웅진시대 백제의 성주(城主)

백미선 ( Baen Misun ) 대구사학회 2018 대구사학 Vol.131 No.-

백제의 지방통치는 城을 중심으로 해서 이뤄졌다. 따라서 백제의 지방통치사를 이해하기 위해서는 그 성의 성격과 지방관에 대한 검토가 필요하다. 성의 지방관인 성주는 무령왕대 백제의 대내외정책의 변화 속에서 처음 파견된다. 백제는 국경을 접하고 있는 고구려와 가야에 적극적인 공세를 하였다. 이 과정에서 국경 지역의 안정을 도모할 필요가 있었고, 율령을 통해 자국의 영토와 백성에 대한 인식을 정립하고 새롭게 편제하였다. 이때 지방관의 역할도 새롭게 제정되었고, 백제의 변경 지역부터 지방관 성주가 파견될 수 있었다. 성주는 파견 배경과 지역을 고려할 때 군사적 성격이 강한 지방관이었다. 백제는 변경 지역에 활발하게 축성을 하였고, 성주를 파견하여 직접 지역을 관할하도록 하였다. 백제 내부에서 사회 분화에 따라 기존의 담로가 해체되고 성이 새롭게 성장하고 있었던 데 반해, 변경 지역에서는 축성과 지방관의 파견을 통해 직접 성을 중심으로 한 지역을 성장시키는 모습을 보여주고 있다. 이러한 백제의 노력은 대고구려전, 대가야전에 대한 준비 뿐 아니라 지역 통치의 강화를 위한 지방통치체제의 정비와도 밀접한 관련 속에서 이뤄진 것이었다. 그리고 그 중심에는 지방관 성주가 있었다. 성주가 파견되기 이전, 성의 지방관은 도사였다. 도사가 파견된 성은 담로였다. 담로는 군사적․행정적 거점으로서 일정한 범위를 관할하였다. 성의 성장으로 인해 담로에 변화가 생기면서, 그 지방관의 명칭으로서 성주가 등장하게 된다. 성이 지방통치단위로서 더욱 중요해지고, 지방관의 군사적 역할이 강조되면서 새롭게 성주라는 지방관명으로 불리게 된 것이다. 성주는 백제의 변경 지역에 먼저 파견되었고, 점차 확대되어 방-군-성제의 ‘성’으로 정착할 수 있었다. Baekje’s rule on localities was done centering on a castle. Accordingly, to understand the history of Baekje’s rule on localities, it is necessary to examine the character of the castle and a local official. In the reign of king Muryeong, the lord of a castle, who was a local official of a castle, was first dispatched in the midst of changes in domestic and foreign policies of Baekje. Baekje did an aggressive offensive against Goguryo and Gaya which bordered on Baekje. In this process, Baekje was in need of promotion of the border areas stability, and accordingly, Baekje established awareness of its own territory and people through the law, and organized them anew. At this moment, a local official’s role was also enacted anew, and a local official lord could be dispatched to the frontiers first. Given the dispatch background and region, a lord of a castle was a local official of a strong military character. Baekje actively built castle in the frontiers, and got a lord to have direct jurisdiction over the region by dispatching a lord. Due to the internal social differentiation in Baekje, the existing Damno(擔魯: a castle in local administrative district in early Baekje) was dissolved, and a castle made a new growth, whereas frontiers were showing the appearance of directly growing up one district with a castle as the center through the castle construction and dispatch of local officials. Such an effort of Baekje was made in close connection with not only preparations for wars against Goguryeo and Gaya but also regional government system reformation for strengthening of rule on localities; at the center, there was a local official lord. Before a lord was dispatched, a local official of a castle had been Dosa. The castle, to which Dosa was dispatched, was Damno. Damno had jurisdiction over a certain range as a military, administrative foothold. With a change happening to Damno due to the growth of a castle, a lord came to emerge as a title of the local official. With a castle becoming important as a unit of rule on localities, and with the emphasis on a local official’s military role, a lord was called as a renewed title of a local official. A lord was dispatched to the frontiers of Baekje first, and with gradual expansion, a castle could get settled as ‘Castle’ of ‘Bang-County-Castle(prefecture)’ system.

