정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

생물학적 질산화의 영향 인자에 따른 알칼리도 변화

한동준,강성환 도립 강원전문대학 1998 道立 江原專門大學 論文集 Vol.1 No.1

Although many factors such as ammonia nitrogen concentration, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen were revealed to influence on the biological nitrification, so far the influence is not wellknown in detail. This study was focused to find how each factors effect on the biological nitrification and alkalinity consumption in wastewater treatment under high ammonia nitrogen concentration. Batch reactors in aerobic conditions were used to test the treatment efficiency of mixed liquor, nightsoil and piggery wastewater. The results of this experiment, the alkalinity consumption rates were showed the range of 1.9∼7.1 mg alk./mg NH_(4)-N.

생물막 공정에 의한 고농도 암모니아 폐수처리시 질소 거동 및 질산화 저해

한동준,임재명,강성환 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1997 環境硏究 Vol.14 No.-

This study was performed to investigate the nitrogen behavior in piggery wastewater treatment, and the inhibitory condition in nitrification was also examined. The ammonia nitrogen was removed via stripping, nitrification, autotrophic cell synthesis, and heterotrophic cell synthesis. The removal percents by each step were 12.1%, 68.9%, 15.0%, and 4.0%, respectively. Nitrite and nitrate production rates were found 0.42mg/g MLVSS/hr and 0.05mg/g MLVSS/hs, respectively. Maximum removal rate of the total ammonia nitrogen occurred at temperature over 22℃, regardless of the volumetric loading rates. Nitrification inhibition of piggery wastewater was found to occur at an influent volumetric loading rate over 0.2NH₃-N kg/㎥/d.

고농도 암모니아성 폐수의 질산화과정에서 아질산염 축적의 영향인자

한동중,강성환,임재명 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1998 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.-

This study was focused to find how each factors effect on the biological nitrification in wastewater treatment under high ammonia nitrogen concentration. Batch reactors in aerobic conditions were used to test the treatment efficiency of mixed liquor, nightsoil and piggery wastewater. The results are summeried as follows ; Initial ammonia nitrogen concentration and pH were the direct influencing factors of nitrite build-up. More than 250mg NH_(4)^(+)-N/L in initial concentration built up nitrite and then the inhibition rate to Nitrobacter was above 70 percentage. And maximum nitritation rate was showed at pH 8.3 and nitrification could be completely achieved by pH control. Temperature and dissolved oxygen were the indirect influencing factors of nitrite build-up. These were a great effect on the activity of nitrifying microbes and ammonia nitrogen removal. Maximum nitritation late was showed at 30℃. The effect of DO concentration was negligible at more than 3 mg/L.

효율적 질소제거를 위하 단일 혐기성 반응조의 개선

한동중,류재근,임연택,임재명 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1998 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.-

This research aims to remove nitogen in the piggery wastewater by combined process with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) and biofilm process. For the effective denitrification anaerobic and anoxic reactors were connected to a reactor. The effluent of aerobic reactor was recycled equally with influent in the upper filter of anaerobic reactor for denitrification and outlet of UBF reactor was connected to the settling tang with 1.5ℓ capacity and the settling sludge was repeatedly recycled to UASB zone. The organic loading rate of total reactor was operated from 0.4 to 3.1kgCOD/㎥/d and it was observed that the removal rate of TCOD was 80 to 95 percentage AMMonia nitrogen was removed over 90 percentage in the less volumetric loading rate than 0.1 kgN/㎥/d But because of non-limitation of organic materials, it was reduced to 70 perventage in the more volumetric loading rate than 0.6kgN/㎥/d But denitrification rate was observed 100 percentage in the all of loading rate. This is caused by the maintenance of optimum temperature, surfficient carbon source and competition of observed with the 71.7 percentage of influent COD. It was revealed that the most part of organic materials was removed in the aerobic and the anaerobic reactor because 38.4 percentage was conbersed into CH_(4) gas and 11 percentage was removed in the aerbic reactor with cell synthesis and metabolism. Besides, 5.7% organics was used to denitrification reaction and 3.7% organics related to sulgate reduction.

폐그물 재활용을 위한 폐수처리용 생물막여재 개발 및 적용

한동준,최용범,권영두 도립 강원전문대학 1999 道立 江原專門大學 論文集 Vol.2 No.-

This study was performed to reuse of derelict net. The derelict net would be development and application with the biofilm media using wastewater treatment. The biofilm media of dereliet net can be construct three system of curtain, bar, and modified type. In the wastewater treatment process using the dereliet net media, the organic removal and nitrification rate showed the higher than the process using sun lock media. The derelict net media could be prevent a internal anaerobic condition because of excellent oxygen transportation. Therefore, the dereliet net has the excellent ability with wastewater treatment media. We are known to possible the reuse of derelict net, sufficiently.

