하루 중 다른 시간대에 실시한 복합 트레이닝이 신체조성, 혈중지질, 스트레스 호르몬 및 영양소 섭취량에 미치는 영향

이경영,김시영,전태원 대한지역사회영양학회 2006 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.11 No.1

Regular exercise training improves body composition, blood lipid profiles and exercise adaptation. This study was hormones and nutrient intakes. Twenty four male graduate students caried out this experiment. The subjects were divided into thre groups; morning exercise group, evening exercise group and control group. Two exercise groups performed running and muscular resistance training at mid intensity for 12 week periods. Body composition, blood lipid profiles, blood cortisol, ACTH and nutrient intakes were analyzed prior to, midway and after training. There were significant diferences about interaction betwen diferent exercise times and training periods in plasma TG and HDL-C of the evening exercise training (p < 0.05). Also the evening exercise group was showed the decreasing of TC after training (p < 0.05). No significant diferences about interaction betwen diferent exercise times and training periods were shown in body composition, stress hormones and nutrient intakes in the three groups. But evening exercise training decreased body fat (% ) and blood ACTH (p < 0.05). Also the increasing of carbohydrate intakes was shown by the evening exercise training (p < 0.05). In contrast, morning exercise group indicated a decrease of body fat (% ) after 6 week training (p < 0.05), but this effect was not maintained after 12 weks of training. These results suggested that regular evening exercise is more effect than morning exercise from the viewpoint of improving body composition, blood lipids, nutrient intakes and exercise adaptation. (Korean J Community Nutrition 11(1) : 143 ~ 151, 2006)

The effects of physical training on antioxidative status under exercise-induced oxidative stress

Choi, Eun-Young,Cho, Youn-Ok The Korean Nutrition Society 2007 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.1 No.1

This study investigated the effect of physical training and oxidative stress on the anti oxidative activity and on plasma lipid profile. Forty eight rats were given either a physical training or no training for 4 weeks and were then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). The antioxidative activity was evaluated with the activities of catalase in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the ratio of reduced glutathione/ oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. The plasma concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)) were also compared. Compared to those of non-training group. catalase activities of training group were lower before exercise but higher during and after exercise. SOD activities were higher regardless of exercise. GSH/GSSG ratio was higher before exercise but was not significantly different during exercise and even lower after exercise. There were no differences between non-training group and training group in MDA levels regardless of exercise. Compared to those of non-training group, atherosclerotic index of training group was lower after exercise and there were no significant differences before and during exercise. There were no differences between non-training group and training group in HDL-C regardless of exercise. These results suggest that moderate physical training can activate antioxidant defenses and decrease the atherosclerotic index and this beneficial effect is evident under exercise-induced oxidative stress.

Recent Updates in Pulmonary Rehabilitation

( Thierry Troosters ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2021 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.129 No.-

Pulmonary rehabilitation remains a highly effective intervention for patients with chronic respiratory disorders and -more recently- in patients that suffered from COVID-19. Most of the evidence is obtained in patients with COPD with stable disease and those that suffered from acute exacerbations. In these patients significant benefits are obtained in exercise tolerance, symptoms and health related quality of life. In that last group of patients, pulmonary rehabilitation is an intervention that significantly impacts on readmission rate and even survival. The major problem with rehabilitation remains, poor referral, poor uptake and drop out. Alternative program formats may be part of the solution to attract more patients to pulmonary rehabilitation programs. To that end the recent consensus document of the American Thoracic Society helps to identify the essential components that should be available in alternative program formats. This document summarizes the features in terms of assessment, program components and staff training (Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021). The goal of exercise training as part of rehabilitation is to enhance physical fitness. Improving exercise tolerance and skeletal muscle function is not easy in patients with underlying lung disease. It requires exercise training adapted to the exercise limitation of the patient. Classic endurance training may fail to deliver a training stimulus that leads to improvements in physical fitness. Alternative forms of exercise training have been adopted. These forms of training are important in patients with more advanced disease and include for example interval training, downhill walking (an eccentric muscle stimulus that alleviates the ventilatory burden), resistance training. When used properly, these training forms improve skeletal muscle function, and restore oxidative capacity of the skeletal muscle without jeopardizing the comfort of patients during the exercise training. Aside from improving physical fitness appropriate exercise training also alleviates symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue. Overall these improvements exceed what can be expected from pharmacotherapy, but obviously the combination of pharmacotherapy and exercise training may yield even better effects. Another important insight in rehabilitation is that achieving the goal of enhancing physical activity is not necessarily achieved simply by enrolling patients in an exercise training program. Patients need to change their inactive life style towards a more active life style. This works better when their exercise capacity is optimized first. Enhancing physical activity can be supported by an activity coaching program. Such programs can be offered as tele-coaching where patients monitor their behavior and are receiving feedback on achieving (or not) the agreed physical activity goals. Such programs can be added to regular rehabilitation programs when the exercise tolerance is optimized. Improvement of physical activity allows patients to use the acquired exercise tolerance in daily life and may be important to maintain the benefits of the training program as long as possible. In summary, pulmonary rehabilitation remains a highly effective intervention and it can be offered in several modalities, provided they adhere to basic requirements. Training programs can be adapted to the physiologic limitations of patients. While exercise training improves exercise capacity, behavioral change programs are needed to improve physical activity and complete the effects of rehabilitation.