The TAM-family receptor Mer mediates production of HGF through the RhoA-dependent pathway in response to apoptotic cells

Park, Hyun-Jung,Baen, Ji-Yeon,Lee, Ye-Ji,Choi, Youn-Hee,Kang, Jihee Lee The American Society for Cell Biology 2012 Molecular biology of the cell Vol.23 No.16

<P>The TAM receptor protein tyrosine kinases Tyro3, Axl, and Mer play important roles in macrophage function. We investigated the roles of the TAM receptors in mediating the induction of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) during the interaction of macrophages with apoptotic cells. Mer-specific neutralizing antibody, small interfering RNA (siRNA), and a recombinant Mer protein (Mer/Fc) inhibited HGF mRNA and protein expression, as well as activation of RhoA, Akt, and specific mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in response to apoptotic cells. Inhibition of Axl or Tyro3 with specific antibodies, siRNA, or Fc-fusion proteins did not prevent apoptotic cell–induced HGF mRNA and protein expression and did not inhibit activation of the postreceptor signaling molecules RhoA and certain MAP kinases, including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and c-Jun NH<SUB>2</SUB>-terminal kinase. However, Axl- and Tyro3-specific blockers did inhibit the activation of Akt and p38 MAP kinase in response to apoptotic cells. In addition, none of the TAM receptors mediated the effects of apoptotic cells on transforming growth factor-β or epidermal growth factor mRNA expression. However, they were involved in the induction of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression. Our data provide evidence that when macrophages interact with apoptotic cells, only Mer of the TAM-family receptors is responsible for mediating transcriptional HGF production through a RhoA-dependent pathway.</P>

Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Appenzeller Cheese Supplemented with Shrimp Powder

Lee, Jai-Sung,Choi, Hee-Young,Kim, Kyoung-Hee,Chun, Soon-Sil,Baen, Inhyu Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resource 2015 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.35 No.2

The effects of adding shrimp (Periclimenes imperator) powder to Appenzeller cheese on quality and characteristics during ripening were investigated. Cheese samples were prepared containing 1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0% shrimp powder. Changes in the lactic acid bacterial populations, pH, water-soluble nitrogen concentrations, consumer acceptability, colour and texture were monitored during ripening. The addition of shrimp powder did not affect the appearance or consumer sensory characteristics of the cheeses. Likewise, cheese cohesiveness, fracturability, and springiness were not significantly altered. It was concluded that the quality of the Appenzeller cheese was not affected by adding shrimp powder.

위궤양 환자에서 궤양 주변부와 전정부 점막에서의 표피성장인자의 발현

최규용,정인식,김재광,이강문,박두호,문성배,김상우,양영상,이연수 대한소화기학회 1999 대한소화기학회지 Vol.34 No.3

Background/Aims: It is not clearly defined yet whether epidermal growth factor (EGF) is more intensely expressed at ulcer margin than at normal mucosa. This study was conducted to compare expression of EGF at ulcer margin and antral mucosa in patients with gastric ulcer and to evaluate the effect of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection on the expression of EGF. Methods: For twenty-six H. pylori positive and nine negative patients with gastric ulcer, immunohistochemical stain was performed using specific antibody against recombinant human EGF. The intensity of staining was graded as follows: 0 = no staining, 1+ = weakly positive, 2+ = intermediate between 1+ and 3+, 3+ = densely staining, equal to the level of positive control. Results: Expression of EGF was significantly more intense at ulcer margin than at antral mucosa, and tended to be more intense in active stage than in healing stage. There was no significant difference in the expression of EGF between ulcer margin and antral mucosa according to H. pylori infection status. Conclusions: Intense expression of EGF at ulcer margin and in active stage suggests that EGF plays a crucial role in ulcer healing. H. pylori status seems to have little effect on the mucosal expression of EGF.

