영어와 한국어 완료상의 통사 · 의미적 분석

양용준(Yang, Yong-Joon) 미래영어영문학회 2017 영어영문학 Vol.22 No.2

The purpose of this study is to look at and analyze perfective aspect of English & Korean syntactically and semantically. There are three grammatical categories related to the time in English & Korean. That is to say, they are time, tense, and aspect. English has two aspects, which are progressive aspect and perfective aspect. In this paper, perfective aspect is focused and analyzed in English and Korean. It is said that Korean doesn"t have perfective aspect. However, there are progressive aspect "~hanunjungida"(be + ~ing) and perfective aspect "~eoss"(have + pp) in Korean clearly. Korean perfective aspect is similar to English perfective aspect in syntactical and semantical usages. Although it is difficult to understand Korean perfective aspect syntactically, the meanings of perfective aspect are clear and easy to understand vocabularies in themselves. As a result, it is needed understanding and using perfective aspect in Korean & English throughly and perfectly. Understanding perfective aspect is important in English and Korean. Aspect are different from tense therefore they have to be used and understood in English and Korean carefully.

중국어 방언의 완정상·완료상·완성상 표지의 분포와 그의 언어유형론적 함의

박정구 ( Park Jungku ),강병규 ( Kang Byeongkwu ),유수경 ( Yu Sukyong ) 한국중국언어학회 2020 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.87

In this paper, we have investigated the variations of perfective and perfect aspect makers in 135 Chinese dialects corresponding to ‘le(了)’ in Mandarin. The aim of this study is to compare the variation forms of aspect markers between various Chinese dialects and to examine the correlation between form and function. In Mandarin Chinese, it is difficult to distinguish semantic functions because perfective and perfect aspects are represented by the same ‘le(了)’. However, in Chinese dialect, the marker corresponding to ‘le(了)’ has various forms depending on the syntactic distribution and semantic function. Depending on the dialect, ‘le₁(了1)’ following the verb and ‘le₂(了2)’ of sentence-final may have one form or two or more forms. In order to observe these aspects comprehensively, we reviewed related prior studies and conducted a survey of more than 135 dialect speakers. According to a survey of Chinese dialect, dialects using one form make up 40% of the total. The remaining 60% of the dialects have two or more forms. In a survey of Chinese dialects, we found that aspect markers corresponding to “le” vary in distribution and combine with different types of predicates. And we can see that the distributional difference of ‘le(了)’ greatly affects the functional difference. Specifically, the function of ‘le(了)’ has a clear contrast between ‘sentence-final’ and ‘non-sentence-final’. In other words, functional contrasts are basically closely related to the distribution of ‘le(了)’. When ‘le(了)’ is placed in sentence-final, it is closely related to the form of ‘le₂(了2)’, whether it is added to a verb or an adjective. On the other hand, when ‘le(了)’ is used in a non-sentence-final position, it is closely related to the form of ‘le₁(了1)’, whether it is added to a verb or an adjective. In addition, the contrast between the meanings of predicates expressed as ‘dynamic’ and ‘static’ is not as obvious as the contrast between ‘sentence-final’ and ‘non-sentence-final’. This paper classifies types of 135 dialects based on the formal similarity of ‘le(了)’ As a result of statistical cluster analysis, it can be seen that it is divided into three types. These three types correspond to perfective, perfect, and completive, respectively. (1) ‘le₁(了1)’ is an aspect marker that can be attributed to perfective. As a result of the dialect investigation, the sentences corresponding to ‘le₁(了1)’ can be classified into the same group because they maintain similarity in form. (2) ‘le₂(了2)’ is an aspect marker that can be classified as perfect. According to the dialectal survey, ‘le₂(了2)’ was classified as an independent type, although its internal variation varied but had a distinctive morphological characteristic from ‘le₁(了1)’ as a whole. (3) ‘le(了)’ which has the function of result-complement belongs to the completive aspect because the degree of grammaticalization is lower than the other two types. When ‘le(了)’ is combined with a verb that has meaning of destruction and consumption, it can be interpreted as completive aspectual meaning. The degree of grammaticalization of these three types can be said to have a hierarchy of ‘completive <perfect <perfective’ as discussed in previous studies. In addition, ‘le(了)’, which has an aspectual meaning of completive/perfect/perfective, implies an aspectual meaning of inchoative in the interpretation of the bounded event structure. In this paper, we have classified and analyzed the various aspectual types and systems of ‘le(了)’ in Chinese dialects. In the future, we will try to compare and study perfective/perfect in other languages. This study on the perfective, perfect, completive aspect with empirical evidence and theoretical explanation shows that the development of the Chinese aspectual system has been following the universal tendency of human language evolution along the path of grammaticalization of aspect markers.

