자가숙성발효 후 흑마늘의 S-Allyl-L-cystein, Diallyl Disulfide 및 Total Amino Acids 분석

김문수(Mun-Su Kim),김민주(Min-Ju Kim),방우석(Woo-Suk Bang),김근성(Keun-Sung Kim),박성수(Sung-Soo Park) 한국식품영양과학회 2012 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.41 No.5

남해산 생마늘 및 흑마늘의 일반성분 분석, 아미노산 함량 및 마늘의 주요 황 함유 생리활성물질인 수용성 S-allyl-L-cysteine(SAC) 및 지용성 diallyl-disulfide(DADS)의 함량을 분석하여 발효 전후 이들 성분에 대한 함량 변화를 비교하였다. 일반성분의 함량은 생마늘과 자가숙성발효마늘에서 큰 변화가 없었다. 흑마늘 내의 17종 아미노산중 13종 아미노산 함량이 증가하였다. 특히 함황아미노산인 cysteine 및 methionine의 함량(㎎/100 g)이 각각 295.25±5.08에서 381.86±14.86로, 47.2±3.92에서 66.6±1.08로 증가하였고, histidine의 함량(㎎/100 g)은 319.19±5.42에서 796.62±7.01로 크게 증가하였다. SAC 및 DADS의 함량(㎍/g)은 245.35±1.35에서 522.51±1.19로, 0.275±0.015에서 8.710±0.45로 각각 2배와 30배 이상으로 생마늘에 비하여 흑마늘내의 함량이 매우 큰 폭으로 증가하였다. 이러한 현상은 자가숙성발효라는 제조과정에서 생마늘의 alliin이 1차적으로 효소와 기타 화학적 반응에 의해 allicin으로 전환된 후, allicin으로부터 다른 일련의 복합적인 화학반응에 의하여 많은양의 SAC 및 DADS가 생성된 결과에 의하여 나타났다고 할 수 있다. 또한 자가숙성 발효 과정 중 이러한 SAC 및 DADS 등과 같은 마늘 내 함황화합물들의 지표물질 생성확인은 인체에 유익한 생리활성을 보유한 많은 종류의 다른 함황화합물들이 동시에 흑마늘 내에서 생성되었음을 암시한다. 그러나 흑마늘의 제조과정은 85~95%의 습도, 60~70 ℃에서 40여일 정도 장기간의 숙성이 필요하다. 이러한 숙성과정은 특정 미생물 또는 효소를 이용하여 단축할 필요가 있다. 또한 SAC 및 DADS 등과 같이 생리활성이 높은 함황화합물들의 함량을 증가시킬 수 있는 새로운 가공법에 대한 연구가 필요하다. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the oldest cultivated plants and has been used throughout the world as a food supplement and a folk medicine for thousands of years. Raw garlic has been processed into a variety of commercial garlic products for consumer convenience. The latest new processing technology, "spontaneous short-term fermentation", has been developed to process raw garlic into black garlic. The physiologically active effects of garlic have been attributed to its organosulfur compounds. In this study, the proximate compositions and the total amino acid content of raw Namhae garlic and black garlic were determined. The two major organosulfur compounds of garlic, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), and diallyl-disulfide (DADS), were also analyzed using RP-HPLC. The proximate compositions were not different between raw and black garlic. The amount of 13 amino acids was greater in black garlic than in raw garlic among a total of 17 amino acids considered. The black garlic had 2-fold higher levels of SAC and 30-fold higher levels of DADS than the raw garlic. Therefore, it is suggested that consuming black garlic produced by spontaneous short-term fermentation is more effective than consuming raw garlic, in order for consumers to take more physiologically active organosulfur compounds (SAC and DADS), which are the compounds that are good for consumer health.