위선암, 위선종 및 위궤양에서 E-cadherin과 β-catenin의 발현

이봉수,김재광,안병민,정규원,최황,선희식,문성배,이교영,강창석 대한소화기학회 1999 대한소화기학회지 Vol.34 No.4

Background/Aims: The decreased expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in human carcinoma was significantly correlated with differentiation, invasiveness, and metastasis. We investigated the relation between the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin and the clinicopathologic factors in the adenocarcinoma, adenoma and ulcer of stomach. Methods: The expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin was analyzed immunohistochemically in 66 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma, 17 cases of normal tissue which was adjacent to the lesion of the same patient, 25 cases of gastric adenoma, and 32 cases of gastric ulcer. Results: The expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in the gastric adenocarcinomas and gastric ulcers was reduced more than that in the normal tissue and gastric adenomas (Fischer exact test, p$lt;0.01). In gastric adenocarcinomas, the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin was more decreased in the case of undifferentiated adenocarcinoma, infiltrative adenocarcinoma, and lymph node metastasis. Conclusions: The decr expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in the gastric adenocarcinomas correlates with dedifferentiation infiltration, lymph node metastasis, and it is also associated with gastric ulcer.

기능성 소화불량증 환자에서 이토프리드와 시사프리드의 유효성과 안전성 비교

김재광,정규원,최황,선희식,문성배,김상우,이혜영,홍성선 대한소화기학회 1999 대한소화기학회지 Vol.33 No.6

Background/Aims: Itopride, a new gastroprokinetic benzamide derivative, stimulates gastric motility through both anti-dopaminergic and anti-acetylcholinesterase actions. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of itopride with those of cisapride in functional dyspepsia Methods: Eighty-four patients (46 patients in itopride group, 38 patients in cisapride group) with symptoms of functional dyspepsia were assigned to a prospective randomized parallel comparison of 50 mg of itopride t.i.d. or 5 mg of cisapride t.i.d. for 4 weeks. Symptom assessment was performed in each patient before and 2 and 4 weeks after beginning treament. Laboratory study were performed in each patient before and after treatment. Results: In both itopride and cisapride groups, average symptom number, total symptom score and symptom severity significantly decreased 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. The effectiveness for global evaluation was not different in both group. No serious adverse effects were reported after administeration of either itopride or cisapride. However, 3 patients in itopride group showed mild and transient adverse effects, while 9 patients in cisapride group re vealed mostly moderate adverse effects. Conclusions: Itopride is as effective as cisapride for func tional dyspepsia without significant side effects and less active than cisapride in lower gastrointestina tract.

위암에서 APC 유전자의 이형접합성 상실과 - Catenin 발현과의 관계

박수헌,김재광,정규원,최명규,한준열,선희식,문성배,추교영 대한소화기학회 2000 대한소화기학회지 Vol.35 No.6

Background/Aims: Wide-type Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene binds to β-catenin and APC mutants lead to cytosolic accumulation of β-catenin which serves as a component of carcinogenesis. We investigated the relationship between loss of heperozygosity (LOH) of APC gene and β-catenin expression in gastric cancer. Methods: We examined the LOH of exon 11 of APC gene in frozen specimens of 28 gastric adenocarcinomas and 28 normal gastric tissues obtained from the same patient using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin were investigated by Western blotting. Results: The heterozygosity of APC gene was observed in 21% (6/28), and LOH of APC gene was observed in 33% (2/6). In 14% (4/28) of gastric cancers, β-catenin was strongly expressed both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The LOH of APC gene was not correlated with accumulation of β-catenin. Conclusions: The LOH of exon 11 of APC gene is not correlated with an increase of β-catenistric cancer. The cytoplasmic accumulation of β-catenin may be associated with mutations in APC-β-catenin-Tcf-4 pathway.