보조용언의 완료 기능설에 대한 재고

구종남 ( Jong Nam Koo ) 대한언어학회 2013 언어학 Vol.21 No.1

The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 21(1), 95-115. This paper aims to examine the aspectual functions of the auxiliary verbs ‘nohta’(놓다), ‘dooda(두다)’, ‘beorida’(버리다) ‘naeda’(내다) in Korean. It has been argued that these verbs have the meaning of perfective aspect. But these claims weren‘t examined fully in aspectual theory, and arguers depend on intuition in judging perfect. So there is no agreement on the items of perfective auxiliary verbs, and there are many phenomena we cannot accept of these verbs have the meaning of perfect. I observed the concept of perfective aspect overall and presented the conditions of perfective aspect based on the aspectual logic, and discussed whether the auxiliary verbs can be perfective forms. And I concluded that these auxiliary verbs cannot have the meaning of perfective aspect, by showing 14 evidences. For the most, these verbs cannot mark terminal point and complete the action in situation type. The reasons why these verbs have been misunderstood as perfective aspectual forms were explained in this paper. And I argued that they just represent modal meanings.

韓日の方言におけるアスペクトに関する考察 -完成相を中心に-

이희승 한국일본언어문화학회 2022 일본언어문화 Vol.60 No.-

As a morphological category to understand “Aspect” seizing the moment in the flow of time alongside with “Tense” related to time , it is common that the aspect consists of 3 ternary aspects which are <perfective - imperfective - perfect> as a dedicated type to indicate the progressive and the resultative in general linguistics. From the general linguistic point of view, in Japanese, <スル─シテイル> forms “binary aspect” that is perfective-imperfective. <スル> as the perfective does not separate the situation but recognize an indivisible situation from beginning to end, whereas <シテイル> as the imperfective indicates the progressive and the resultative according to the lexical meaning of verb in one form. Furthermore, it is very unusual to have two different meanings depending on a lexical meaning under one linguistic form from other languages in the world. On the other hand Uwajima dialect is considered to be similar to general linguistic because the form of <スル─シヨル─シトル> makes “ternary aspect” of <perfective - imperfective - perfect>. The purpose of this research is to study the meaning of aspect as the perfective form. The study inquires the difference between standard language and Jeju dialect in Korean compared to Japanese having similarity between standard language and Uwajima dialect in terms of representing aspect as the perfective.

-고' 통합 보조용언의 상적 의미에 대하여

구종남(Koo, Jong-nam) 한국언어문학회 2013 한국언어문학 Vol.87 No.-

The purpose of this article is to examine the aspectual properties of auxiliary verbs which are integrated into '-go(connective ending)'. There are several claims that '-go malda(-고 말다)', '-go boda(-고 보다)', '-go nada(-고 나다)' are perfective/perfect aspect forms. I examined the concepts of perfective/perfect aspect depending on Smith(1991). Judging from the concept of perfective/perfect aspects, '-go boda', '-go malda' do not have the meanings of perfective/perfect aspects. '-Go nada' has the meaning of the aspect, but the meaning(function) is not same as perfective/perfect aspect, '-go nada' focuses on the time lapse posterior to termination and completion of events. This form originated from coordination construction. '-Go' connects situations sequentially and termination or completion of events are due to this. The characteristic aspectual viewpoint of '-go nada' is due to the lexical meaning of 'nada' which means 'come out'. The grammaticalization of '-go nada' was possible because of the properties of its meaning (come out) which can be redundant in certain connective constructions. I argued that the aspectual property of '-go nada' was originated from the image schema of 'nada'.

