다제 내성 폐렴 구균에 대한 CFC-222 의 시험관내 항균력 및 살균 속도

이혁,김종성,진정화,양지원,김신우,김성민,백경란,송재훈 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.2

목적 : 새로이 개발된 quinolone 제제인 CFC-222와 함께 기존의 항균제들의 MIC를 비교하여 CFC-222가 항균제 내성 폐렴 구균의 치료에 사용될 수 있는 약제인지를 검증하고 아울러 in vitro time kill assay를 시행하여 CFC-222의 살균 속도를 검증하고자 하였다. 방법 : 국내 및 아시아 지역 국가에서 분리 확인된 폐렴 구균 균주 200주를 대상으로 하여 cefotaxime, CFC-222, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, 그리고 meropenem에 대한 한천희석법을 이용하여 MIC를 결정하였다. In vitro time kill assay는 총 8균주(2 penicillin-susceptible, 2 intermediate, 4 resistant)를 대상으로 시행하였고 대상이 되는 항균제는 CFC-222, sparfloxacin, penicillin G로 하였다. 결과 : 폐렴 구균 균주 200주에 대한 한천 희석법을 이용한 MIC 결과는 페니실린 MIC가 증가함에 따라 cefotaxime과 meropenem의 MIC가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. Quinolone제제 중에서는, CFC-222와 sparfloxacin의 MIC_(90)이 페니실린 내성과 관계없이 0.5㎍/mL 이하로 가장 낮았다. time kill assay 결과 CFC-222는 MIC의 4배 농도에서 페니실린 고도내성 4균주 전체에 대해 8시간째 살균 효과를 보였다. 반면 sparfloxacin과 penicillin은 MIC의 4배 농도에서 12시간째 살균효과를 보였다. 결론 : CFC-222와 sparfloxacin이 가장 우수한 시험관내 항균 효과를 보였다. In vitro time kill assay 결과 CFC-222가 sparfloxacin에 비해 페니실린 고도 내성 균주에 대해 더 빠른 살균속도를 보였다. Background : CFC-222 is a new fluoroquinolone which possesses a broad antibacterial activity, being especially potent against gram-positive bacteria as well as gram negative bacteria. To evaluate the in vitro activity and the bactericidal killing rate of CFC-222 against Streptococcus pneumoniae, agar dilution test and lime-kill study was performed. Method : 200 clinical isolates were tested by agar dilution method to determine MICs of penicillin, cefotaxime, meropenern, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacm, sparfloxacin, and CFC-222. Time-kill studies were performed with 8 pneumococcal isolates (2 peni-cillin-susceptible, 2 intermediate, and 4 resistant) to compare the bactericidal activity of penicillin, sparfloxacin, and CFC-222. Results : MICs of cefotaxime and meropenem showed increasing tendency as penicillin MIC is increased. Of the quinolones tested, CFC-222 and sparfloxacin had the lowest MIC (MIC90 = 0.5 ㎎/mL), regardless of the penicillin-susceptibility of the strains. CFC-222 yielded 99.9 % killing of all penicillin-resistant strains after 8 h at 4 MIC, while penicillin and sparfloxacin were bactericidal after 12 h at 4 MIC. Conclusion : By MIC and time-kill combined, CFC-222 and sparfloxacin were the most potent agents according to the MICs, whereas CFC-222 was more rapidly bactericidal than sparfloxacin against penicillin-resistant isolates.

카페의 공간특성에 따른 이용행태 영향요인에 관한 연구

이강희,양재혁 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.20 No.8

The mutual relation of human and the built environment is deeply complex. He adjusts himself to new environment in reflecting the psychological aspects. Various psychological aspects make him to satisfy continuously, corresponding with user's needs. The human would adapt himself into the given environments or has a process to amend the environment to his needs. Therefore, it needs to consider the empirical problems of behavior characteristics in a given condition and to draw the design elements applying into planning process. This paper aimed at comparing the various influential factors in a given condition and analyzing the physical difference in a interior space to affect the user's psychological effects in aspect of viewpoint, ceiling height, wall finishings, at the 3-typed space. This study is proceeded into two steps. First, it analyzed the degree of satisfaction in spatial components. Second, the comprehensive evaluation of space is conducted with comfort, cleanness, freedom, quietness, pleasure which is explained with spatial components, using the multiple regression method.