가열처리 및 허브첨가에 의한 무취 마늘 소재 개발

전미라(Mi Ra Jeon),김민희(Min Hee Kim),김미연(Mi Yeon Kim),김미리(Mee Ree Kim) 한국식품영양과학회 2009 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.38 No.1

마늘을 여러 가지 방법으로 열처리해 새로운 무취마늘 식품소재를 개발하기 위해 마늘을 삶기(100℃, 60 min), 찌기(100℃, 30 min), 굽기(120℃, 10 min), 고온고압처리(120℃, 20 min, 1.5 kgf/cm2)하여 이화학적, 관능적 특성 및 항산화 성을 평가하였다. 마늘의 색도 측정 결과 생마늘에 비해 가열처리된 마늘이 L값이 감소하였으며, a값과 b값은 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 가열처리된 마늘의 기계적 경도, 씹힘성, 검성은 유의적으로 감소하였으며(p<0.05), 고온고압 처리한 경우에 크게 감소하였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능 및 hydroxyl 라디칼 소거능에 대한 항산화 활성은 생마늘(대조구)에 비해 가열처리된 마늘에서 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 가열방법에 따라서는 고온고압처리 마늘이 항산화 활성이 가장 우수하였다. 관능적 특성 중 강도평가에서 매운맛, 마늘 냄새에 대해서는 생마늘에 비해 가열처리된 마늘이 유의적으로 강도가 낮게 평가되었고(p<0.05), 특히 고온고압처리 마늘이 매운맛(1.6점), 자극적 냄새(1.5점)가 가장 적었다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 마늘 무취화를 위한 가열처리 방법으로는 고온고압처리가 가장 적합하다고 판단하였다. 그리고 가열처리로 인한 항산화성 감소를 보완하고자, 마늘을 고온고압처리 시 허브(녹차, 월계수, 계피, 솔잎)를 10% 첨가하여 DPPH radical 소거능으로 항산화성을 평가한 결과 녹차를 첨가했을 때 가장 우수한 항산화성을 보였다. 또한 경제적인 면을 고려하여 녹차의 첨가량을 1%로 줄이고 5% 숯을 첨가하여 DPPH radical 소거능을 측정했을 때 10% 첨가구에 비해 IC??값이 감소하여 적은 양의 녹차로도 항산화작용이 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결과적으로 마늘의 무취화에 고온고압처리를 적용할 수 있으며, 녹차를 함께 첨가할 경우 항산화성 보완할 수 있음을 확인하였다. The effects of heat treated and herb added garlic (Allium sativum L.) on the antioxidant activities were investigated. Boiling (100℃, 60 min), steaming (100℃, 30 min), baking (120℃, 10 min), or high temperature and high pressure (HTHP, 120℃, 20 min, 1.5 kgf/㎠) were applied, and several herbs were added to garlic. Hunter color L-value of heated garlic was significantly decreased, compared to that of control (fresh garlic), whereas a-value and b-value were increased (p<0.05). In the texture profile analysis, hardness, chewiness and gumminess of heated garlic were decreased, whereas adhesiveness was increased. The antioxidant activities determined by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were decreased in HTHP garlic. The pungent taste and garlic odor were the weakest in HTHP garlic. Especially, the pungent taste of HTHP garlic was not detectable. Green tea among several herbs (bay leaf, cinnamon bark, pine needles) showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. Addition of green tea to HTHP garlic was appropriate for decreasing antioxidative activity of HTHP garlic compared to fresh garlic. Based on these results, it was suggested that high temperature and high pressure treated garlic with green tea might be very useful as a substitute for odorless functional garlic products.

Basic study on a garlic (Alliumsativum L.) upright planter

이상윤,박효제,권기영 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2019 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.46 No.2

Garlic is one of the most popular seasoning bulb vegetables in Korea and is the most commonly used food ingredient. However, the cultivation areas are decreasing every year as the price drops due to imported garlic, and labor is insufficient to produce garlic by conventional methods. Cultivation requires various tasks until garlic is harvested. Seeding is one of the important and laborious tasks; thus, mechanization is necessary. When seeding garlic, the sprout should face upwards; otherwise, it may rot or produce poor quality garlic. This study investigated the extent of growth of northern- and southern-type garlic in eight different positions. The results show when the roots were not planted properly, the stems were weak, and the garlic bulbs were small. A simple garlic planter was manufactured with a crank-press mechanism to plant garlic in an upright position. Using this machine, a three-fold experiment was carried out with 100 strips of garlic. The test results showed that 99.4% of the planted garlic strips were positioned upright or close to being upright, and 0.6% failed to take root. An image processing algorithm was developed to locate the root part of the garlic, and the result showed a success rate of 81%. A future study will develop an automatic garlic upright planting system with a viewing system.

