일부 개원의사들의 사회심리적 스트레스 및 직무 스트레스 관련 요인

강문국,김장락,정백근,박기수,감신,홍대용,강윤식,Kang, Moon-Kuk,Kim, Jang-Rak,Jeong, Baek-Geun,Park, Ki-Soo,Kam, Sin,Hong, Dae-Yong,Kang, Yune-Sik 대한예방의학회 2007 예방의학회지 Vol.40 No.2

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the levels of psychosocial stress, job stress and their related factors among medical doctors practicing at local clinics. Methods : A survey using a self administered questionnaire was administered to 1,456 doctors practicing at private clinics via post for 2 months (2006. 1 - 2006. 3). Psychosocial stress, job stress, demographic factors, job related factors and health related behaviors were investigated. Among the eligible study population, the respondents were 428 doctors (29.4%). Results : The average scores of psychosocial stress and job stress were 2.19 and 3.13, respectively. The levels of psychosocial stress and job stress were statistically lower in older respondents, those who worked shorter or who were more satisfied with their job, and those with higher socioeconomic status. The level of psychosocial stress was related with smoking status, drinking status and exercise. The level of job stress was related with smoking status and exercise. In multiple linear regression analysis using psychosocial stress as a dependent variable, age, working hours per day, job satisfaction and perception on socioeconomic status were significant independent variables. In analysis using job stress as a dependent variable, age, working hours per day and job satisfaction were significant independent variables. Conclusions : Stress affects the doctor-patient relationship, productivity and overall health level of people. Therefore, it is important to manage and relieve the stress of doctors. It is suggested that more advanced studies on stress level and related factors and ways to improve the stress and health related behaviors of medical doctors should be conducted.

재조합 대장균 유래 베타카로틴이 함유된 기능성 화장품 제조 및 이의 임상실험을 통한 주름개선 효능 평가

김유근,이영훈,강문국,이병학,윤준기,김성배,김창준,Kim, You-Geun,Lee, Young-Hoon,Kang, Moon-Kook,Lee, Byung-Hak,Yun, Jun-Ki,Kim, Sung-Bae,Kim, Chang-Joon 한국미생물·생명공학회 2009 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.25 No.4

재조합 대장균으로부터 회수된 고순도 베타카로틴을 첨가한 기능성 화장품의 제조방법을 개발하고 이의 임상실험을 수행하여 개발된 화장품의 주름개선 성능을 평가하였다. 베타카로틴의 유효성, 각종 피부흡수 및 사용성, 질감 등을 고려하여 화장품을 처방하였다. 베타카로틴의 첨가량은 피부에 독성을 나타내지 않고 콜라겐생합성 촉진효과가 우수하며 베타카로틴 자체의 특유한 붉은 색소가 피부에 묻어나오지 않을 정도인 화장품 kg 당 1 mg으로 결정하였다. 베타카로틴을 용해시키기 위하여 식용오일을 사용하였고 항산화물질인 vitamin E(tocopheryl acetate)를 첨가함으로써 제품의 장기간 보관 시 베타카로틴의 안정성과 유효성에 도움을 주게 하였다. 유화제 및 유화안정제는 2.0% 첨가함으로써 유상과 수상이 분리되지 않도록 하였다. 유연제인 dimethicone을 0.35% 첨가함으로써 백탁 현상을 제거하고 피부에 대한 사용감을 좋게 하였다. 보습작용을 보이는 sorbitol을 첨가함으로써, 건조한 환경에 대한 피부트러블을 최소화하게 하였다. 제품의 안정도를 조사하였다. 60일간의 실험에서 상온에 보관된 제품의 pH는 변화가 거의 없었고 0, 25, $40^{\circ}C$의 온도서 물리 화학적 변화가 없는 안정한 상태를 유지하였다. 뿐만 아니라 광제품의 주름개선 성능을 평가하기 위하여 20명의 피시험자를 대상으로 화장품의 인체적용시험을 실시하였다. 시험자의 평가결과 4주 후 피험자의 38%가 주름이 감소하였고 8주 후에는 68%가 주름이 개선되었다. This paper described the formulation of functional cosmetics and evaluation of anti-wrinkle efficacy in clinical test. Cosmetics were formulated with highly purified $\beta$-carotene obtained from the culture broth of recombinant E.coli cells. Edible oil for solubilizing $\beta$-carotene, vitamine E for long-term storage, detergent/stabilizer (2.0%) for the complete formation of oil/water emulsion, dimethicone (0.35%) for good skin care, and sorbitol for skin moisturizer were also added as ingredients. Physical or chemical degradation of formulated products stored at $0^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, or $40^{\circ}C$ was not observed for 60-day testing period. In clinical test, 68% of applicants observed wrinkle decrease after 8-week treatment. This result indicates that newly formulated cosmetics have strong potential for improving wrinkle skin care.

