sided strategy such as nuclear and missile provocations and unification frontline tactics. Furthermore, counter strategies that can closely analyze and cope with the United States and China’s policies refer to Korean Peninsula are nessesary.

Hepatic Cirrhosis Occurring in a Young Woodchuck(Marmota monax) Due to Vertical Transmission of Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus(WHV)

Kyu-shik Jeong,정원일,Jae-yong Chung,Mi-young An,Chae-yong Jung,Gyoung-jae Lee,Jong-soo Kang,Byeong-cheol Kang,Young-heun Jee,Bruce H Williams,Young-oh Kwon,Da-hee Jeong 대한수의학회 2003 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.4 No.2

Cirrhosis Occurring in a Young Woodchuck (Marmota monax) Due to Vertical Transmission of Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus (WHV)Da-hee Jeong, Won-il Jeong, Jae-yong Chung, Mi-young An, Chae-yong Jung, Gyoung-jae Lee1, Jong-soo Kang1, Byeong-cheol Kang2, Young-heun Jee3, Bruce H Williams4, Young-oh Kwon5 and Kyu-shik Jeong*College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea1Shinwon Scientific Co., LTD, Research Institute, Suwon, Korea2Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Korea3College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea

Comparison of trophic factors changes in the hippocampal CA1 region between the young and adult gerbil induced by transient cerebral ischemia.

Yan, Bing Chun,Park, Joon Ha,Kim, Sung Koo,Choi, Jung Hoon,Lee, Choong Hyun,Yoo, Ki-Yeon,Kwon, Young-Geun,Kim, Young-Myeong,Kim, Jong-Dai,Won, Moo-Ho Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2012 Cellular and molecular neurobiology Vol.32 No.8

<P>In the present study, we investigated neuronal death/damage in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) and compared changes in some trophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in the CA1 between the adult and young gerbils after 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia. Most of pyramidal neurons (89%) were damaged 4 days after ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) in the adult; however, in the young, about 59% of pyramidal neurons were damaged 7 days after I-R. The immunoreactivity and levels of BDNF and VEGF, not GDNF, in the CA1 of the normal young were lower than those in the normal adult. Four days after I-R in the adult group, the immunoreactivity and levels of BDNF and VEGF were distinctively decreased, and the immunoreactivity and level of GDNF were increased. However, in the young group, all of their immunoreactivities and levels were much higher than those in the normal young group. From 7 days after I-R, all the immunoreactivities and levels were apparently decreased compared to those of the normal adult and young. In brief, we confirmed our recent finding: more delayed and less neuronal death occurred in the young following I-R, and we newly found that the immunoreactivities of trophic factors, such as BDNF, GDNF, and VEGF, in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 in the young gerbil were much higher than those in the adult gerbil 4 days after transient cerebral ischemia.</P>

심혈관계 질환으로 관상질환 집중치료실에 입원한 환자들의 혜후 측정을 위한 APACHEⅢ점수 체계의 임상적 유용성

이공섭,이창선,최현주,홍종서,강지향,김도형,이민영,오인균,김병엽,김상억,김학찬,한승혜,이재용,지영우,안경주 대한순환기학회 2000 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.30 No.8

기관지 방선균증의 임상 1례

이은영,장태원,정만홍,옥철호,이규원,손창배,이지숙,신은경,서정아,백종현,김영옥 고신대학교의과대학 2007 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 Vol.22 No.2

Actinomycosis is a chronic suppurative infection, whitch infiltrates mucosa-associated tissues. Thoracic, pelvic and cervicofacial infections of actinomyces are not uncommon, but endobronchial actinomycosis is rarely reported. We report a case of a 29 year old man who presented with a recurrent pneumonia and chronic cough. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed occlusion of the right. lower medio-basal segment bronchus with exophytic endobronchial mass. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically by demonstration of sulfur granules in the bronchoscopic biopsy of the mass. Intravenous administration of amoxacillin and clindamycin followed by oral amoxacillin and clindamycin therapy resulted in complete recovery.