호흡근훈련 유무에 따른 안정화 운동이 건강한 성인의 호흡 기능과 자세 동요에 미치는 영향

서혜리,안덕현,김미현,고민주,오재섭 대한통합의학회 2023 대한통합의학회지 Vol.11 No.3

Purpose : Stabilization exercise and respiratory muscle training are used to train trunk muscles that affect postural control and respiratory function. However, there have been no studies that combine stabilization exercise and respiratory muscle training. The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of stabilization exercise with and without respiratory muscle training on respiratory function and postural sway. Methods : Fifteen healthy adults were recruited for this experiment. All the subjects performed stabilization exercise with and without respiratory muscle training. For stabilization exercise with respiratory muscle training, the subjects sat on a gym ball wearing a stretch sensor. The subjects inspire maximally as long as possible during lifting one foot off the ground, alternately for 30 seconds. The stretch sensor was placed on both anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), and the stretch sensor was used to monitor inspiration. For stabilization exercise without respiratory muscle training, the subjects sat on a gym ball and lifted one foot off the ground, without respiratory muscle training. Kinovea program used to investigate postural sway tracking during exercise. The maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) were measured using a spirometer to investigate changes of respiratory muscle strength before and after exercise. A paired t-test was used to determine significant differences postural sway tracking, MIP, and MEP between stabilization exercise with and without respiratory muscle training. Results : There were significantly lower a distance of postural sway tracking during stabilization exercise with respiratory muscle training, compared with stabilization exercise without respiratory muscle training (p<.05). The MIP and MEP were significantly increased after stabilization exercise with respiratory muscle training compared with before stabilization exercise with respiratory muscle trianing (p<.05). Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that stabilization exercise with repiratory muscle training would be recommended to improve postural control and respiratory muscle strength.

3,000 m 저압·저산소 환경에서 6주간의 고강도 유산소성 지속주 및 무산소성 인터벌 트레이닝이 수영선수의 유산소성 및 무산소성 운동능력에 미치는 영향

임기원 ( Kiwon Lim ),박훈영 ( Hun-young Park ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2017 체육과학연구 Vol.28 No.1