비만 환자에서 펜디메트라진의 유효성 및 안전성 평가를 위한 시판후조사

김범수,김영식,안은숙,노영준,정승길,김진목,강문국,안인순,박영규 대한임상건강증진학회 2010 Korean Journal of Health Promotion Vol.10 No.2

Background: In Korea, phendimetrazine has been widely used for the treatment of obesity in primary care since 2001. However, there have been very few studies on the safety and efficacy of phendimetrzine. In order to investigate the safety and efficacy of phendimetrazine prescribed in primary care, a postmarketing surveillance study was undertaken. Methods: A total of 1,015 (male 41, female 974) patients with obesity (BMI≥27) were enrolled from 28 primary care physicians in Korea from September 2006 to November 2007. The patients were regularly observed to ascertain the safety and efficacy of phendimetrazine at intervals of 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Results: Of the 1,015 patients enrolled, 916 (90.2%) returned for safety evaluation and 907 (89.4%) for efficacy assessment. In all, 555 (61.2%) of 907 patients had lost 5% or more of body weight. Mean weight loss was 5.0 kg (SD 4.0). A total of 437 adverse events (AEs) were reported from 298 patients (32.5%). The most prevalent adverse event was insomnia (9.0%), followed by dry mouth (8.6%), tachycardia (5.7%), headache (3.7%), dizziness (3.3%), palpitation (2.9%), constipation (2.4%), anxiety (2.0%), tremor (1.9%) and nausea (1.6%). Nineteen patients (4.4%) discontinued taking phendimetrazine as a direct result of AEs. No serious AEs were reported. During the 12 weeks of treatment, phendimetrazine was continued by 57.4% and discontinued by 42.6%. Women, young age, high education, combined therapy, good compliance, new user, and occurrence of AE were associated with good efficacy (P<0.05). Conclusions: The adverse events of phendimetrazine were common, even though phendimetrazine was quite effective for weight loss and well tolerated. 연구배경: 한국에서 펜디메트라진은 1998년 발매 이후로 많이 사용되어 왔으나, 그 유효성과 안정성에 대한 연구가 없는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 일차 의료 기관에서 비만치료로 쓰이는 펜디메트라진의 유효성과 안전성을 평가하기 위하여 시판후조사를 시행하였다방법: 2006년 9월에서 2007년 11월까지 총 49명의 일차 진료의를 방문한 1,015명의 비만 환자(남자 41, 여자 974)를 대상으로 펜디메트라진을 투여 후 4, 8, 12주에 추적관찰하여 안전성과 유효성을 평가하였다. 결과: 1,015명의 비만 환자 중에서 916 (90.2%)에 대해 안전성 평가가 이루어졌으며, 907 (89.4%)명의 환자에 대해서 유효성 평가가 이루어졌다. 907명의 환자 중 555명(61.2%)에서 5% 이상의 체중감량이 되었고, 평균체중감량은 5.0 kg이었다(SD 4.0). 437건의 유해사례가 298명(32.5%)의 환자에게서 나타났으며, 가장 흔한 유해사례는 불면(9.1%)이었고, 이어서 구갈(8.8%), 빈맥(5.7%), 두통(3.7%), 어지러움(3.3%) 순으로 나타났다. 19명(4.4%)의 환자는 유해사례로 인해 약물투여를 중단하였으나 심각한 유해사례는 발견되지 않았다. 펜디메트라진의 12주 치료 기간 중 57.4%에서 지속적으로 복용하였고, 42.6%는 복용을 중단하였다. 펜디메트라진의 감량효과를 높인 요인으로는 여성, 50세 미만, 고학력자, 병용약물 사용, 순응도가 좋은 경우, 유해사례 발생 등이었다. 결론: 펜디메트라진을 투여 후 80.3%에서 1.8 kg 이상 체중감량이 있었으나, 12주의 투여를 완료한 환자는 57.4%였고, 유해사례의 발생률은 32.5%이었으나 대부분 경증이었고, 심각한 유해사례는 없었다.