영어의 상표현과 의미해석 -유형론의 언어 보편적 상범주와 관련하여-

조경숙 21세기영어영문학회 2008 영어영문학21 Vol.21 No.3

This paper aims to describe aspectual expressions and their semantic interpretations in English sentences, and to discuss their aspectuality with regard to the language universal categories of aspect from a perspective of Typology. First, the mechanism expressing aspectuality in English contains two elements; the lexical element and the grammatical element. The basic lexical elements in determining aspectual meanings are the aspectual types of verbs in the sentences. However, the semantic interpretations of the sentences are also affected by other lexical factors, such as the semantic features of various verbal complements including the boundness of arguments. Second, the grammatical method of expressing aspectuality in English is to use the aspect forms of progressive or perfect. The progressive form in English is a typical aspect category of expressing ‘Progressive' from a typological perspective. Furthermore, it can also express other aspectual meanings corresponding to the language universal categories of ‘Imperfective' or ‘Habitual', according to the aspectual types of the verbs. Third, the perfect form of English is the grammatical method of expressing diverse aspectual meanings corresponding to ‘Perfective', ‘Resultatives' and ‘Continuous', as one form. Moreover, these meanings of English perfect form are not the same as those of ‘Perfective'. Therefore, perfect form should be regarded as a new independent aspect category of ‘Perfect', which expresses the aspectual meaning of ‘the relevance to a reference time'.

제주도 방언의 형태론적 상 범주의 체계화를 위하여

고영진 한글학회 2008 한글 Vol.- No.280

This paper is aimed to explain the morphological aspect system in Cheju dialect. The results are as follows; First, we reexamined the term and the conception of aspect. Because, most of the articles which treated the aspect of Cheju dialect have been used the aspectual terms without strict definition, and they leaded to the confusions. Furthermore, we can not help saying that the earlier studies of aspect in Cheju dialect are the studies of tense in fact. Therefore it is important to define the aspect. According to Comrie(1976) and Kudo(1995), we define perfective as ‘denoting complete action with beginning, middle, and end’, imperfective as ‘the situation that lasts through all the time wihtout any beginning and without any end’, and perfect as ‘the situation that had happened before the past of the reference time has lasted.’ Secondly, according to the above analysis, we considered ‘-ni-’ as perfective, ‘-amshi-’ as imperfective, and ‘-ashi-’ as perfect. 이 글은 제주도 방언의 상 범주를 형태론적 차원에서 어떻게 체계화할 것인지를 검토한 것인데, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 우리는 지금까지 제주도 방언의 상 연구에 사용된 용어 및 그 개념 문제를 검토하였다. 기존의 업적들에서는, 상 관련 용어들이 엄밀한 개념 정의를 하지 않은 채 사용되고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 상을 다룬다면서도 실은 시제를 다루는 경우도 적지 않기 때문이다. 그리하여 우리는 상 관련 용어로 완전상, 불완전상(및 완료상)을 채용하였다. 그리고 그 개념은 Comrie(1976)와 구도(1995)를 따라, 사건의 진행에서 「시작-전개-종료」라는 각 국면을 구분하지 않은 채 한 덩어리로 파악하는 것(완전상), 사건의 시작 및 종료 단계를 무시한 중간 단계, 즉 장면의 전개 과정을 나타내는 것(불완전상), 그리고 특정한 기준 시점에서 그보다 전에 실현된 운동이 계속 관여하여 효력을 가지는 것(완료상)으로 정의하였다. 이러한 관점에서 제주도 방언의 형태론적 상 범주로는, 「-느-」에 의해 표현되는 완전상과, 「-암시-」로 표현되는 불완전상, 그리고 「-아시-」가 나타내는 완료상을 설정할 수 있다.

러시아어 상접두사와 동사의 상관관계 연구

송현배 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2008 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.43

This Paper is an attempt to describe the aspectual properties of prefixed verbs in Russian. The standard pattern of aspectual derivation in Russian involves taking an Imperfective base verb and adding a prefix to get a Perfective verb. Scholars have often noted a correlation between simplex and verbal prefixation. However, this correlation have never been satisfactorily answered in the literature. We describe the structure and semantic relation between simplex and prefixed perfective. This paper will present an empirical study of verbs and their aspectual behavior in Russian and explore these issues on a more theoretical level for Russian aspect.