[목적] 본 연구는 실업수영선수를 대상으로 3,000 m 상당고도의 저압·저산소 환경에서 6주간의 간헐적인 트레이닝이 유산소성 및 무산소성 운동능력에 미치는 효율성을 검토하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. [방법] 연구를 수행하기 위해 실업수영선수 20명을 평지환경에서 트레이닝을 수행하는 INT(intermittent normoxic training) 그룹 10명과 IHT(intermittent hypoxic training) 그룹 10명으로 나눈 후 각자의 환경조건에서 6주간, 주 3회, 1시간 동안 80%HRmax(maximal heart rate)에 해당되는 유산소성 지속주 트레이닝 운동(30분)과 90%HRmax에 해당되는 강도로 무산소성 인터벌 자전거 운동(총 10회; 2분 운동과 1분 휴식으로 구성) 30분을 수행하였다. [결과] 그 결과, 유산소성 운동능력의 경우, PWC at 75%HRmax, estimated VO₂max, exercise time에 있어서 IHT 그룹에서만 트레이닝에 의한 유의한 증가가 나타났으며, estimated VO₂ at 75%HRmax는 INT와 IHT 그룹 모두에서 트레이닝에 의한 유의한 증가가 나타났으나, 증가율은 IHT 그룹에서 보다 큰 경향을 보였다. 무산소성 운동능력에서는 경우에는 PK-AnP(peak anaerobic power)와 FI(fatigue index)에서 IHT 그룹에서만 트레이닝에 의한 유의한 증가가 나타났다. 윈게이트 테스트 직후 혈중젖산농도의 경우, IHT 그룹에서 트레이닝에 의한 유의한 증가가 나타났으며, 트레이닝 후에 INT 그룹과 비교했을 때, IHT 그룹에서 더 낮은 값을 나타냈다. [결론] 본 연구에서는 이러한 유산소성 및 무산소성 운동능력 향상의 해석을 뒷받침할 수 있는 다양한 종속변인의 측정이 이루어지지 않았지만, 이러한 결과는 단거리부터 장거리까지 다양한 경기에 출전하여 유·무산소성 운동능력이 모두 중요한 수영선수에게 있어 간헐적으로 훈련을 실시하는 IHT 방법이 경기력 향상에 있어서 효율적일 수 있다는 것을 보여준다고 사료된다. [Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of six-weeks intermittent hypoxic training at 3,000 m hypobaric hypoxic condition on aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity in competitive swimmers. [Methods] South Korean swimmers (n=20) were randomly assigned into training at sea-level (n=10, intermittent normoxic training group; INT) and training at 526 torr corresponding to 3,000 m hypobaric hypoxic condition (n=10, intermittent hypoxic training group; IHT). The participants completed an aerobic continuous treadmill training (30 min) within 80%HRmax and anaerobic interval bicycle training (10 times; 2 min of exercise and 1 min of rest) for 30min within 90%HRmax in each environment. We compared their aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity before and after six-weeks of training. Exercise frequency was 1 hour, 3 days per a week, and during 6 week. [Results] In aerobic exercise capacity, PWC at 75%HRmax, estimated VO₂max, and exercise time were increased by training in only the IHT group. Estimated VO₂ at 75%HRmax was increased by training in both groups, but presented a larger increase tendency in the IHT group compared with the INT group. In anaerobic exercise capacity, peak anaerobic power and fatigue index were increased by training in only the IHT group. Blood lactate level after wingate test were decreased by training in both groups, but the IHT group have a lower blood lactate level in after training compared with the INT group. [Conclusion] In our study, we did not measure to various dependent variables for support to enhancement of aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. However, these results showed that the IHT method may be effective in improvement of exercise performance in competitive swimmers who participates in a variety of events from short to long distance.

정상 성인에서 운동훈련이 면역기능에 미치는 효과

전중선,김태선,이태임,김덕용 대한스포츠의학회 1999 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.17 No.2

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of moderate exercise training and its long-term effect on a number of immune parameters in healthy people. Ten healthy male volunteers were included in this exercise training protocol. Before and after 6 weeks of exercise training, aerobic performances were calculated by graded exercise testing using the Bruce protocol. Measurements were taken before training. post training and 1 week after the end of training for immune parameters such as concentrations of circulating leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets and natural killer cell cytotoxic activity (NKCA). Exercise training consisted of treadmill running at a work intensity of 60% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max). 40 minutes per day. 3 times per week, for 6 weeks. In testing immediately after the pre-training exercise session, leukoccytes. T-cells, B-cells, and NKCA increased and the T H/S ratio decreased. Following 6 weeks of exercise training, aerobic performances had increased significantly, but concentrations of circulating leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets, and NKCA were not changed significantly in a resting state compared with pre-training values. In post-training exercise testing. B-cells and T-helper cells decreased after 30 minutes of recovery time. In testing one week after the cessation of exercise training. NKCA had increased significantly compared with the pre-training level in a resting state. In conclusion, the moderate exercise training for 6 weeks can be beneficial on immune function in healthy young people.

Issues and Alternatives for the Improvement of the Exercise Specialist Qualification System