서부 경남 일부 도장 작업장 근로자의 톨루엔 노출에 의한 건강 위해성 평가

이효민,최은석,홍대용,김장락,양진규,강민정,강문국,최우호,권덕헌,조미정 한국보건통계학회 2000 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.25 No.2

This study was performed to assess the health risk of toluene expected in painting workplace. The subjects were 87 workers of 43 painting workplaces in western Kyongnam Province. They were monitored through personal air samplers during working time and the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Subchronic daily intake of toluene was induced using Monte-Carlo simulation. For the settlement of exposure variables, exposure time, exposure frequency and inhalation rate were establiched to 8 hours per day, 280 days per year and 20 m'/day, respectively. The air concentration of toluene, inhalation rate and body weight were used in the form of distribution values to calculate subchronic daily intake of toluene. The reference dose of toluene was induced using toxicity value from Integrated risk information system (IRIS) database. For risk characterization, Monte-Carlo simulation was used for the induction of subchronic hazard index. The results of risk assessment were summarized as follows: Ⅰ. The air concentration of toluene was 39.313 ± 83.178 mg/m^3(mean ± standard deviation) ranging from 0.060 mg/m^3 to 444.108 mg/m^3. Among 87 subjects, only one exceeded threshold limit value(TLV-TWA). Ⅱ. Subchronic daily intake of 25th and 50th percentile on toluene simulated by Monte-Carlo simulation were 0.13 mg/kg-day, 0.54 mg/kg-day, respectively. Ⅲ. Inhalation reference dose of toluene was 0.13 mg/kg-day. Ⅳ. Subchronic hazard index of 25th and 50th percentile on toluene simulated by Monte-Carlo simulation was 1.17, 2.69, respectively. Adverse health effects of toluene to 65% of the workers would be expected in the selected painting workplaces because the hazard index of 35th percentile exceeded 1. So, we should not conclude there were no adverse health effects if it didn't exceed TLV-TWA

식품 및 환경, 기타 재조합 대장균 유래 베타카로틴이 함유된 기능성 화장품 제조 및 이의 임상실험을 통한 주름개선 효능 평가

김유근 ( You Geun Kim ),이영훈 ( Young Hoon Lee ),강문국 ( Moon Kook Kang ),이병학 ( Byung Hak Lee ),윤준기 ( Jun Ki Yun ),김성배 ( Sung Bae Kim ),김창준 ( Chang Joon Kim ) 한국미생물생명공학회 2009 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.37 No.4

Postmarketing Surveillance Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Phentermine in Patients with Obesity

김옥현,이정아,서희원,김영식,김범수,안은숙,노영준,정성길,김진목,강문국,안인순,박영규 대한가정의학회 2013 Korean Journal of Family Medicine Vol.34 No.5

Background: Obesity is a complex problem that is now considered a chronic metabolic disease. In Korea, phentermine has been widely used for the treatment of obesity in the primary care setting since 2004. However, there have been very few studies on the safety and efficacy of phentermine. To investigate the safety and efficacy of this drug, a postmarketing surveillance study was performed. Methods: A total of 795 patients with obesity (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2) were enrolled from 30 primary care centers in Korea from September 2006 to November 2007. Patients were examined to ascertain safety and efficacy at 4-, 8-, and 12-week intervals. The criterion for efficacy was defined as a weight loss ≥ 5% of body weight. Results: Of the 795 enrolled patients, 735 (92.5%) were evaluated in safety assessments and 711 (89.4%) was included in efficacy assessments. A total of 266 adverse events (AEs) were reported by 218 patients (30.6%), and no serious AEs were reported. Among 711 patients, 324 patients (45.6%) lost ≥ 5% of their body weight. The mean weight loss was 3.8 ± 4.0 kg. Conclusion: AEs are commonly associated with phentermine, even though phentermine is effective for weight loss and relatively well-tolerated.