열처리방법에 따른 한지형 및 난지형 마늘의 영양성분 변화

이주혜,이지윤,황진봉,남진식,이준수,김소민,한혜경,최용민,김세나,김행란,Lee, Ju-Hye,Lee, Jiyoon,Whang, Jinbong,Nam, Jin-Sik,Lee, Junsoo,Kim, So-Min,Han, Hye-Kyung,Choi, Youngmin,Kim, Se-Na,Kim, Haeng Ran 한국식품조리과학회 2016 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.32 No.3

Purpose: To provide the public with nutritional information on consumption types of garlic, we evaluated the influence of heat treatment method on the nutritional contents of different species of garlic. Methods: We determined the content of general components, minerals, vitamins, and fatty acids in each species of garlic produced in Seosan and Goheung by heating with blanching or microwave roasting. Results: The results of the two-way analysis of variance test indicated that the species in particular, as well as method of heat treatment and interaction, had an influence on nutritional content. The moisture and crude fat content was higher in Southern type garlic than in Northern type garlic, while crude proteins, crude ash, and dietary fibers were more abundant in Northern type garlic than in Southern type garlic. With regard to the total mineral content, K, P, Mg, and Ca were the main components in Northern type garlic and Southern type garlic. Moreover, unsaturated fatty acids showed high levels in both Northern type garlic and Southern type garlic, with more abundant linoleic acid. Overall, Northern type garlic showed a higher content of minerals and fatty acids, while more vitamin B was present in Southern type garlic. In addition, the results indicated that the content of general components (dietary fiber excluded) was increased in both Northern type garlic and Southern type garlic upon heat treatment. Blanching resulted in increased mineral and fatty acid content in Southern type garlic and decreased content in Northern type garlic, indicative of species differences; conversely, microwave roasting contributed to an increase in the content in both Northern type garlic and Southern type garlic. Conclusion: The nutritional content of garlic is more dependent on species than the cooking method, and grilling is associated with less nutrient loss than blanching.

서산육쪽·코끼리마늘의 흑마늘 숙성 시기별 생리활성 분석

조용구,안승원,장명준,오태석,오민교,박윤진,김창호,Cho, Yong-Koo,Ann, Seoung-Won,Jang, Myoung-Jun,Oh, Tae-Seok,Oh, Min-Gyo,Park, Youn-Jin,Kim, Chang-ho 한국환경과학회 2020 한국환경과학회지 Vol.29 No.5

This study analyzed the quality characteristics of black garlic made from Seosan Yukjok Garlic and elephant garlic in Seosan, Chungnam province. Of the inorganic components, Mg content was the highest in all treatment groups, and the Ca content was high in each of the 15 day treatments. The content of K was high after 10 days aging in Yukjok garlic and after 15 days in the elephant garlic. The Fe, Na, K, and Mg content was high in Yukjok black garlic after 15 days, and Na, K, Ca, and Mg were high in the elephant black garlic aged for 15 days. The crude fat content was high in both Yukjok black garlic and elephant black garlic after 15 days. Vitamin C content was highest in both types of garlic after aging for 15 days. An analysis of four kinds of organic acids showed that citric acid was the only organic acid to appear in raw garlic of Yukjok garlic and elephant garlic. Black Yukjok garlic and elephant black garlic had a greater total amino acid content than the raw garlic of either type. However, among the tested amino acids, 13 kinds of amino acids were at their highest after five days of ripening in Yukjok black garlic, while 15 kinds of amino acids were abundant in elephant garlic after the same period. Eight kinds of amino acids were high after aging for 15 days. Through this study, it was confirmed that, in the process of making black garlic, changes in the main components of the garlic occur through different routes, and these changes vary depending on the garlic species. Therefore, this study provided basic data for the processing of Seosan's Yukjok black garlic and elephant black garlic.

Effect of Garlic on Serum Lipids Profiles and Leptin in Rats Fed High Fat Diet

Soon Ah Kang,Ho Jung Shin,Ki-Hyo Jang,Sung Eun Choi,Kyung Ah Yoon,Jin Sook Kim,Hye Kyung Chun,Yoongho Lim 한국식품영양과학회 2006 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.11 No.1

