Rice Hoppers and Associated Virus Diseases in Nepal

Hira Kaji Manandhar,Prem Nidhi Sharma 한국응용곤충학회 2012 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2012 No.10

Nepal is endowed with rich diversity in land races of rice and also some wild rice species. Some of them are known for their resistance to insect and diseases, including rice hoppers and viruses. Nepal has so far released 68 improved rice varieties for different domains. With the introduction of improved varieties incidences of insect and diseases increased. Leafhoppers and planthoppers are among the rice insects of economic importance in Nepal. Till a decade ago, rice gundhi bug used to be the most important insect of rice. Now, hoppers have become more important. Of leafhoppers, green leafhopper (Nephotettix nigropictus), white leafhoppers (Cofena spectra) and zig zag leafhopper (Resilia dorsalis) are the common ones. Of them, N. nigropictus was found to transmit rice dwarf phytoreovirus, and N. virescens to transmit rice tungro bacilliform badna virus and rice tungro spherical waikavirus in Nepal. Of planthoppers, brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens) and white-backed planthopper (WbPH) (Sogatella furcifera) are the major ones. Isolated outbreaks of BPH have been recorded from 1977 to recent past years and of WbPH in 1982. However, no virus diseases associated with BPH and WBPH have been recorded in Nepal though some yellow syndrome in large areas has been reported from BPH occurring area (Chitwan) for the last couple of years. It is worth to note that IPM-FFS (farmers’ field school) approach was adopted in 1997 in rice after the outbreak of BPH in Chitwan district. Farmers are practicing wetting and drying of rice fields for the management of BPH. Other management practices recommended include use of biopesticides, predators, light traps, chemicals and resistant varieties. With the objective of monitoring rice planthoppers and associated rice viruses Nepal in 2011 joined “Collaboration network for the management of migratory rice planthoppers and associated virus diseases of rice in Asia” - a regional project of Asian Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiatives (AFACI), Korea.

남일 돌연변이 후대계통 Namil(EMS)-bl10,bph1의 도열병 및 벼멸구 저항성에 대한 유전분석

조성우(Seong-Woo Cho),정지웅(Ji-Ung Jeung),신영섭(Young-Seop Shin),강경호(Kyung-Ho Kang),이상복(Sang-Bok Lee),김보경(Bo-Kyeong Kim) 한국육종학회 2014 한국육종학회지 Vol.46 No.3

Rice is a source of food supply as the staple food. The narrow genetic diversity of Korean Japonica cultivars is prone to be susceptible to abiotic and biotic stresses such as rice blast, bacterial blight, and brown planthopper (BPH). The best approach for prevention of the breeding and extermination of disease and insect pest would be the development of rice cultivars harboring multiple disease and insect pest resistance genes. National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in Korea developed a mutant line, Namil(EMS)-bl10,bph1, by using ethyl-methane-sulfonate (EMS) as the chemical mutagen on the wild type, Namil. The mutant line exhibits strong resistance levels against rice blast and brown planthopper. To localize favorable mutated allele types, two mapping populations were constructed by using F2 progenies derives crosses between Namil(EMS)-bl10,bph1 andMilyang23 and Namil (wild type) and Milyang23. Each F2 progenies were evaluated in terms of DNA marker genotype as well as agronomic traits measured, and for rice blast and BPH resistance, virulent blast isolate 94-254 and Korean biotype of BPH were used to screen F2:3 seedlings to conduct association analysis between marker genotype and evaluated phenotype of progeny lines. Through comparisons on major loci between two mapping populations, the putative major loci for rice blast resistance (RM1337, R2=54.4%) and BPH (RM0277, R2=55.1%) were primarily localized on chromosome 12.

벼 등숙기 벼멸구 피해가 수량 및 품질에 미치는 영향

이종희,여운상,곽도연,김준환,송유천,김춘송,신문식,Lee, Jong-Hee,Yeo, Un-Sang,Kwak, Do-Yeon,Kim, Joon-Hwan,Song, Yu-Cheon,Kim, Choon-Song,Shin, Moon-Sik 한국작물학회 2006 Korean journal of crop science Vol.51 No.suppl1