재조합 대장균으로부터 고순도 베타-카로틴의 추출 및 정제

조지송,엔구엔트구앙,윤준기,김유나,김유근,김성배,서양곤,이병학,강문국,김창준,Jo, Ji-Song,Nguyen, Do Quynh Anh,Yun, Jun-Ki,Kim, Yu-Na,Kim, You-Geun,Kim, Sung-Bae,Seo, Yang-Gon,Lee, Byung-Hak,Kang, Moon-Kook,Kim, Chang-Joon 한국미생물·생명공학회 2009 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.24 No.3

재조합 대장균으로부터 고순도 베타-카로틴을 효율적으로 회수하기 위한 추출정제 방법을 개발하기 위하여 세포파쇄의 유무, 추출온도, 추출용매의 종류, 세포 대 추출용매의 비율 및 결정세척 용매의 선정이 베타-카로틴 추출수율과 순도에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 세포파쇄의 유무는 베타-카로틴 추출수율에 영향을 미치지 않았으므로 별도의 물리적 세포파쇄 단계가 생략되었다. 테스트된 용매 종류에 관계없이 $50^{\circ}C$에서 베타-카로틴의 추출수율은 $30^{\circ}C$에서보다 월등히 높았다. 아이소부틸 아세테이트에 의해 추출되는 베타-카로틴의 양은 추출성능이 제일 낮은 아세톤을 사용한 경우에 비해 7.6배 높았다. 0.4g의 동결건조세포로부터 베타-카로틴을 최대로 추출하기 위해 필요한 아이소부틸 아세테이트의 최적양은 10mL였고, 이는 단위 건조 세포(g-dry cells)당 25mL의 아이소부틸 아세테이트가 필요함을 의미하였다. 아세톤과 올리브오일을 동일비율로 혼합한 용액에 의한 추출양은 아세톤만을 사용한 경우보다 훨씬 높았고 가장 높은 값을 나타낸 아이소부틸 아세테이트에 의한 값과 비슷한 수치를 나타내었다. 추출액에 용해되어 있는 베타-카로틴의 결정 생성을 촉진시켜 베타-카로틴을 추출용액으로 분리하여 얻어진 베타-카로틴 결정의 순도는 89%으나 이를 에탄올로 세척 시 순도가 98.5%로 향상되었다. HPLC, 분광광도계 분석외에 추가적으로 질량분석을 수행함으로써 회수된 결정이 베타-카로틴임을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 본 연구팀에서 개발한 방법으로 식품의약 안전청에서 고시한 화장품 및 식품의 첨가물 기준을 만족시키는 고순도 베타-카로틴을 효율적으로 생산할 수 있음을 시사한다. This paper aimed to develop a solvent extraction and purification process to recover high-purified ${\beta}$-carotene from recombinant Escherichia coli. Cells harvested from the culture broth were treated through numerous steps: dehydration, solvent extraction, crystal formation and separation. To optimize the extracting condition, experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of cell disruption, temperature, organic solvents, solvent-biomass ratio on the yield of ${\beta}$-carotene extracted from cells. The result indicated that no significant differences of extraction yield were observed from cells with or without step of cell disruption. Among different extracting solvents, the highest extraction yield of ${\beta}$-carotene, 30.3 mg-${\beta}$-carotene/g-dry cells, was obtained with isobutyl acetate at solvent-biomass ratio 25 mL/g-dry cells at $50^{\circ}C$. Notably, in case of acetone, the extraction yield was quite low when using acetone itself, but increased almost up to the highest value when combining this solvent and olive oil. The purity of ${\beta}$-carotene crystals obtained from crystallization and separation was 89%. The purity degree was further improved up to 98.5% by treating crude crystals with additional ethanol washing.

발효, 세포배양, 생물공정 재조합 대장균으로부터 고순도 베타-카로틴의 추출 및 정제

조지송 ( Ji Song Jo ),엔구엔트구앙 ( Do Quynh Anh Nguyen ),윤준기 ( Jun Ki Yun ),김유나 ( Yu Na Kim ),김유근 ( You Geun Kim ),김성배 ( Sung Bae Kim ),서양곤 ( Yang Gon Seo ),이병학 ( Byung Hak Lee ),강문국 ( Moon Kook Kang ),김창준 ( 한국미생물생명공학회 2009 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.37 No.3