Simultaneous tasks as a contributory factor to maritime accidents: A socio-cultural approach

Rajapakse Asanka,Emad Gholam Reza,Lützhöft Margareta,Grech Michelle 한국해운물류학회 2022 The Asian journal of shipping and Logistics Vol.38 No.4

Analyses of accident investigation reports show that attempting to simultaneously perform tasks onboard ships to manage workload has led to many accidents at sea. These accident reports point out that seafarers fail to follow procedures as expected by shipping companies when conducting tasks simultaneously. Only a handful of studies that examined such discrepancies between work as imagined by shipping companies and work as actually done by seafarers exist. This study aims to examine why seafarers engage in simultaneous tasks, which may lead to accidents. In an exploratory qualitative study, face-to-face interviews were conducted with selective and targeted seafarers previously involved in maritime accidents. The collected data were analysed using interpretive and descriptive qualitative methods with a socio-cultural approach. The findings of this study show that the substantial regulatory changes over the years in the maritime industry have resulted in increased occupational workload for seafarers. Some of these regulatory barriers designed to improve safety at sea prompted seafarers to engage in simultaneous tasks to perform excessive paperwork and compensate for insufficient crewing. The research also revealed how a poor speak-up culture onboard might encourage simultaneous tasks leading to accidents at sea. The analysis shows that reasons for engaging in simultaneous tasks at sea are varied and complex. Therefore, complex intervention efforts to discourage seafarers from engaging in simultaneous tasks is needed to mitigate accidents at sea. © 2022 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Korean Association of Shipping and Logistics, Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

실험연구 : 백서의 족관절 염좌모델에서 동시에 적용한 전기침구가 염좌 통증에 미치는 효과

조현성 ( Hyun Sung Cho ),곽미숙 ( Mi Sook Gwak ),이숙영 ( Suk Young Lee ),함태수 ( Tae Soo Hahm ) 대한마취과학회 2007 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.52 No.5

Background: Simultaneous acupuncture to two or more acupoints has been used to improve acupuncture-induced effects in clinical practice. However, there is little evidence supporting the effects of simultaneous electroacupuncture (EA). This study examined whether simultaneous EA with 2 and 2 Hz or 2 and 100 Hz can produce synergic effects on ankle-sprained pain in rats. Methods: Ankle sprain pain was induced by manually overextending the lateral ligament of the right ankle in rats. Electrical stimulation with 2 Hz was delivered to the Yangno acupoint (SI6) and with 2 or 100 Hz to the Zusanli (ST36), either individually or simultaneously. The level of pain evoked by the ankle sprain was measured by the stepping force of the sprained paw during walking. The analgesic effects of simultaneous EA was evaluated by the percentage recovery of the stepping force at 1, 2 and 4hr after EA and compared to that of individual EA. Results: Individual EA significantly increased the stepping force of the ankle-sprained paw during walking, but there is no difference in the effect between electrical stimulation with 2 and 100 Hz EA. Simultaneous EA with 2 and 2 Hz or 2 and 100 Hz showed no significant improvement of the stepping force compared to individual EA. Conclusions: Individual EA with 2 and 100 Hz produced comparable analgesic effects. Simultaneous EA applied to the SI6 and ST36 acupoints produced no synergic interaction, therefore has no beneficial effect for ankle-sprained pain compared to individual EA. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2007; 52: 566~70)

총체적 예술에 바탕을 둔 소니아 들로네 작품세계의 재조명

윤민희(Min Hie Yun) 한국디자인문화학회 2009 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.15 No.3