정덕조 대한운동학회 2018 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.20 No.1

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to discuss several issues that need to be improved and changed in the Exercise Specialist Qualification System focusing on eligibility of the exercise specialist, exams, including written, oral, and practical test, and administration of training courses. MAIN BODY The exercise specialist should have a bachelor’s degree related to physical education that includes required courses. However, the new changes are that the number of required courses will be increased and the department certification system in physical education will be developed. The goal for the eligibility into this Exercise Specialist Qualification System will be to only allow only individuals who have physical education degrees or related. It is an alternative plan against the 2015 Exercise Specialist Qualification System, which allowed all individuals who had a bachelor’s degree to be candidates regardless of their undergraduate major. The written test will reduce its subjects from eight to six. Catering to common standards, the subjects “Evaluation of Health and Fitness,” “Exercise Prescription,” and “Exercise Testing” will be combined; and “Prevention and Care of Athletic Injuries” will become “Exercise Injury.” It should be noted that the written test excluded “Sport Psychology” and that “Exercise Nutrition” was included in “Exercise Physiology.” Also, “Exercise Training” was included as a new written test subject. It may be difficult to forecast these numbers due to differences in positions held by certified individuals, including ministry of education, exercise specialist, faculty, and students. The exercise specialist certification exam should follow a systematic and standardized manual and evaluation index to enhance the objectivity, validity, and reliability of the certification. The class hours of the training course were also changed. General training course hours decreased from 120 to 40, and practical training course hours decreased from 80 to 62. The reasons for decreasing course hours included: training center were mainly located in the Seoul area and lacked in other areas, inconsistent quality among training centers, and the lack of evaluations regarding the candidates’ attitude and class participation during the training courses. Ultimately, improvements to the training courses will allow for the development of multiple curricula. CONCLUSIONS The Exercise Specialist Qualification System was developed in 2015, but several issues have been identified that include the tasks of the exercise specialist, eligibility as an exercise specialist, qualification examinations, and training courses that need improvement. Increasing the employment of exercise specialists is important in order to develop cooperation among certifying agencies.

웨이트 트레이닝과 에어로빅 운동이 중년여성의 신체조성에 미치는 영향

신군수 ( Koon Soo Shin ),오경모 ( Kyung Mo Oh ) 한국스포츠리서치 2007 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.18 No.4

The purpose of the research was to see the effects of resistance training and aerobic exercise on inbody composition. Twenty participants who were middle aged women were new members of S gym and forty five∼fifty five aged healthy women who live in P metro area with no experience in exercise training. Inbody 3.0 was used to check body composition such as body fat, protein level and muscle tone etc. For the resistance training, intensity was increased by 70% of maximum strength every four weeks, three times which were tuesday, thursday and saturday a week until 12th weeks. From the first week till last week, the frame of exercise time was increased from 20minutes to 35minutes. There were 20minutes of warming up and 10minutes of cool down for every pre and post training. Aerobic exercise program was increased from 9types to 13types, time was 10minutes of warming up, 25minutes of aerobic exercise and 10minutes of cool down in total 45minutes and frequence was 3times which were monday, wednesday and friday a week. And aerobic exercise time was increased gradually 5minutes until last week. Following is the result. First, as body fat was decreased by 2.40kg in comparison between pre & post exercise training, it was statistically significant(p<.05). Second, as body fat level was decreased by 3.59% in comparison between pre & post exercise training, it was statistically significant(p<.05). Third, as lean body mass was increased by 1.70kg in comparison between pre & post exercise training, it was statistically significant(p<.05). Fourth, as body water content was increased by 1.18ℓ in comparison between pre & post exercise training, it was statistically significant(p<.05). Fifth, as muscle tone was increased by 1.62kg in comparison between pre & post exercise training, it was statistically significant(p<.05). Sixth, as protein level was increased by 0.42kg in comparison between pre & post exercise training, it was not statistically significant. This result suggests that high frequency exercise(6times/week) can be useful intervention on the improvement of body composition in middle-aged women.

Effect of 9 weeks' Step Exercise Training on the Cardiopulmonary Function in Young Women

You,Chung Hee,Choe,Myoung Ae,Ahn,Kyeung Ae 서울대학교 간호대학 간호과학연구소 1988 간호학 논문집 Vol.3 No.1