Although garlic has been reported to have impressive effects in lowering serum lipids, there have been controversial evaluations on these effects. To find the potential fator causing the inconsistency in the previous studies, we examined the effects of two types of garlic according to the producing-area (hangihyung garlic, nangihyung garlic) on serum lipid profiles and leptin level. Thirthy six of 4 wk old Sprague Dawley male rats fed high fat diet (40% of calories as fat) for 6 wks to induce obesity, and subsequently fed 5% garlic powder supplemented (HF+H: hangihyung garlic powder, HF+N: nangihyung garlic powder) high fat diets (w/w) for further 5 wk. For the comparison, normal control group fed AIN-76A diet (11.7% of calories as fat). Supplementation with hangihyung and nangihyung garlic resulted in a significant reduction of high fat induced body weight gain, white fat (i.e., epididymal, visceral and peritoneal fat) development, adipocyte hypertrophy and the development of hyperinsulinemia and hyperliptinemia. Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol level was greatly reduced by hangihyung garlic supplementation (p<0.05). The HDL-cholesterol level was increased by dietary hangihyung and nangihyung garlic. There were slight non-significant decreases in triglyceride and total cholesterol of HF+N group as compared to those of HF group. Leptin level of HF+H group was found to be significantly lower than HF group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference among N group and HF+N group. These results suggest that hangihyung garlic may lead to the higher activity in improving lipid profiles than nangihyung garlic. Whether the hypolipidemic effect of garlic increases in a species-dependent has yet to be determined and awaits further research.

Effect of Garlic on Serum Lipids Profiles and Leptin in Rats Fed High Fat Diet

Kang, Soon-Ah,Shin, Ho-Jung,Jang, Ki-Hyo,Choi, Sung-Eun,Yoon, Kyung-Ah,Kim, Jin-Sook,Chun, Hye-Kyung,Lim, Yoong-Ho The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2006 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.11 No.1

Although garlic has been reported to have impressive effects in lowering serum lipids, there have been controversial evaluations on these effects. To find the potential fator causing the inconsistency in the previous studies, we examined the effects of two types of garlic according to the producing-area (hangihyung garlic, nangihyung garlic) on serum lipid profiles and leptin level. Thirthy six of 4 wk old Sprague Dawley male rats fed high fat diet (40% of calories as fat) for 6 wks to induce obesity, and subsequently fed 5% garlic powder supplemented (HF+H: hangihyung garlic powder, HF+N: nangihyung garlic powder) high fat diets (w/w) for further 5 wk. For the comparison, normal control group fed AIN-76A diet (11.7% of calories as fat). Supplementation with hangihyung and nangihyung garlic resulted in a significant reduction of high fat induced body weight gain, white fat (i.e., epididymal, visceral and peritoneal fat) development, adipocyte hypertrophy and the development of hyperinsulinemia and hyperliptinemia. Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol level was greatly reduced by hangihyung garlic supplementation (p<0.05). The HDL-cholesterol level was increased by dietary hangihyung and nangihyung garlic. There were slight non-significant decreases in triglyceride and total cholesterol of HF+N group as compared to those of HF group. Leptin level of HF+H group was found to be significantly lower than HF group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference among N group and HF+N group. These results suggest that hangihyung garlic may lead to the higher activity in improving lipid profiles than nangihyung garlic. Whether the hypolipidemic effect of garlic increases in a species-dependent has yet to be determined and awaits further research.

홍마늘의 숙성 단계별 이화학적 특성

강민정 ( Min Jung Kang ),윤환식 ( Hwan Sik Yoon ),정성훈 ( Seong Hun Jeong ),성낙주 ( Nak Ju Sung ),신정혜 ( Jung Hye Shin ) 한국식품저장유통학회(구 한국농산물저장유통학회) 2011 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.18 No.6

Physicochemical and physiological characteristics of red garlic were investigated in each of the four steps of its processing, and were compared with those of fresh and black garlic. With the progress in processing, the lightness value of the external and internal colors of the red garlic significantly decreased. The hardness was highest in the fresh garlic and lowest in the black garlic. During processing, the red garlic tended to become hard. The crude- protein and ash contents were highest in the red garlic (step 4), but its moisture content was the lowest. The crude- lipid content of the red garlic was lower than that of the fresh garlic. The pH of the red garlic showed little difference from that of the fresh garlic, but the black garlic was significantly, acidified. The acidity and pH contradicted each other: the black garlic had the highest acidity, and the acidity of the red garlic was within the low range. The fresh garlic had the lowest in reducing-sugar content, but such content was significantly increased in the red garlic and black garlic. Six kinds of organic acid were detected in the fresh garlic, and the same contents were also quantified in the red garlic until third step. In step 4, malic acid was not detected in the red garlic. Acetic and citric acid were only in the black garlic. S-allyl cysteine content of the red garlic was 18.05±0.53 mg/100 g, similar to that of the black garlic (19.43±0.50 mg/100 g).