페니실린 내성 폐렴구균 균혈증의 임상적 특성

정두련,송재훈,김은옥,류지소,이남용,이혁,백경란,김성민,배직현,우준희,김양수 대한감염학회 1997 감염 Vol.29 No.4

목적: 지역사회 획득 감염의 매우 흔한 원인균인 폐렴구균의 페니실린 및 다른 항균제에 대한 내성의 증가는 세계적으로 문제가 될 뿐 아니라 국내에서 더욱 큰 문제로 대두되고 있다. 본 연구는 항균제 내성 여부에 따른 폐렴구균 균혈증의 임상적 특성 및 위험 요인를 분석하여 항균제 내성의 임상적 의미를 조사하고자 시행되었다. 방법:1989년부터 1994년까지의 폐렴구균 균혈증 41례를 대상으로 하여 의무기록지를 조사하였다. 균주의 항균제 감수성 검사는 oxacillin 디스크 확산법으로 페니실린 내성 여부를 거사한 후, 한천 희석법을 이용하여 페니실린을 비롯한 11개의 항균제의 MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration)를 구하고 감수성 여부를 판정하였다. 결과: 41균주 중 68.3%가 페니실린에 대하여 내성(중등도 12.2%, 고도 56.1%)을 보였으며 다제내성률은 61%였다. 특히 소아에서는 100%(고도 88.2%)의 내성률을 보여 성인보다 내성률이 더 높았다. 페니실린 내성 균주는 대부분 다른 β-lactam 항균제에도 내성을 보였으며 특히 페니실린 고도 내성 균주는 cefotaxime, ceftriaxone에 대하여 100% 내성을 보였고 imipenem에 대해서도 95.5%의 중등도 내성률을 보였다. 혈청형은 19와 23이 많았고 그 외에 6이 있었다. 임상적 특성의 분석상 환자들의 연령분포는 3개월부터 82세까지였으며 기저질환을 가지고 있는 환자가 56%이었으며 지역사회 획득 감염이 71%였다. 균혈증의 일차감염원은 폐렴(22례, 54%)과 수막염(5례, 12%)이 가장 많았다. 페니실린 내성의 위험요인으로는 소아 연령만이 유의한 요인으로 분석되었다. 항균요법에 대한 반응을 볼 때 실패한 경우는 고도 내성 군의 20%에서만 있었으며 병원내 총사망률은 페니실린 감수성 군이 30%, 중등도 내성 군이 20%, 고도 내성 군이 13.6%로서 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론: 페니실린 내성 폐렴구균은 국내에 만연하고 있으며 높은 다제내성률을 보였다. 이들은 대개 지역 사회 획득 감염을 일으키는데 균혈증의 경우 그 사망률은 내성 여부에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 소아연령만이 페니실린 내성의 위험요인으로 분석되었다. Background: The emergence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP) poses serious therapeutic problem in clinical practice, especially in cases with bacteremia or meningitis. Methods: To investigate clinical characteristics of bacteremic pneumococcal diseases due to PRSP, we retrospectively analyzed 41 cases with cocumented bacteremic diseases seen in a tertiary care hospital between 1989 and 1994. Results: Agar dilution test of 41 strains isolated showed that 68.3% of S. pneumoniae were PRSP [high-level resistance(R) 56.1%, intermediate resistance(I) 12.2%]. High-level resistant strains were not susceptible to other β-lactam agents, whereas isolates of penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae(PSSP) were uniformly susceptible to all β-lactam agents. Predominant serogroups of PRSP were 19, 23, and 6. Bacteremic diseases caused by PRSP included pneumonia (22), meningitis (5), peritonitis (3), acute otitis media (2), acute tonsillitis (2), endocarditis (1), pyelonephritis(1), and primary bacteremia(5). Children were more likely to be infected with PRSP with high-level or intermediately resistant strains than were adults(P=0.0001), but no differences were seen between PRSP and PSSP regarding sex. previous antibiotic history, previous hospitalization, and underlying immunocompromised conditions. Most cases were community-acquired (R 78.3%, I 60%, S 61.5%). Fatality rates of patients infected with PRSP were not different significantly from PSSP (22.6% vs. 30%). However, most fatal cases had underlying immunocompromised conditions. Conclusion: PRSP is widely prevalent in Korea and shows resistance to most antibiotics. It causes community-acquired bacteremic diseases with poor outcomes, but there was no difference in mortality between patients infected with PRSP and PSSP. Pediatric age was the only risk factor for penicillin resistance.