화영벼와 일품벼를 이용하여 벼멸구에 피해에 따른 농업적 특성, 수량 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 벼멸구 피해지에서 간장 수장 및 수당립수는 차이가 없었으나, 등숙율 및 쌀수량은 무피해구에 비해 감소되어 출수기 이후의 피해가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 2. 현미의 외관품질 분석 결과 벼멸구 피해지의 정상립 비율은 감소하였고, 미숙립, 피해립 및 사미의 발생은 증가되었다. 3. 벼멸구 피해지의 쌀의 이화학적 특성 분석 결과 아밀로스 함량은 차이가 없었으나, 단백질 함량은 높았다. 최고 점도는 낮고 치반점도는 높았으며 취반시 호화특성이 불량한 것으로 나타났으며, 식미치는 낮아졌다. This study was carried out to investigate the change yield and grain quality in rice caused by damages of brown planthopper (Bph) on major agronomic traits at the ripening stage. A major agronomic traits such as culm length, panicle length, number of panicle and number of grain per panicles was no-significant difference compared hopperburn area (HBA) and moderately damaged area (MDA) by brown planthopper with non-damaged area (NDA). but, the ripeing ratio and yield in HBA and MDA was significantly decreased. The perfect rice of brown rice in HBA and MDA was also lowered than the NDA and the immatured grain among imperfect rice in damaged area by BPH was significantly increased than in the NDA. Among the traits related with palatability of cooked rice, the amylose content was not affected by damage of brown planthopper, whereas, the protein content was significantly increased in the HBA and MDA. additionally, Peak viscosity in HBA and MDA is lower than the NDA, and setback was increased. In most cases, there was negative on yield and grain quality by the damage of brown planthopper at the ripening stage. Thus, the rice product harvested in damaged area should be separated with that in non damaged area for grain market quality of milled rice.

Effects of SRBSDV-infected rice plants on the fitness of vector and non-vector rice planthoppers

Hong-Xing Xu,Hong-Xing Xu,Xu-Song Zheng,Yajun Yang,Jue-Feng Zhang Zhang,Zhong-Xian Lu 한국응용곤충학회 2016 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.19 No.3

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is a new member of the genus Fijivirus and transmitted by whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth). The rice area affected by SRBSDV and the subsequent damages are increasing rapidly. In current study, we evaluated the effects of SRBSDV-infected plants on the ecological fitness and the tolerance to adverse environmental factors of vector WBPH and non-vector brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). Our study revealed that the fitness of WBPH and BPH were both influenced by feeding on SRBSDV-infected rice. Fecundity ofWBPH feeding on the SRBSDV-infected rice plants were higher than those on healthy plants, nymphal duration of male WBPH prolonged markedly by 0.77 d (P b 0.05), while the weight of brachypterous female adults significantly decreased (P b 0.05), and the average survival time shortened both at 26 °C and 31 °C, respectively. Median lethal time of WBPH on SRBSDV-infected and healthy rice plants were 80 h and 112 h at 26 °C, 64 h and 88 h at 31 °C, respectively. As for non-vector BPH, nymph survival rate decreased significantly by 11.22% (P b 0.05) and the longevity of female adults also shortened (P b 0.05), while hatchability of BPH eggs increased (P b 0.05). Survival time of BPH feeding on healthy rice at 26 °Cwas significant longer than those feeding on healthy and infected rice at 31 °C. The above results imply that the vectorWBPH suffers much stronger effects than non-vector BPH fromfeeding on SRBSDVinfected rice plants.

De novo transcriptomic analysis to reveal insecticide action and detoxification-related genes of the predatory bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis

Siyi Liu,David R. Nelson,Jing Zhao,Hongxia Hua,Yueping He 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.2

The mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter, an important predatory natural enemy of rice planthoppers, is widely distributed in rice fields. However, genetic information on C. lividipennis is lacking. Especially, limited data about mechanisms of insecticide selectivity between this piercing-sucking predator (C. lividipennis) and piercing-sucking preys (rice planthoppers), inhibits development of selective insecticides and the integration of chemical and biological control systems to control insect pests of rice. Hence, we performed de novo assembly of a transcriptome from adult and nymph whole bodies of C. lividipennis. A total of> 29 million of reads were generated, and 34,752 transcripts matched known proteins. Then, the genes related to insecticide action and detoxification were manually identified, including 26 carboxylesterases (containing 2 acetylcholinesterases), 57 cytochrome P450s, 19 glutathione S-transferases, 15 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, 3 GABA-gated ion channels, and 1 glutamate receptor. Comparisons of sequence differences in these genes between C. lividipennis and rice planthoppers, revealed that quite a lot of diversity was found among genes related to insecticide action and detoxification, while a few of these genes share much higher identities between this predator and prey. The present study provides useful information for our understanding of insecticide selectivity between rice planthoppers and the predator mirid bug.