소니아 들로네는 20세기의 대표적인 여성예술가로 화가이자 동시에 현대적 개념의 디자이너이다. 그녀는 회화의 영역뿐만 아니라, 텍스타일디자인, 의상디자인, 시각디자인 등의 다양한 영역에서 활동한 총체적 예술, 퓨전적 시각의 대표적 예술세계를 지향한 예술가라 할 수 있다. 소니아 들로네는 그녀의 회화세계에 바탕을 두고 다양한 영역과 교류하며 작업을 하였다. 특히 그녀는 그림과 시의 만남에 바탕을 둔 광고와 일러스트레이션, 그림과 텍스타일, 패션디자인 등의 퓨전 연구를 바탕으로 전통적인 개념의 `순수예술`와 `응용미술`의 구별을 뛰어넘고 있다. 특히 소니아 들로네의 다양한 영역의 작품세계는 학제 간 연구에 바탕을 둔 대표적인 사례로 현대디자인 교육모델로 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있다. 다양한 예술 영역의 작업에 바탕을 둔 소니아 들로네의 작품세계의 재조명을 위한 본 연구의 주요내용은 1) 소니아 들로네의 작품세계의 조형적 특징, 2) 다양한 영역의 접목에 바탕을 둔 소니아 들로네의 작품세계 사례 연구, 3) 소니아 들로네의 작품 세계의 현대적 활용 가능성 등을 중심으로 구성한다. 본 연구의 범위 및 방법은 1910-41년의 작품세계를 중심으로 살펴 본 후 1941년 이후의 대표적 작품 세계를 부분적으로 연구, 분석한다. 왜냐하면 이 기간 동안 소니아 들로네는 그녀의 예술세계의 가장 대표적인 동시적 색채대비를 바탕으로 다양한 영역의 작품세계를 표현하고 있다. 소니아 들로네의 퓨전적 작품세계 사례 연구는 회화와 문학의 퓨전(광고, 그림-시), 응용미술(패션디자인)과 문학의 상호 연관성, 회화와 건축의 접목을 중심으로 한다. 소니아 들로네의 작품세계의 조형적 특징은 동시성, 동시성주의를 중심으로 연구하였다. 그녀의 작품세계를 칭하는 동시성, 동시성주의는 동시적 색채대비를 바탕으로 하여 다양한 작품세계의 정체성을 나타내는 상표의 역할을 하기도 한다. 또한 동시성, 동시성주의는 예술과 일상의 결합을 통하여 그녀의 다양한 예술 세계를 상징하는 대표적 용어이다. 소니아 들로네는 의식적으로 동시성, 동시성주의를 이즘(-ism)화 하여 그녀의 예술세계를 상징적으로 표현하고 있다 이와 같이 소니아 들로네는 전통적인 개념의 시공간의 개념을 초월하여 동시성을 그녀의 예술세계에 총체적 예술로 확대시킨다. 다양한 영역의 접목에 바탕을 둔 소니아 들로네의 작품세계 사례 연구에서는 그녀의 회화와 문학의 퓨전, 응용미술(패션디자인)과 문학의 상호 연관성, 회화와 건축의 접목을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 회화와 문학의 퓨전 연구는 그림세계와 문학세계를 상호 통합 시의 일러스트레이션을 사례로 살펴보았다. 퓨전, 응용미술(패션디자인)과 문학의 상호 연관성에서는 소니아 들로네는 텍스타일/패션디자인과 문학의 접목을 살펴보았다. 회화와 건축의 상호연관성에서는 1937년의 건축공간의 벽화제작을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 이러한 퓨전적 연구를 바탕으로 총체적 예술을 지향한 소니아 들로네 작품세계의 현대적 의미와 활용 가능성을 1) 현대 예술디자인교육에 학제 간, 퓨전적 연구를 위한 예술가의 역할 모델, 2) 20세기의 텍스타일과 패션디자인 영역에 절충적인 모던 디자인의 확산, 3) 기하학적인 형태, 강렬한 색채대비에 바탕을 둔 조형언어, 4) 조형예술의 영역에서 총체적 예술의 시각에서 연구하였다. 소니아 들로네를 자칫 20세기의 여성예술가로 생각할 수도 있지만, 본 연구를 바탕으로 21세기의 현대 조형교육에 총체적 예술을 시도한 예술가의 역할 모델로 제시할 수 있을 것이다. 특히 소니아 들로네의 장르를 초월한 다양한 영역에서의 학제 간, 퓨전적 작품세계는 현대디자인의 교육모델로 중요한 역할을 담당할 것이다. Sonia Delaunay is a representative female artist of the 20th century. Her artworks applied not only to paintings, but to textile, clothing and visual design, etc. That makes her an artist who pursued general art, interdisciplinary art in the fusion field. Sonia Delaunay attempted to work in various fields based on her artwork, and tried prosperous exchange amongst them. Especially her artworks such as the advertisement based on painting and poems, illustrations, paintings and fashion design cut across the distinction between fine arts and applied arts. Sonia`s artworks which are applied to various fields have enormous influence on contemporary design as an education model. The main contents of this research on Sonia Delaunay`s artwork based on various art fields are as follows: 1) research on plastic traits of Sonia Delaunay`s artwork, 2) research on certain types of Sonia Delaunay`s artworks which adopt various field, 3 the possibility of contemporary usage of Sonia Delaunay`s artwork. The range and method of this research is mainly focused on Sonia Delaunay`s artworks from 1910 to 1941. Artworks from 1941 will be partly researched and analyzed. Because during this period of time, she created various artworks using simultaneous color contrast which is the most representative method in the art field. The certain types of Sonia Delaunay`s artworks are mainly centered on the adaptation of paintings and literature(advertisement, painting-poem), the interrelations between applied art(fashion design) and literature and the adaptation of paintings and architecture. The formative characteristic of Sonia Delaunay`s artwork is researched focusing on simultaneity and Simultanism. Simultaneity and Simultanism, which indicate Sonia Delaunay`s artwork, are based on simultaneous color contrast to represent identities of varios artwork as their trademarks. Also, simultaneity and Simultanism are representative terms of her artwork by combining art and life. Sonia Delaunay symbolized her artistic character by making simultaneity to Simultanism intentionally. Sonia Delaunay thus expands her artwork to the general art with simultaneity taking no notice of time and space in the traditional concept. For the example research of Sonia Delaunay`s artwork which unites various fields, fusion research of Delaunay`s painting and literature, mutual relation between applied art(fashion design) and literature, and the combination of painting and architecture will be considered. In part of fusion research of painting and literature, the illustrations with the combination of painting and literature will be examined. For mutual relation between fusion, applied art(fashion design) and literature, the union of textile/fashion design and literature will be researched. For interrelation of painting and architecture, mural production in 1937 will be mainly considered. The comtemporary meaning and the possibility of usage of Sonia Delaunay`s artwork which pursued general art based on fusion works are researched under following view points; 1) The role model of artists for interdisciplinary and fusion research 2) the expansion of eclectic modern design through textile and fashion design field of 20C 3) plastic language based on symmetric forms and strong color contrast 4) in the view point of general art in the plastic arts field. Sonia Delaunay is apt to known as a female artist of 20C, however, Delaunay can be a role model for artists who tried to graft general art onto contemporary plastic arts education of 21C. Especially, Sonia Delaunay`s interdisciplinary and fusion artwork over various genres adopted to various fields will play a significant role for educational model of contemporary design.