PCR fingerprinting을 이용한 국내분리 다제 내성 폐렴구균의 페니실린 결합단백 유전자의 구조 분석

백경란,송재훈,진정화,김성민,양지원,이혁,이남용 대한감염학회 1998 감염 Vol.30 No.2

목 적 : 세계 최고의 내성률을 보이고 있는 국내에서의 폐렴 구균 내성은 단기간에 급증한 현상을 보이고 있다. 본 연구는 폐렴구균의 내성률이 국내에서 급증한 원인 중의 하나로서 내성의 전파가 작용하고 있을 가능성을 입증하고자, 베타락탐 항균제 내성 균주에서 변화하는 PBP 1A, 2X, 2B 유전자의 구조를 분석하고자 하였다. 이는 분자 역학의 일환으로 균주 간의 유전적 상관성을 검토할 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 폐렴구균이 항균제 내성 기전을 규명하기 위한 중요한 기초 자료로 이용될 수 있다. 방 법 : 1989년부터 1996까지 국내 2대 대학병원에서 분리된 다제 내성균주 22주를 대상으로 하였다. 이 균주들의 염색체 핵산을 분리한 후 PBP 1A, 2X, 2B 유전자를 각각의 특이 primer로 증폭하는 PCR을 시행하였다. PCR로 얻은 PBP 유전자를 HinfI과 MseI+DdeI으로 절단하고 [α-?P]dCTP나 [α-?P]dTTP로 end-labeling하여 절편 양상을 분석하였다. 절편의 비교 분석과 함께 UPGMA법을 이용하여 dendrogram을 구하여 유전적 근친도를 분석하였다. 결 과 : PBP 1A 유전자의 증폭 산물은 Hinf I으로 절단하여 얻은 fingerprinting pattern은 5균주를 제외한 17균주에서 거의 동일한 양상을 보였다. Dendrogram 상 PBP 1A는 77%, 2X 77%, 2B 82%의 균주가 90% 이상의 유사성을 보이는 cluster를 이루고 있었다. 결 론 : 이상으로 PCR fingerprinting 방법을 이용하여 다제내성 폐렴구균의 PBP 1A, 2X, 2B 유전자의 구조 분석을 시행한 결과 70% 이상의 균주가 동일한 fingerprinting pattern을 보여 상호간에 유전적으로 연관되어 있을 가능성을 강력히 시사하였다. 이러한 결과는 기존에 보고되었던 분자역학 연구의 결과들과 함께 국내에서 폐렴구균 내성의 전파를 증명하는 자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Background : The rate of pneumococcal resistance in Korea has surged up to the world's highest level in a short period. To investigate the genetic relatedness and the spread of resistant pneumococci within Korea, and to obtain the basic data about structural changes of penicllin-binding proteins(PBPs), we performed a fingerprinting analysis of PBP 1A, 2X, and 2B genes of multidrug-resistant pneumococci isolated in Korea. Methods : A total of 22 pneumococcal strains isolated from clinical specimens in 2 university-affiliated hospitals during the period from 1989 to 1996 were tested. PBP 1A, 2X, and 2B genes were amplified from chromosomal DNA by the polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. Amplified products were digested with HinfI or MseI and DdeI and were followed by end-labeling with [α- ?P] dCTP. Direct comparison of fingerprinting patterns between resistant strains and dendrogram analysis which was based on the UPGMA method were carried out. Results : Fingerprinting analysis of PBP 1A, 2X, and 2B genes digested with HinfI showed that 17 out of 22 strains had almost identical patterns. Dendrogram showed that clusters with greater than 90% similarities existed in 77%, 77%, and 82% of strains with PBP 1A, PBP 2X, PBP 2B, respectively. Fingerprinting patterns with Msel and Ddel were the same as those with HinfI. Conclusion : Data from PCR fingerprinting analysis of PBP 1A, 2X, 2B genes of multidrugresistant pneumococci in this study indicate the genetic relatedness between the resistant strains and suggest the possible spread of pneumococcal resistance within Korea.

