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Sang Kyoo Paik,Jong Ho Kim,Tae Heon Kim,Yong Chul Bae 대한구강생물학회 2015 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.40 No.4
Previous studies suggested that myelinated axons innervating rat molar pulps undergo morphological changes in their peripheral course. However, little information is available on the morphological feature of the parent axons at the site of origin. We therefore investigated the size of the myelinated parent axons and their morphological features at the proximal sensory root of the trigeminal ganglion by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection into rat upper molar pulps and subsequent light and electron microscopy. A total of 248 HRP-labeled myelinated axons investigated were highly variable in the size. Fiber area, fiber diameter, axon area (axoplasm area), axon diameter (axoplasm diameter), and myelin thickness were 11.32 ± 8.36 μm2 (0.80~53.17 μm2), 3.99 ± 1.53 μm (1.08~9.26 μm), 8.70 ± 6.30 μm2 (0.70~41.83 μm2), 3.13 ± 1.13 μm (0.94~7.20 μm) and 0.43 ± 0.23 μm (0.07~1.06 μm), respectively. The g-ratio (axon diameter / fiber diameter) of the labeled axons was 0.79 ± 0.05 (0.61~0.91). Axon diameter was highly correlated with myelin thickness (correlation coefficients, r=0.83) but little correlated with g-ratio (r=−0.33) of individual myelinated parent axons. These results indicate that myelin thickness of the myelinated parent axons innervating rat molar pulps increase with increasing axon diameter, thus maintaining a constant g-ratio.
Paik, Sang Kyoo,Park, Sook Kyung,Jin, Jong Kil,Bae, Jin Young,Choi, Su Jung,Yoshida, Atsushi,Ahn, Dong Kuk,Bae, Yong Chul Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2011 JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH - Vol.89 No.2
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The excitatory synapses on the jaw‐closing (JC) motoneurons mediate the neuronal input that ensures smooth and rhythmic movements of the jaw. Recently, we have shown that the neurotransmitter phenotype of the inhibitory boutons onto JC motoneurons shifts from GABA to glycine, and new inhibitory synapses onto JC motoneurons are continuously formed during postnatal development (Paik et al. [2007] J. Comp. Neurol. 503:779–789). To test whether the developmental pattern of the excitatory synapses onto JC motoneurons differs from that of the inhibitory synapses, we studied the distribution of glutamate‐immunopositive boutons onto the rat JC motoneurons during postnatal development by using a combination of retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), postembedding immunogold staining, and quantitative ultrastructural analysis. The analysis of 175, 281, and 465 boutons contacting somata of JC motoneurons at postnatal days P2, P11, and P31, respectively, revealed that the number of glutamate‐immunopositive (Glut<SUP>+</SUP>) boutons increased by 2.6 times from P2 to P11 and showed no significant change after that, whereas the length of apposition of these boutons increased continuously from P2 to P31, suggesting that the time course for the development of Glut<SUP>+</SUP> boutons differed from that for Glut<SUP>−</SUP> boutons, most of which were immunopositive for GABA and/or glycine. Our findings indicate that excitatory and inhibitory synapses onto JC motoneurons exhibit distinctly different developmental patterns that may be closely related to the maturation of the masticatory system. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</P>
Sang Kyoo Paik,Seung Ki Choi,Jong Wook Lee,Tae Heon Kim,Dong Kuk Ahn,Atsushi Yoshida,Yun Sook Kim,Yong Chul Bae 대한해부학회 2010 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.43 No.4
Ultrastructural parameters related to synaptic release and their correlation with synaptic connectivity were analyzed in the low-threshold mechanoreceptive vibrissa afferent boutons in laminae III and IV of the trigeminal caudal nucleus (Vc). Rapidly adapting vibrissa afferents were intra-axonally labeled, and quantitative ultrastructural analyses with serial sections were performed on the labeled boutons and their presynaptic endings (p-endings). The volume of the labeled boutons was widely distributed from small to large ones (0.8~12.3 μm3), whereas the p-endings were small and uniform in size. The volume of the labeled boutons was positively correlated with the ultrastructural parameters such as mitochondrial volume (correlation coefficient, r=0.96), active zone area (r=0.82) and apposed surface area (r=0.79). Vesicle density (r=-0.18) showed little correlation to the volume of labeled boutons, suggesting that the total vesicle number of a bouton is proportional to its volume. In addition, the bouton volume was positively correlated with the number of p-endings (r=0.52) and with the number of dendrites postsynaptic to the labeled bouton (r=0.83). These findings suggest that low-threshold mechanoreception conveyed through vibrissa afferents is processed in a bouton size-dependent manner in the Vc, which may contribute to the sensory-motor function of laminae III/IV in Vc.