PREP의 동시적․연속적 처리훈련이 읽기학습장애 아동의 읽기기능에 미치는 영향

조태곤,민천식 한국학습장애학회 2009 학습장애연구 Vol.6 No.2

This study is to find an effect of Simultaneous -Successive Process Training of PREP on reading skill in children with reading disabilities. Research subjects were two students with reading disabilities from D elemental school in Daegu, and experiment was conducted 3 times a week for 6 weeks and each session ranged from 20 to 40 minutes. The researcher used a Simultaneous- Successive Process Training of PREP Program which had been reconstructed from a program made by Jung-Mi Choi. The assessment method was also reconstructed from Jung-Mi Choi’s meaning and non-meaning words reading assessment and sentence comprehension assessment. As for data-processing method, reading skill of children with reading disabilities was calculated as scores to process the Representation Multiple baseline across subjects graph. The conclusions obtained from this research are as follows: First, simultaneous-successive process training of PREP is effective on reading skill related to meaning words in children with reading disabilities. Improved meaning words reading skill seems to be achieved from reading syllables that became visually familiar by going through repeated activities. Second, simultaneous-successive process training of PREP is effective on reading skill related to non-meaning words in children with reading disabilities. They took part in activities with confidence and were able to read each word with no meaning. This led to an improvement in their non-meaning words reading skill. Third, simultaneous-successive process training of PREP is effective on sentence comprehension skill in children with reading disabilities. To naturally find pictures that matched sentences made of over three words seemed to lead to an improvement in sentence comprehension skill. 본 연구는 PREP의 동시적․연속적 처리훈련이 읽기학습장애 아동의 읽기기능에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위한 단일대상 실험연구로써, 초등학교 저학년 2명의 읽기학습장애 아동을 대상으로, 매 회기 20~40분씩 주 3회 6주간 총 18회기 실험하였다. PREP의 동시적․연속적 처리훈련 프로그램을 사용하였으며, 평가도구는 의미단어, 무의미단어 읽기검사와 문장이해 검사를 사용하였고, 자료처리는 단일대상연구의 대상자간 중다기초선 그래프로 처리하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 하여 얻은 결론은 PREP 동시적․연속적 처리훈련 프로그램은 읽기학습장애 아동의 의미단어 읽기기능, 무의미단어 읽기기능, 문장이해 기능을 향상시키는데 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다.