Antioxidants Activity of Aged Red Garlic

Soo-Jung Lee(이수정),Jung-Hye Shin(신정혜),Min-Jung Kang(강민정),Woo-Jae Jung(정우재),Ji-Hyun Ryu(류지현),Ra-Jeong Kim(김라정),Nak-Ju Sung(성낙주) 한국생명과학회 2010 생명과학회지 Vol.20 No.5

흑마늘의 진한 흑색을 완화시킴과 동시에 생마늘보다는 생리활성이 높은 마늘 가공품의 개발을 위한 연구의 일환으로 적갈색 마늘(홍마늘)을 제조하여 열수추출물의 생리활성을 생마늘 및 흑마늘과 비교하였다. 홍마늘의 색도는 생마늘과 흑마늘의 중간 색도를 보였으며, 갈색도는 흑마늘보다는 생마늘과 비슷한 수준이었다. 홍마늘의 총 페놀, 플라보노이드, total pyruvate 및 thiosulfate 함량도 생마늘과 흑마늘의 중간수준이었다. DPPH, ABTs 및 NO 라디칼 소거능과 환원력의 측정 결과 홍마늘은 생마늘보다 유의적으로 높았으나, 흑마늘보다는 낮은 활성을 보였다. α- Glucosidase 저해 활성은 홍마늘과 흑마늘이 비슷한 활성으로 보였다. 항산화 활성을 중심으로 한 생리활성의 측정에서 홍마늘은 생마늘에 비해 더 높았으나 흑마늘에 비해서는 더 낮아 열처리를 통한 갈변물질의 생성정도가 숙성마늘의 생리활성 발현의 주요 인자임을 확인할 수 있었다. The antioxidant activities of hot water extracts from fresh, red and black garlic processed in low temperatures were compared. The chromaticity value of browning garlic was between that of fresh and black garlic. Red garlic was similar in browning intensity to fresh garlic. Also, total phenol, flavonoids, total pyruvate and thiosulfate contents were similar between fresh and black garlic. DPPH, ABTs, NO radical scavenging activity and reducing power of red garlic were significantly higher than fresh garlic, but lower than those of black garlic. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity in red garlic was similar to that in black garlic. Antioxidant activities of red garlic were higher than fresh garlic but lower than black garlic, and it was confirmed that antioxidant activity by production of browning material through the thermal process was the main parameter of the biological activity in the aged red garlic.

Effect of Garlic on Serum Lipids Profiles and Leptin in Rats Fed High Fat Diet

임융호,강순아,Ho Jung Shin,장기효,Sung Eun Choi,Kyung Ah Yoon,Jin Sook Kim,Hye Kyung Chun 한국식품영양과학회 2006 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.11 No.2

Although garlic has been reported to have impressive effects in lowering serum lipids, there have been controversial evaluations on these effects. To find the potential fator causing the inconsistency in the previous studies, we examined the effects of two types of garlic according to the producing-area (hangihyung garlic, nangihyung garlic) on serum lipid profiles and leptin level. Thirthy six of 4 wk old Sprague Dawley male rats fed high fat diet (40% of calories as fat) for 6 wks to induce obesity, and subsequently fed 5% garlic powder supplemented (HF+H: hangihyung garlic powder, HF+N: nangihyung garlic powder) high fat diets (w/w) for further 5 wk. For the comparison, normal control group fed AIN-76A diet (11.7% of calories as fat). Supplementation with hangihyung and nangihyung garlic resulted in a significant reduction of high fat induced body weight gain, white fat (i.e., epididymal, visceral and peritoneal fat) development, adipocyte hypertrophy and the development of hyperinsulinemia and hyperliptinemia. Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol level was greatly reduced by hangihyung garlic supplementation (p<0.05). The HDL-cholesterol level was increased by dietary hangihyung and nangihyung garlic. There were slight non-significant decreases in triglyceride and total cholesterol of HF+N group as compared to those of HF group. Leptin level of HF+H group was found to be significantly lower than HF group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference among N group and HF+N group. These results suggest that hangihyung garlic may lead to the higher activity in improving lipid profiles than nangihyung garlic. Whether the hypolipidemic effect of garlic increases in a species-dependent has yet to be determined and awaits further research.