감암 환자에서 경피극초단파응고술 후 발생한 피부담관간 누공 1 예

이동건,이인석,김재광,최황,한준열,선희식,김동빈,문성배,임동준,한성태 대한소화기학회 1999 대한소화기학회지 Vol.34 No.3

Small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be treated by surgery, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) and percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy (PMCT). However, surgical resection is not a viable option for all patients due to poor liver function. Furthermore, TACE is sometimes ineffective because of inadequate angiogenesis in small HCC. PEI does not always bring complete necrosis of the tumor because of inhomogeneous distribution within the tumor. PMCT heats tissue by molecular vibration of water in tissue, and induces thermal coagulation. Regardless of the presence of a capsule, PMCT is the most reliable method in inducing tissue coagulation. Slight pain, mild fever, transient elevation of liver enzyme, subcutaneous hematoma, ascites, pleural effusion and tumor seeding can be developed after PMCT. We report a case of cutaneobiliary fistula complicated after PMCT with a review of literatures.

국내에서 보고된 Helicobacter pylori 제균요법의 분석

정인식,김재광,김병욱,김보경,최명규,선희식,박두호,문성배,채현석 대한소화기학회 1999 대한소화기학회지 Vol.34 No.1

Background/Aims: We aimed to identify the ideal regimen for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication in Korea. Methods: We analyzed the reports on H. pylori eradication published in Korea from June 1991 to July 1998. We included only the reports containing defined protocols and therapeutic regimens, clinical records of at least 15 adult patients with peptic ulcer for each regimen, and assessment of eradication rates taken 4 weeks or more after completion of therapy. Intention-to-treat analysis (ITT) and per-protocol analysis (PPA) were performed. Compliance and side effects were evaluated. Results: Seven (53.8%) among 13 full articles and 7 (26.9%) among 26 abstracts satisfied the requisite inclusion criteria. Eradication rates of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) based triple 7-day regimen which was consistent with consensus guidelines were 80.6% (range 53.2-93.1%) by ITT and 90.0% (range 85.2-93.1%) by PPA. There was no statistical significance among the treatment durations (7, 10, 14 days) of PPI-based therapies. Compliance was higher in PPI-based regimens than in bismuth-based regimens (p=0.018). Side effects could not be evaluated because they were not clearly appeared in the reports. Conclusions: Reports which followed the consensus guidelines were rare. PPI-based triple 7-day regimen was consistent with consensus guidelines, but it is still unclear whether this regimen was ideal therapy for eradication of H. pylori in Korea. Seven days of duration may be enough for PPI based triple regimen. The studies on H. pylori eradication should follow the consensus guidelines.

위와 대장의 선암 및 선종에서 E-cadherin/β-catenin 복합체의 발현

박수헌,김재광,정규원,최명규,한준열,선희식,문성배,강창석,이교영 대한소화기학회 2000 대한소화기학회지 Vol.36 No.4

Background/Aims: Poor expressions of E-cadherin and β-catenin complex in the immunohistochemical staining were frequently observed in the tumors. We investigated the correlation between the expressions of E-cadherin and β-catenin and the clinicopathologic factors of adenocarcinomas and adenomas in the stomach and colon. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining of E-cadherin and β-catenin was performed for the adenocarcinomas of stomach (65) and colon (98) and adenomas of stomach (39) and colon (47). Results: The abnormal stainings of E-cadherin and β-catenin were observed in the most adenocarcinomas of the stomach and colon, and in the certain numbers of adenomas of the stomach and colon. This abnormality was frequently observed in the undifferentiated and infiltrative adenocarcinoma. The abnormal staining of E-cadherin and β-catenin in gastric cancer was closely correlated with poor survival, but not in the colon cancer. Conclusions: These findings show that the decreased expression of E-cadherin and β-caare involved in progress of stomach and colon cancer. The cytoplasmic expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in some adenocarcinoma seems to be also involved in the carcinogenesis but needs further study.