비지시적 지도방법에 의한 유아의 읽기와 쓰기 행동의 발달

이영자,이종숙 德成女子大學校 1985 德成女大論文集 Vol.14 No.-

Many studies(Clay, 1972; Rossman, 1980; Hildebreth, 1936; Schickedanz, 1978) showed that young children's reading-writing behaviors develop through certain fixed stages. To investigate whether Korean childern also follow similar developmental stages of reading, the authors of this study revised Clay and Rossman's reading development stages according to the results of a pilot study and proposed six hierachical stages of reading development. They are: (1) pre-reading stage, (2) making-up stage, (3) paraphrasing stage, (4) the stage of paraphrasing plus repeating actual words by memory, (5) the stage of paraphrasing plus reading actual words of the text, and (6) the stage of reading actual words of the text. The authors also proposed that there are two transitional stages between stages 1 and 2 and stages 5 and 6. The authors also revised the Hildebreth and Schickedanz' writing development stages as follow: (1) scribbling stage, (2) the stage of appearance of one or two distinctive features of print, (3) the stage of appearance of intentional markings that look like actual alphabet letters, (4) the stage of creating actual letters, (5) the stage creating actual words, and (6) the stage of creating sentences. The main purpose of this study were to see whether the development of reading and writing behavior followed the hypothesized stages in order and to examine the effects of undirective teaching method of reading. Besides of these purposes, this study had two additional purposes of seeing whether reading readiness had effects on young childen's development of reading and writing behaviors and of developing a good reading and writing readiness scale. For these purposes, 32 preschoolers of age 3 to 5, were selected from the kindergarten located in middle class neighbors on the basis of reading-writing readiness scores and classified into high and low readiness groups. Those who were able to read were excluded from the sample. A half of each group(while the other half served as controls) were observed individually during undirective reading sessions in which the children were read 4 storybooks and asked to read them back to the experimentet once everyweek over a three month period. The children's responses during these sessions were audiorecorede and transcribed on coding sheets afterwards. The data were analyzed with the stastical method of correlations and ANOVA. The results showed that preschooler's reading and writing behaviors progressed through the hypothesized stages and the undirective teaching method in reading facilitated their development. The results also showed that the reading and writing readiness scale consisting of subtests of visual discrimination, phonological awareness, and abilities of drawing basic lines, had a moderate predictability in reading and writing development in the future. Furthermore, this study demonstrated significant differences in reading ability between low and high readiness groups. The results of this study suggest that we, educators in early childhood education, should understand young children's reading-writing developmental stages and encourage them to read and write actively on their own level and to retain their initial interest in reading and writing. The results also imply that the undirective method of reading and writing could be a good example of such encouragement.

카드뮴의 중추신경계 독성유발 기전

이종화,장봉기,박종안,박종영,김완종,우기민 한국환경독성학회 2004 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.19 No.3

Although numerous studies have shown that cadmium disturbs the normal biological processes in central nervous system the mechanism of toxicity is not well understood The present study has investigated the effect of cadmium on oxidative stress, Na+/K- ATPase activity and the aggregation of amyloid beta peptide(β-amylotd) in neuronal cell Ime, HT22 cell LC_(5) and LC_(50) of cadmium for HT22 cell resulted from MTT assay was 4 1 μM and 9 5 μM, respectively Cadmium(2 to 8 μM) dose-dependently increased the lipid peroxidation and decreased the content of glutathione Cadmium 4 μM showed a significant decrease in Na^(-)/K^(+) ATPase activity as compared with control group The aggregation of P-amyloid was accelerated in a dose-dependent manner by the treatment with 2 to 8 μM cadmium These results suggest that the neurotoxicity of cadmium can be mediated by the increase in oxidative stress and decrease in Na^(-)/K^(+) ATPase activity.

위암 환자에서 세포성 면역 기능에 관한 연구

이재익,윤일국,이종선,김종완,장준,안정기,송민호,정현용,이헌영,김삼용,김영건 충남대학교 암연구소 1991 癌共同硏究所 硏究誌 Vol.1 No.1

We performed a variety of lymphocyte stimulation tests, delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, and enumeration of several lymphocyte subpopulations in 21 patients with gastric cancer who did not receive any form of anticancer therapy, and in 20 healthy controls. The gastric cancer patients had significantly decreased number and total score of positive reactions in delayed hypersensitivity skin tests compared with the healthy controls. The percent of CD_(4) positive lymphocytes in the gastric cancer patients was significantly decreased compared to the normal control subjects, but it had no correlation with the total score of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. The ratio of helper to suppressor cells was lower in the cancer group. The uptake of 3H-thymidine was markedly depressed in cancer patients when stimulated with various mitogens. There was little correlation between any of the stimulation tests and any of the lymphocyte subpopulation proportions to delayed hypersensitivity cutaneous reactions. Optimal proliferative response was found in lymphocytes stimulated with 10 micrograms of concanavalin-A and 10 microgram of phytohemagglutinin. Advanced stage patients had greatly depressed delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions and proliferative responses to mitogens compared with localized diseases. These results suggest that gastric cancer patients have depressed cellular immune functions, which mainly result from the decreased helper cells and defects in functional proliferative response to mitogens. Interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma restored the in vitro proliferative response of lymphocyte in patients with gastric cancer.