생물학적 영양염류 제거를 위한 돈사폐수의 반응특성

한동준,류재근,임연택,임재명 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1998 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.-

본 연구는 생물학적 영양염류제거에 있어 돈사폐수의 반응특성을 고찰하기 위하여 수행되었다.반응특성으로는 돈사폐수 욘존 COD의 약 66.1%는 생물학적 분해가 빨리 일어나는 유기물이였으며, 생물학적 분해가 불가능한 용존COD는 약 11~12%였다. 호기성 고정생물막 반응조에서 질소는 탈기 ,질산화, autotrophic,과 heterotrophic미생물의 세포합성으로 제거되었는데, 제거율은 각각 12.1%,68,9%15,0% 그리고 4.0%였다. 돈사폐수 This study was performed to investigate the reaction characteristics of piggery wastewater for biological nutrient removal. The reaction characteristics discussed the fraction of organics the behavior of nitrogen, nitrification, denitrification and the behavior of phosohorus. The fraction of readily soluble COD was 11~12 percent. The ammonia nitrogen was removed via stripping nitrification autotrophic cell synthsis and heterotrophic cell synthesis. The removal percents by each step were 12.1%, 68.9%, 15.0% and 4.0% respectively. Nitrification inhibition of piggery wastewater was found to occur at an in fluent volumetric loading rate over 0.2 NH_(3)-Nkg/㎥/d. Denitrification rates were the highest in the raw wastewater and the lowest in the anaerobic effluent. The denitritation of piggery wastewater came out to be possibe, and the rate of organic carbon consumption deceased about 10 percent The phosphorus removed was released in the form ortho-p in the aerobic fixed biofilm reactor it was caused by autooxidation. The synthesis and release of phosphorus were related to the ORP and the boundary value for the phase change was about 170mV. In the synthesis phase, the phosphorus removal rate per COD removed was 0.023mgP_(ayn)/mgCOD_(rem) The phosphorus contents of the microorganism were 4.3~6.0% on a dry weight basis

생물막 반응조에서 돈사폐수의 유기물 특성 및 동력학계수 산정

한동준,임재명,권재혁 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 1996 産業技術硏究 Vol.16 No.-

This research was performed for the fundamental data using a advanced treatment process of piggery wastewater. Characteristics of influent wastewater was divided with various methods in fixed biofilm batch reasctor. Fractons of organic were divided into readily bioderadable soluble COD(Ss), slowly biodegradable COD(Xs), nonbiodegradable soluble COD(S?),and nonbiodegradable suspended COD(X?). Experimental results were summerized as following : i)biodegradable organics fraction in piggery wastewater was asbout 88.1 percent, and fraction of readily biodegrasdable soluble COD was about 66.1 percent. ii)Fractions of nonbiodegradable soluble COD was 11~12 percent, and soluble inert COD by metabolism was producted about 6~8 percent. iii) Active biomass fraction of attached biofilm was about 54.7percent, annd substrate utilization rate and maximum specific growth rate of heterotrophs were 8.315 d and 3.823 d? respectively.

내부탄소원을 이용한 돈사폐수의 탈질화

한동준,임재명,우영국 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 1996 産業技術硏究 Vol.16 No.-

This reasearch aims to investigate the effects of an internal carbon source in the dentification of piggery wastewater. In this study, the raw wastewater and the effluent from each of anoxic basin and anaerobic basin were used as the internal carbon sources. The experiments were carried out in batch system and the results are as follows; i)Denitrification rastes were the highest in the raw wastewater asnd the lowest in the anaerobic effluent. ii)The piggery wastewater contained about 60 percent of the readily biodegradable organic(RDCOD), which led to a conclusion that the raw wastewater could be used as the internal carbon source for denitrification. For the efficient denitrificatuon, pre-denitrification process was found profitable. iii) In denitrification, alkalinity production rates were in the range of 3.4 to 3.6 mgCaCO?/mg NO?-N. iv) The denitritation of piggery wastewaster came out to be possible, and the rate of organic carbon consumption decreased about 10 percent.

쐐기형 레일클램프에서 조의 회전을 방지하기 위한 적정 쐐기각에 대한 연구

한동섭,한근조,심재준,이성욱 東亞大學校 大學院 2005 大學院論文集 Vol.30 No.-

Recently many countries have concentrated their effort on the port automation, in order to be the Hub-port, that the ULCS (Ultra Large Container Ship) could come alongside the quay in their region. As the magnitude of the container ship increases, that of the container crane (used in quay) increases from 50ton-class to 61ton-class more and more. The wind velocity criteria to design the structures used in the port was upgraded from 30m/s to 40m/s due to change of the weather condition. When we design wedge type rail clamp which can protect container crane from sudden wind blast with constant clamping force regardless of the operating period, it is important to determine the angle of wedge within proper range. In this study we designed the wedge angle of the wedge-type rail clamp using the FEA.