건강증진을 위한 운동계획은 개인에 맞게 개별화해야하므로 여성의 운동중재 계획을 개발하는데 있어 참고자료를 제공하기 위해 계단 운동의 훈련효과를 밝힐 목적으로 17~18세의 건강한 여학생3명에게 9주동안 규칙적으로 계단운동을 시킨 후 지구력능력수준, 최대운동 부하시의 심폐기능, 훈련하는동안 주관적으로 느끼는 힘든정도를 측정하여 훈련전과의 차이를 분석함으로써 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 훈련에 의해 지구력능력수준이 유의하게 증가했다. (p<0.05). 2. 훈련으로 최대산소섭취량이 유의하게 증가하였다. (p<0.01). 3. 훈련후 운동하는 동안 운동전반부의 심박동수가 훈련전에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. (p<0.1). 4. 훈련후 안정시 이완기 혈압이 유의하게 낮았고 운동하는동안 운동전반부의 수축기혈압과 이완기 혈압이 훈련전에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. (p<0.05). 5. 훈련후 운동전시간대에 걸쳐 폐환기량이 훈련전에 비해 유의하게 많았다. (p<0.05). 6. 훈련후 결과 환기 효율성이 증가했고 안정시 최대폐활량과 1초간의 최대폐활량이 유의하게 증가했다. (p<0.5). 7. 훈련후 운동하는동안 운동후반부의 호흡상이 훈련전에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. 8. 훈련시작시에 계단운동을 몹시 힘들게 느꼈으나 2주후부터 훈련말기까지는 약간힘들다고 느꼈다. 이상의 결과로보아 9주동안의 규칙적인 계단운동으로 지구력능력수준이 향상되고 순환기능과 조직의산소이용 능력이 증진되며 폐환기와 폐환기효율성이 증가되고 운동시 에너지 생산에 탄수화물 사용이 감소하며 주관적으로 느끼는 정도가 감소한다고 할 수 있겠다. To evaluate the training effect, the step exercise was performed by three female students for nine weeks. Harvard step score, oxygen uptake, heart rate, blood pressure, pulmonary ventilation, respiratory quotient and carbon dioxide output were determined before and after 9 weeks of the step exercise training. Ratings of perceived exertion were taken before training and at the end of every week throughtout training. Maximal exercise was performed on a treadmill before and after the training. Pre to post training differences were evaluated. The results obtained were as follows: 1. the endurance fitness level was increased significantly by the training. (p<0.05) 2. As a result of training, the maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly. (p<0.005) This may be partly due to a more complete extraction of oxygen from the arterial blood and partly due to an increased miximal cardiac output. 3. After the training the heart rate decreased during the early phase of maximal exercise. (p<0.1) 4. The systolic and diastolic pressure was lower during the early phase of exercise in the post training than in the pretraining. 5. Pulmonary ventilation increased significantly during exericse as a result of training. (p<0.05) 5. Pulmonary ventilation increased significantly during exercise as a result of training. (p<0.05) This improvements may partially be due to the increased oxygen extraction by the respiratory muscles. 6. After the training, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume per second increased significantly. (p<0.5) 7. Ventilatory efficiency was greater in the post training evaluation as a result of the training. After the training the subjects required less ventilation for each liter of oxygen consumed. 8. The respiratory quotient during the late phase of exercise decreased after the training. This may be due to the decreased carbohydrate consumption for energy production. 9. The subjects perceived the step exericse to be very hard at the start of training and somewhat hard after 2 weeks of training until the end of training. From these results, it may be concluded that the 9 week step exercise training enhances the endurance fitness level and improves the circulatory function, the tissue oxygen utilization, the pulmonary ventilation, the ventilatory efficiency, and reduces the ratings of perceived exertion and decrease carbohydrate consumption for energy production during the late phase of exercise.

Effects of endurance training for 4weeks on resting metabolic rate and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in mouse

전예림,김지수,황혜정,임기원 한국운동영양학회 2012 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.16 No.2

This study assessed the amount of energy consumed and fat deposition after endurance training in order to review the effect of 4-week endurance exercise on resting metabolic rate of a mouse during and after exercise and the effect of exercise. A total of 19 seven-week-old ICR male mice were used as the study subject. Those mice were divided into sedentary group (Sed) and trained group (Tr) after a week of environment adaption. The Tr group was trained with endurance exercise five times a week for four weeks. Weight and the amount of food intake were daily weighed and resting metabolic rate and metabolic rate after exercise were assessed before starting exercise and on the fourth week after training. Metabolic rate during exercise were measured four weeks after training. At the end of breeding period, statistically significant difference was shown in weights of trained and sedentary groups (p < 0.05). During a resting period, no significant difference was shown in oxygen intake, respiratory exchange ratio, and the amount of carbohydrate and fat oxidized. Moreover, no significant difference was shown in excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)of an hour period after training. In contrast, the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was approximately 11.1% higher in trained group after training compare to before. However, there was no significant difference in respiratory exchange ratio and carbohydrate and fat oxidization. During exercise, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, and respiratory exchange ratio in energy metabolism during exercise showed no significant difference. However, significant difference was exhibited in the amount of fat oxidized in both groups. Summing up those results, endurance exercise could be concluded to be effective in weight control. However, weight loss is thought to be resulted from increase in fat oxidization during exercise unlike the conclusion made from previous studies where weight loss is prominently influenced by energy metabolism during a resting period and increased fat oxidation during post-exercise recovery. All experimental procedures were carried out at the Animal Experiment Research Center of Konkuk University. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Konkuk University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.