족저압력분포 측정장비를 이용한 골프 스윙시 족저압 분석

이동기,이중숙,이범진,이훈식,김용재,박승범,주종필 한국운동역학회 2005 한국운동역학회지 Vol.15 No.1

D. K. LEE, J. S. LEE, B. J. LEE, H. S. LEE, Y. J. KIM, S. B. PARK, J. P. JOO. PIantar foot pressure analysis during golf swing motion using plantar foot pressure measurement system. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 75-89, 2005. In this study, weight carrying pattern analysis and comparison method of four foot region were suggested. We used three types of club(driver, iron7, pitching wedge). This analysis method can compare between top class golfer and beginner. And the comparison data can be used to correct the swing pose of trainee. If motion analysis system, which can measure the swing speed and instantaneous acceleration at the point of hitting a ball, is combined with this plantar foot force analysis method, new design development of golf shoes to increase comfort and ball flight distance will be available. 1. Address acting, forces concentrated in rare foot regions and lateral foot of right foot. Back swing top acting, relatively high force occurred in medial forefoot region of left foot and forefoot region of right foot. Impact acting, high force value observed in the lateral rarefoot region of left foot and medial forefoot region of right foot. Finish acting, force concentration observed on the lateral region and rarefoot region of left foot. 2. Forces were increased in address of right foot with clubs length increased. All clubs, back swing top acting, high force value observed in the lateral forefoot region of right foot. All clubs, in impact, high force value observed in the lateral rarefoot region of left foot and medial forefoot region of right foot. Finish acting, force concentration observed on the rarefoot region in driver and lateral foot region in iron on left foot. 3. Right foot forces distribution were increased in address, back swing top and left foot force distribution were increased in impact, finnish

종합검진센터 내원자에서 관상동맥질환 위험요인들의 분포

이충원,이종영,박종원,윤능기,김영조,이현우,이무식,서석권 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1993 계명의대학술지 Vol.12 No.3

1991년3월부터 8월사이에 대구시에 소재한 1개의 대학병원의 종합검진센타에 내원해서 종합검진을 받은 남자 422명(69.9%)과 여자 182명(30.1%)을 대상으로 하여 심헐관계질환의 위험요인들의 전체적인 분포를 보았다. 평균 연령은 남자가 43.3(표준편차, 10.3), 여자가 44.4(표준편차, 10.8)였다. 남자에서 연령에 따라 0.05 수준에서 통계적인 유의성을 보인 위험인자는 혈청 총콜레스테롤(TC). 트리글리세라이드(TC), 고밀도 지단백콜레스테롤(HDL), 저밀도 지단백콜레스테롤(LDL), 수축기혈압, 비체중, A형행동양상이었으며 생활습관으로서는 음주, 흡연, 규칙적인 운동, 우유와 커피섭취, 수면 등이었다. 여자에서는 TC, TG, LDL, 수축기와 확장기혈압, 비체중 그리고 커피섭취와 수면 등이었다. 남자에서 총콜레스테롤의 평균은 181.7mg/dl(표준편차, 32.2), 여자는 182.5mg/이(표준편차, 42.2)였다. 대부분의 위험인자들은 구미의 수준에 미치지 못했으나 남자에서 흡연율이 전체적으로 61.8%로 높으 수준이었으며 특히, 20~29세가 72.9%, 30~39세가 75.2%로서 다른 연령군에 비해 상대적으로 높았다. 여자에서는 전체적으로 6.0%에 지나지 않았다. 확장기혈압 90mmHg 이상을 고혈압자로 정의했을 때의 유병률이 여자 전체대상자에서 24.7%로 높았으며 50-59세는 표본수가 적어서 문제가 되었으나 53.1%였다. 어떤 인구집단내에서 총콜레스테롤의 평균이 200mg/dl 미만이면 고혈압과 흡연의 인구집단의 수준에 관계없이 관상동맥질환(coronary heart disease)의 발생은 드문 것으로 보고가 되고 있으므로 당분간 관상동맥질환 발생률의 급속한 절대적인 증가는 힘드리라 사료된다. 그러나 이러한 결과는 본 연구의 대상자들이 대표성을 지니지 못하며 건강검진센터에 자발적으로 내원한 사람들이므로 해석에 주의를 요한다. Authors examined the distributions of the risk factors for the coronary heart disease in the 422 male (69.9%) and 182 female (30.1%) visitors to the health examination center of a university hospital located in Taegu March to August 1991. Mean age of males was 43.3(standard deviation, SD 10.3) and that of females was 44.4(SD 10.8). Total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL), systolic blood pressure, Quetelet index, and Type A Behavior Pattern, and some of life habit variables(alcohol intake, smoking, regular exercise, milk and coffee intake and sleeping) were statistically significant in age groups of the males(P<0.05). In the females, TC, TG and LDL, systolic and diastolic pressure, Quetelet index, coffee intake and sleeping were statistically significant in age groups (P<0.05). Mean of total cholesterol was 181.7㎎/dl(SD,32.2) in males and that of females was 182.5㎎/dl(SD,42.2). Most of the risk factors levels were lower than the Euro-Americans', while smokers were high with 61.8%, especially 72.9% in 20-29 age group and 75.2% in 30-39 age group in males. In females, smokers were just 6.0%. Hypertensives defined by more than 90mmHg diastolic pressure were 24.7% in females, particularly 53.1% in 50-59 age group, but size of the strata was rather small(N=49). In the light of the report that coronary heart disease is uncommon irrespective of population levels of smoking and hypertension, where average total blood cholesterol level in a population is low(<200mg/dl), it is not likely that the absolute increase of the number of the coronary heart disease will increase markedly in the near future. But cautions should be exercised in interpreting the results of this study due to the lack of representativeness and volunteerism. .