한·중 시간 관련 범주에 관한 소고 — ‘-었-’과 ‘了’ 중심으로 —

이승희 한국현대언어학회 2018 언어연구 Vol.33 No.4

This paper aims to examine differences and correlations of grammatical category in conjunction with the verbs between Korean and Chinese by surveying their tense and aspect, not limited to a certain category. The awareness of this paper’s topic stems from temporal concept of Korean ‘-었(eot)-’ and Chinese ‘了(le)’. This is significant in meaning because it could be a way to examine how learners perceive the world by recognizing Korean, a tense dominant language, and Chinese, an aspect dominant language. When studying a particular language, it is difficult to understand the whole with one singular concept because tense, perfect as a subcategory of perfective and imperfective and time aspect of lexicons are all closely related. The adjacency matter should also be considered. The paper examines that Korean ‘-었(eot)-’ and Chinese ‘了(le)’, which instructors have experienced difficulties with in educational settings, should be considered as past tense, perfective and perfect. Also, the paper analyzes the tendency of aspect classification by in what state Korean is quoted with Comrie(1967) system and Chinese with Smith(1997). As a result, the paper discusses a strong correlation between archetypical features of Korean perfective ‘-었(eot)-’ and Chinese imperfective ‘了(le)’. In this analysis, there is no contrast between Chinese based on Korean and Korean based on Chinese. In other words, it is not a correspondence relationship of the surface structure, but a way of thinking about how the ‘temporal aspect’ which is the universal concept of the language that realized in Korean and Chinese, and it will be meaningful information applicable to Chinese education of Korean speaker and to Korean language education of Chinese speaker. 본고는 한국어와 중국어(이하 한·중이라 칭함)의 시제와 상을 특정 체계의 범주 안에 한정시키지 않고 살펴봄으로써 ‘-었-’과 ‘了([le])’의 상이점과 연관성을 고찰하는데 목적이 있다. 또한 이들과 결합하는 어휘상과의 결합양상을 살피어 어휘상에 따라 ‘-었-’과 ‘了’의 의미가 어떻게 다르게 인식되는지 살펴보고자 한다. 본고의 문제의식은 한국어 ‘-었-’과 중국어 ‘了’가 지니고 있는 시간 개념에서 시작된다. 이는 시제 우위 언어인 한국어와 상 우위 언어인 중국어의 인식 세계를 살펴 볼 수 있는 한 방식이 될 수 있기 때문에 큰 의미를 지닌다. 개별 언어에 있어 과거 시제와 완결상, 비완결상의 하위 범주로서의 완료 등은 서로 긴밀하게 연결되어 어느 한 가지 개념만으로는 전체를 파악하기 어렵고, 어휘상을 배재한 결합관계로는 해당 언어의 인식세계를 엿보기 어렵다. 본고에서는 한국어 교육과 중국어 교육에서 항상 어려움을 겪고 있는 한국어의 ‘-었-’과 중국어 ‘了’와의 문제를 한·중 과거시제, 완결상, 완료의 적용 양상으로 살피어 고려되어야 할 점을 밝혔다. 또한 상(aspect)에 있어서 어떠한 유용성으로 한국어는 Comrie(1967)의 체계가, 중국어는 Smith(1997)의 체계가 대표적으로 인용되는지 살피어 상의 분류 경향을 분석하였다. 그 결과 한국어 ‘과거시제’와 ‘완결상’으로 표현되는 ‘-었-’과 중국어 ‘완결상’과 비완결상의 하위범주인 ‘완료’의 ‘了’ 사이에 존재하는 상이성을 시간 개념의 관점에서 논의하였다. 한·중 동사에 투영되는 시간성의 양상에 관한 분석은 한국인 화자의 중국어 교육이나 중국인 화자의 한국어 교육에 응용할 수 있는 의미 있는 정보가 될 것이다.

영어 진행형의 인지적 의미와 행위자성에 관한 분석

이나승 새한영어영문학회 2009 새한영어영문학 Vol.51 No.2

This paper aims to analyse the meanings of English progressives and their relationship with agentivity within the framework of cognitive grammar. English verbs have various meanings in terms of the process they represent. Though there are many ways to classify verbs according to their meanings, I classify verb processes into perfective process and imperfective process. Perfective process is bounded in the temporal domain and has change of state, imperfective process is not bounded and extends indefinitely. But these two processes have different aspects in the progressive, Perfective process is unbounded and means permanent state like imperfectives. On the contrary, imperfective process is bounded like perfectives. These are the important characteristics represented in the English progressive. English progressive in terms of these two processes is related to agentivity. Agentivity in the extended perfective process is very weak because the subject has very weak or no volition. On the other hand, agentivity in the intended imperfective process is strong because the subject has strong volition to do something, I show the figures that are profiled in each domain according to the framework of cognitive grammar. In short, English progressive seems to be dynamic in that it can be extended or intended in the spatial, temporal, or abstract domain and the strength of agentivity it presents can be changed.