Molecular Characterization of Allatostatin cDNA in Central Nervous System and Midgut from the German Cockroach Blattella germanica

Yang, Jae-Hyuck,Park, Joong-Cheol,Lee, Bong-Hee 한국곤충학회 2000 Entomological Research Vol.30 No.2

본 연구는 독일바퀴(B. germanica)의 알라타체에서 유약호르몬 합성을 억제하는 allatostatin(AST)의 cDNA 분자적 특성을 규명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 먼저 독일바퀴의 중추신경계와 중장에서 total RNA를 분리하고 이어서 RT-PCR을 수행하여 AST cDNA 도서관을 만들었다. PCR 산물을 얻기 위하여 두바퀴벌레(D. punctata와 P. americana)의 보존서열로부터 디자인된 primer를 먼저 만들어서 PCR과 5'-RACE 및 3'-Race를 각각 수행하였다. 증폭된 DNA단편들은 pGEM-T Easy vector에 클론닝 하였고 이로부터 3개의 클론을 얻었다. 이 클론들의 염기서열을 결정하여 각각 나열한 결과 AST cDNA는 1,506개의 염기서열로 구성되며 이는 중추신경계와 중장에서 AST 합성에 필요한 375개 아미노산을 암호화할 수 있는 길이에 해당하는 것을 확인하였다. 독일바퀴 AST cDNA는 그 염기서열이 이미 발표된 다른 두 바퀴벌레(D. punctata와 P.americana)의 것과 각각 83%와 77%의 유사성을 나타내었다. This study has been carried out to determine molecular characteristics of Blattella germanica allatostatin (AST) inhibiting juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis by corpora allata (CA). In order to determine base sequence of coding region in AST gene a cDNA library was constructed by RT-PCR with total RNA purified from both central nervous system (CNS) and midgut of B. germanica. To get PCR products, PCR and 5'- and 3'-RACE were conducted using degenerated primers designed from the highly conserved region of AST genes from Diploptera punctata and Periplaneta americana. The amplified DNA fragments were subcloned into pGEM-T Easy vector and three cDNA clones obtained were sequenced. They were all composed of 1,506 bp which are able to encode 375 amino acids for synthesis of ASTs in the CNS and midgut of the adult german cockroach. The nucleotide sequence of AST cDNA obtained from B. germanica shows similarities of 83% and 77% to those from D. punctata and P. americana, respectively.

Long-term Outcome of Endoscopic Retrograde Biliary Drainage of Biliary Stricture Following Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Jae Keun Park,Ju-Il Yang,Jong Kyun Lee,Joo Kyung Park,Kwang Hyuck Lee,Kyu Taek Lee,Jae-Won Joh,Choon Hyuck David Kwon,Jong Man Kim 거트앤리버 소화기연관학회협의회 2020 Gut and Liver Vol.14 No.1

Background/Aims: Biliary strictures remain one of the most challenging aspects after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The aim of this study was to assess long-term outcome of endoscopic treatment of biliary strictures occurring after LDLT and to identify risk factors of recurrent biliary strictures following endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) in LDLT. Methods: A total of 1,106 patients underwent LDLT from May 1995 to May 2014. We compared the risk factors between patients with and without recurrent biliary strictures. Results: Biliary strictures developed in 24.0% of patients. Technical success rate of ERBD for biliary stricture after LDLT was 66.2% (145/219). Among 145 patients managed by endoscopic drainage, stricture resolution occurred in 69 with median duration of stent indwelling of 13.6 months (range, 0.5 to 67.3 months), and stricture recurrence was seen in 20 (21.3%) out of 94. The median recurrence-free duration after final endoscopic success was 13.1 months (range, 0.5 to 67.3 months). Older donor age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 1.17; p=0.004) and non-B, non-C liver cirrhosis (HR, 5.10; 95% CI, 1.10 to 25.00; p=0.043) were associated with higher recurrence of biliary stricture. Conclusions: Long-term stricture resolution rate after ERBD insertion for biliary stricture occurring after LDLT was 73.4%. Clinicians should pay careful attention during following-up to decide when to remove ERBD in patients who have factors associated with recurrent biliary strictures.