동시 및 역행차폐 처치를 통한 시각작업기억 공고화 및 비교처리 과정의 이해

김기연,현주석 한국인지및생물심리학회 2013 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물 Vol.25 No.4

본 연구는 색상 변화탐지과제의 기억 및 검사항목들에 대해 동시 및 역행 차폐 처치를 통한 간섭을 초래함으로써 시각작업기억 공고화 과정과 비교과정의 처리 특성을 조사하였다. 이를 위해 변화탐지 과제의 기억항목 또는 검사항목과 위치가 중첩되는 차폐자극이 각각의 항목들과 동시에 혹은 뒤이어 제시되었다. 동시차폐가 처치된 경우, 기억차폐와 검사차폐 조건 각각에서 변화탐지 정확도는 항목개수가 증가함에 따라 현격히 감소되었으나 검사차폐의 조건의 정확도가 전반적으로 높은 것이 관찰되었다. 역행 차폐가 처치된 경우, 기억 및 검사 차폐 조건 모두에서 항목 개수의 증가에 따른 변화탐지 정확도의 감소가 역시 관찰되었으나, 검사차폐 조건의 탐지 효율성이 다소 높은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 차폐 간섭이 처치되지 않은 경우에는 차폐가 처치된 경우에 비해 월등한 변화탐지 정확도가 관찰되었다. 기억항목에 대한 동시 및 역행 차폐의 강력한 간섭 효과는 시각작업기억의 공고화 과정에 정보처리 병목이 존재함을 의미한다. 반면 기억항목보다는 검사항목에 초래하는 동시차폐의 상대적이고 강력한 간섭 효과는 비교 과정이 시각탐색과 유사하게, 기억과 지각 정보 간의 분명한 시각적 차이가 초래하는 현출성 탐지에 기초한 처리과정임을 시사한다. The present study aimed to examine the properties of VWM consolidation and comparison processes according to the interference driven by simultaneous and backward masks against sample and test items in a color-change detection task. To accomplish this, we displayed the mask stimuli that would superimpose either the sample or test items, simultaneously with or immediately after the sample or test items respectively. When the simultaneous masks were displayed, change detection accuracies in each sample- and test-mask condition rapidly decreased as the display setsize increased. However, when the backward masks were displayed, the change detection was relatively efficient for the test-mask condition compared with the sample-mask condition. When there was no mask, the detection accuracy was much higher than when the masks were present. The strong interference against the sample items observed both in the simultaneous- and backward-mask conditions shows that there is an information-processing bottleneck in the VWM consolidation process. Whereas the evident interference against the test items by the simultaneous-mask rather than by the backward-mask indicates that just as in visual search, the VWM comparison process may undergo a detection process for a salient pop-out elicited by a distinct visual difference across memory and perception.

Simultaneous growth of graphene and vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes at low temperature by chemical vapor deposition

Suck Won Hong 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2012 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.13 No.S1

We present the simultaneous growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene with the optimal conditions of the synthesizing parameters. The dense and vertically aligned SWNTs having the length of over 100 µm was grown by 2 nm-thick Fe catalytic layer. From 650 ο C, the vertically well-grown SWNTs were obtained by increasing the temperature. The severallayered graphene was synthesized with the gas mixing ratio of 15 : 1(H2 : C2H2) at 650 ο C and higher temperatures. With these optimal conditions, the vertically well-grown SWNTs and the several-layered graphene were synthesized simultaneously. The presence of SWNTs and the layer of graphene were verified by field emission scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. From the result of this simultaneous synthesizing approach, the possibility of one step growth process of CNTs and grapheme could be verified.