Paik, Sang Kyoo,Lee, Hyo Jeong,Choi, Min Ki,Cho, Yi Sul,Park, Mae Ja,Moritani, Masayuki,Yoshida, Atsushi,Kim, Yun Sook,Bae, Yong Chul Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2009 Journal of neuroscience research Vol.87 No.5
<P>The supratrigeminal region (Vsup) is important for coordination of smooth jaw movement. However, little is known about the synaptic connections of the Vsup premotoneurons with the trigeminal motor neurons. In the present study, we examined axon terminals of Vsup premotoneurons in the contralateral trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo) by a combination of anterograde tracing with cholera toxin B–horseradish peroxidase (CTB-HRP), postembedding immunohistochemistry for the amino acid transmitters glutamate, GABA, and glycine, and electron microscopy. Tracer injections resulted in anterograde labeling of axon terminals of the Vsup premotoneurons in the motor trigeminal nucleus (Vmo). The labeled boutons in Vmo exhibited immunoreactivity for glutamate, GABA, or glycine: glutamate-immunopositive boutons (69%) were more frequently observed than GABA- or glycine-immunopositive boutons (19% and 12%, respectively). Although most labeled boutons (97%) made synaptic contacts with a single postsynaptic dendrite, a few glutamate-immunopositive boutons (3%) showed synaptic contact with two dendrites. No labeled boutons participated in axoaxonic synaptic contacts. Most labeled boutons (78%) were presynaptic to dendritic shafts, and the remaining 22% were presynaptic to somata or primary dendrites. A large proportion of GABA- or glycine-immunopositive boutons (40%) were presynaptic to somata or primary dendrites, whereas most glutamate-immunopositive boutons (86%) were presynaptic to dendritic shafts. These results indicate that axon terminals of Vsup premotoneurons show simple synaptic connection with Vmo neurons. This may provide the anatomical basis for the neural information processing responsible for jaw movement control. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>
식도 정맥류 출혈을 동반한 간경변 환자에서 Ciprofloxacin의 예방적 투여는 세균성 감염 예방에 효과적인가?
홍성노,김범진,이선영,이춘영,류민규,최문석,이준혁,이풍렬,고광철,김재준,백승운,이종철,최규완 대한간학회 2002 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.8 No.3
목적: 식도 정맥류 출혈을 동반한 간경변증 환자 에서 세균성 감염은 비교적 흔한 합병증으로 불량한 예후와 연관되어 있다. 이러한 환자에서 경구용 항생제를 예방적으로 투여하면 세균성 감염의 위험을 낮출 수 있는 것으로 보고 되어 왔으나, 세균성 감염이 흔히 발생하는 출혈 초기에는 경구로 항생제를 투여하는 것이 상당수에서 비효율적이며, 투여 자체가 어려운 경우가 많다. 저자 등은 식도 정맥류 출혈을 동반한 간경변증 환자에서 ciprofloxacin의 정맥 투여가 세균성 감염 예방에 효과적인지 알아보고자 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 식도 정맥류 출 혈로 내시경적 식도 정맥류 결찰술을 시행 받은 Child-Pugh 분류 B군 이상의 간경변증 환자 40명 (남:여=33:7, 연령:30∼78세)을 일련적으로 등록하여 치료군(20명)과 대조군(20명)으로 무작위 배정하였다. 치료군에게는 ciprofloxacin 200mg을 12시간 간격으로 72시간 동안 정맥 주사하였고, 대조군에게는 항생제를 투여하지 않았다. 이들을 7일간 추적 관찰 하며 혈액 배양 검사, 소변 검사, 흉부 방사선 촬영 과 복수 천자 등의 검사를 시행하여 세균성 감염 여부를 양군간에 비교하였고, 각 군의 임상 경과와 병 원 재원 일수 및 의료비를 비교하였다. 결과: 20명 의 대조군 중 9명(45%)에서 세균성 감염이 발생하였으나, 20명의 치료군 중에서는 2명(10%)에서만 세균성 감염이 발생하여 치료군에서 대조군보다 세균성 감염의 발생이 유의하게 적었다(p<0.05). 임상 경과와 사망률은 양군간에 차이가 없었으나, 재원 기간은 치료군에서는 13.4± 9.6일, 대조군에서는 20.4± 23.7일로 대조군에서 더 긴 재원 기간을 보였고(p<0.001), 의료비도 치료군보다 대조군에서 의료비가 더 많았다(p<0.001). 결론: 식도 정맥류 출혈을 동반한 Child-Pugh 분류 B군 이상의 간경변증 환자에서 출혈 초기 정맥 주사용 ciprofloxacin을 사용하는 것은 세균성 감염의 발생 빈도를 낮추며, 병원 재원 일수 및 의료비를 감소시키는 효과가 있다. Background/Aims: In cirrhotic patients with esophageal variceal bleeding, bacterial infections are a frequent complication. Oral antibiotic prophylaxis decreases the incidence of bacterial infections. The administration of oral antibiotics, however, may be difficult in some cirrhotic patients with active bleeding.The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with esophageal variceal bleeding. Methods: From December 1998 to September 2001, a total of 40 consecutive cirrhotic patients with Child-Pugh class B or C were enrolled after emergent endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation (EVL) was taken because of esophageal variceal bleeding. Enrolled patients were randomized into a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group (n=20) received the intravenous ciprofloxacin 200mg IV q 12 hours for 3 days while the control group(n=20) didn,t. Results: Bacterial infection developed in nine patients (45%) of the control group and only two patients (10%) in the treatment group. The incidence of bacterial infections was significantly lower in the treatment group than the control group (p<0.005). The hospital cost and length of hospital stay decreased in the treatment group compared with the control group (p<0.001). There were no differences in the hospital course and mortality within 30 days between the two groups. Conclusions: In cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding and with Child-Pugh class B or C, the use of intravenous ciprofloxacin for 3 days after EVL was not only effective in the prevention of bacterial infections but also cost-effective. (Korean J Hepatol 2002;8:288-296)