LED Irradiation Decreases CoCb-induced Apoptosis In Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells : Signaling Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportu

Jae Hyuck Yang,Youn Young Jang,Kwon Jung,Mi Kyeong Ko,Mi Sun Jang,Eun Byul Kook,Chae Kwang Lim,Won Bong Lim,Jin Soo Park,Ok Joon Kim,Hong Ran Choi 대한구강악안면병리학회 2005 대한구강악안면병리학회지 Vol.29 No.5

The purpose 01' pl'esent study was to examine the molecular events in apoptosis by CoCl2, mimicking hypoxic cond ition and recovering effects by LED ir l'adiation on Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells The SOUl'ce 0 1' light for ir l'adiation was a continuous-wave LED emitting at a wavelenl양h of 590 nm, and manufactured that ene rgy density was 5 mW!cm2 on sample surface, After ir l'adiation, cell viabi lity was measured with BrdU , cell morphol ogy was examined with Diff- Quik staining, cell signaling was monitored with various apoptosis-related molecules using RNase Pl'otection Assay(RPA) , W11en treated with CoC12, apoptotic induction was found in the SH-SY5Y cells in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner , Diff-Quik s taining was revealed that DNA fragmentation re presented apoptosis was examined in CoC12-tl'eated group, Moreover, RPA assay of SH-SY5Y cclls lIs ing val'iolls apoptosis-related molecllles showed that the apoptotic cell population was mcreased J-loweve. there was sorne signifïcant change in LED irradiatied cells aftel' treatement of CoC12 The main mechanism for Lhese a poptosis appearecl to be mito c hondriεt - m ecliated pathway, such as cytochrome- c‘ caspase-9, caspase-3, pro-apototic protein ßax, anti-apototic protein Bcl-2, and death receptor• mediated pathway, such as Fas, cas pase- 8, a ncl TNFRl These results demonstrate that CoCI2 induce apoptosis in SH-SY5Y via different dual apop tosis pathway through death receptor pathway as well as mitochondria- dependent pathway and LED irradiation can recl llces the CoCl2-induced apoptosis by blocking their internal signaling pathway

Korean EFL Learners’ Article Errors : Reexamining the Specificity Effect in Connection with the Zero Article

Jae Hyuck Yang,Mun-Hong Choe 21세기영어영문학회 2019 21세기영어영문학회 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.03

One account of English L2 learners’ errors in the use of articles is based on the assumption that they are influenced by the specificity of the reference, which is a non-target semantic feature, as contrasted with the target feature, definiteness. Another problem that has been increasingly recognized, and yet treated independently of the specificity-driven errors, is L2 learners’ tendency to use articles excessively in the contexts for a zero form. The present study aims to seek for a connection between these two problems by reexamining the intervention effect of specificity on Korean EFL learners’ substitution errors of the definite and indefinite articles, together with the patterns of their excessive use of articles in zero-form contexts. Data were collected from three proficiency groups of high school students (N = 102) with a forced-choice elicitation task comprising 40 questions across 8 distinct combinations of three semantic features: definiteness, specificity, and plurality. The results indicate that Korean students are only partially under the influence of specificity; their responses did not fluctuate consistently according to the value of specificity in relation to that of definiteness. That they also make omission errors frequently suggests that their awareness of the zero article affects their decision in the first place before they choose between a and the . Furthermore, Korean students tend to use the for indefinite singulars and generic plurals, while overusing the zero article for non-generic definite plurals. These findings imply that definiteness is a notion that requires learning rather than resetting and that its acquisition correlates more closely with the usage of the zero article than with the specificity ambiguities of the indefinite article.

Molecular Analysis of Allatostatin cDNA in the Midgut of the German Cockroach, Blattella germanica

Yang Jae-Hyuck,Park Joong-Cheol,Lee Bong-Hee 한국응용곤충학회 2000 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2000 No.1

초음속 연소기 모델에 설치한 세라믹 복합재 재생 냉각 열교환기 검증

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