Cellobiose와 xylose를 동시에 대사하는 Pichia stipitis 돌연변이를 활용한 동시당화발효

김대환,이원흥 한국생물공학회 2019 KSBB Journal Vol.34 No.4

In order to economically produce biofuels in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cellulosic biomass, it is required to construct microbial host efficiently utilizing various sugars. Previously, a mutant Pichia stipitis YN14 strain co-fermenting cellobiose and xylose was isolated. In this study, ethanol production performance of P. stipitis YN14 was compared with the parental P. stipitis CBS 6054 through the series of SSF experiments. In SSF of cellulose, the mutant strain employing Celluclast 1.5 L as the cellulolytic enzyme produced 6.1 g/L of ethanol, which was 5.5- times and 1.2-times higher than the parental strain with Celluclast 1.5 L and Cellic CTec2, respectively. In addition, the mutant YN14 strain with Celluclast 1.5 L showed 26.6 g/L of ethanol production in simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation (SSCF) of cellulose and xylose, which was 75% and 60% higher than the parental CBS 6054 strain with Celluclast 1.5 L and Cellic CTec2, respectively. Our results propose that efficient ethanol production from the cellulosic biomass would be accomplished by utilization of yeast strain fermenting cellobiose and xylose simultaneously.

Simultaneous Activation of Methane and CO₂

박상언,서동우,( Abdelrahman Rabie ),( Ranjit Kulkarni ) 한국공업화학회 2016 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2016 No.1

Simultaneous activation of methane and CO₂ is one of the most difficult challenge for getting oxygenates, because of their inertness and thermodynamically unfavorability. However, the first step in the activation of methane is the C-H bond activation and CO₂ activation is requiring hydrogen source, so there may be a chance to activate simultaneously. In this study we have successfully illustrated the possibility of formation of methanol using CO₂ as well as O₂/CO₂ for the direct insertion of CO₂ to get acetic acid and partial oxidation into methanol, respectively. Specially, it could be performed in the continuous flow fixed-bed reactor over Cu loaded ZSM-5 catalysts (Cu-M+-ZSM-5). DFT calculation also support that methane could be homolytically dissociated into give surface hydrogen and methyl-M species to be reacted with activated CO₂ into methanol and/or acetic acid.

편측성 구순구개열 환자에 있어 구순성형술과 동반한 서골피판법

한윤식,이호,서병무 대한구순구개열학회 2010 대한구순구개열학회지 Vol.13 No.2

Vomer flap is used to repair anterior hard palate in complete cleft lip and palate patients. As the midline structure located in between the two cleft segments of hard palate, the vomer flap is very useful because of its vicinity to cleft site and their ease of execution when it is done with primary cheiloplasty simultaneously. In addition, the quality of tissue is very similar to that of the nasal mucosa with good vascularity. In cases of simultaneous repair of cleft lip with anterior palate using vomer flap, the hard palate can be repaired at the same time with primary cheiloplasty which is earlier period than other techniques. With simultaneous close of cleft lip and cleft hard palate by vomer flap, subsequent palatoplasty does not require wide dissection, and consequently chance of oronasal fistula formation will be minimized. Additionally, surgical time will be reduced and, the harmful effects on mid-facial growth will be diminished. In this article, we will introduce the comprehensive vomer flap technique with primary lip closure and review the comparative studies of the outcome of simultaneous repair of cleft lip and cleft hard palate with vomer flap.

HPLC-MS/MS를 이용한 벌꿀 중 동물용 의약품 동시분석방법 연구

김종화,문선애,김기유,정유정,이창희,구은정,윤미혜,이정복 한국식품위생안전성학회 2016 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.31 No.2

This study was conducted to establish the simultaneous analysis method for veterinary drug residues in honey by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). The eleven targeting veterinary drugs with honey test method in Korean Food Standards Codex were divided into Group 1 (streptomycine dihydrostreptomycine, neomycine) and Group 2 (oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cymiazole, chloramphenicol, amitraz, coumaphos, fluvalinate) to be analyzed simultaneously. From the results, the retention time(RT) of the targeting drugs was within 15 min, the range of detection limits was 0.0056 to 0.0643 μg/g and the range of quantification limits was 0.0169 to 0.1948 μg/g. The coefficients of determination(R2) for Group 1 (0.05~1.0 μg/mL) and Group 2 (0.01~1.0 μg/mL) were 0.9917~0.9987 and 0.9923~1.000 respectively, and showed the good linearity. The recovery rates for Group 1 (final conc. 0.25 μg/g) and Group 2(final conc. 1.0 μg/g) were 65.1~80.6% and 64.2~90.3% respectively. Also, the analysis results of inter day(n=3) and intra day(n=6) RSD(%) for area and retention time showed that the RSD(%) for area and retention time was below 10.92% and 1.57%. Therefore, the simultaneous analysis method of this study is evaluated to be a good test method for veterinary drug residues in honey.