복합내병충성 고품질 중만생 벼 ‘중모1045호’

김우재(Woo Jae Kim),신운철(Woon Chul Shin),박현수(Hyun Su Park),남정권(Jeong Kwon Nam),김현순(Hyun Soon Kim),백만기(Man Kee Baek),김보경(Bo Kyeong Kim),김기영(Ki Young Kim),김정주(Jeong Ju Kim),조영찬(Young Chan Cho),고재권(Jae Kwon 한국육종학회 2018 한국육종학회지 Vol.50 No.1

‘Jungmo1045’, a multi-resistant japonica rice cultivar developed from a cross between ‘Hanggeumnuri’ having a good eating-quality and high yield and ‘SR30071’ having brown planthopper (BPH) resistance, was developed by the rice breeding team of NICS, RDA in 2015. This cultivar has about 121 days growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in west-southern coast, Honam and Youngnam plain of Korea. It has 73cm culm length and 22cm panicle length. In reaction to biotic and abiotic stresses, it shows resistance to bacterial blight pathogen races from K1 to K3, stripe virus and brown planthopper. The milled rice of ‘Jungmo1045’ exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. It has good palatability of cooked rice compared with ‘Nampyeongbyeo’. The milled rice yield performance of this variety is about 5.74 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. ‘Junngmo1045’ would be useful genetic resources for multi-resistance breeding program against disease and insect and eco-friendly cultivation. ‘중모1045호’는 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 2015년 고품질 품종인 ‘황금누리’와 벼멸구 저항성을 가진 ‘SR30071’를 교배하여 육성한 친환경재배적응 고품질 복합내병충성 벼 품종이다. ‘중모1045호’는 서남부해안지 및 충남이남 평야지(충남, 전남북, 경남) 보통기보비재배에서 이앙부터 수확까지 121일의 생육일수를 가지며 간장은 78cm고 수장은 22cm이다. 병해충 저항성은 벼멸구, 벼흰잎마름병 K1, K2, K3 레이스, 벼줄무늬잎마름병에 강하지만 기타 바이러스병 및 해충에 약하다. ‘중모 1045호의 쌀알은 맑고 투명하며 종자형태는 중단립종이다. 쌀수량은 5.7MT/ha로 ‘남평’과 비슷하며 밥맛은 ‘남평’보다 좋은 수준이다. ‘중모1045호’는 복합내병충성 벼 품종으로 친환경재배단지에 적합하여 안전한 먹거리 생산에 매우 유용한 유전자원으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Development and application of EST-SSR to evaluate the genetic diversity of Southeast Asian rice planthoppers

Yongfu Qiu,Xiaozhen Jiao,Dehui Hu,Fang Liu,Fengkuan Huang,Rongbai Li 한국응용곤충학회 2016 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.19 No.3

A total of 320 ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags, 12.8%) of rice planthoppers were identified to carry SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) motifs from2491 ESTs downloaded frompublic database, and 397 pairs of brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens Stål) and 25 pairs ofwhite-backed planthopper (WBPH; Sogatella furcifera) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) EST-SSR were detected based on the motifs. The dinucleotide repeat was the dominant type with repeat motif AG/GA/TC/CT; and the trinucleotide repeat was the style of AAG/AGA/GAA/TTC/TCT/CTT among the BPH repeat motifs. A total of 20 EST-SSRs (16 developed in the present study and four fromprevious studies) were applied to survey the genetic diversity of the 15 rice planthoppers. Consequently, 18 pairs of primer amplifies clear, dominant and polymorphic gel bands among the collected planthoppers population; one ESTSSR amplified a single gel band; and one had no result. Furthermore, a total of 227 bands were produced by the selected 19 pairs of primers, of which 207 bands (91.2%) were polymorphic among the test insect populations. Genetic diversity analysis suggested that the BPH populations from Cuu Long, Thailand and Ho Chi Minh were clustered, respectively; and Hue and Long Xuyen were composed into one class; the others were clustered together when the similar coefficient was 0.76. The results show that it is an effective and available approach to develop SSR markers based on ESTs in rice planthoppers; and also the developed EST-SSR markers could detect the genetic diversity of the planthoppers population, which would be beneficial for rice planthoppers control strategy. ©

친환경재배 적응 벼멸구 저항성 고품질 벼 ‘친들’

김우재,백소현,신문식,고종철,김보경,남정권,박현수,하기용,김기영,백만기,신운철,모영준,고재권,백채훈,조영찬 한국육종학회 2014 한국육종학회지 Vol.46 No.4

‘친들’은 국립식량과학원 벼맥류부에서 2012년도에 벼멸구 저항성을 가진 HR22538-GHB-36-4와 고품질이며 수량이 우수한 익산471호를 교배하여 육성한 친환경재배적응 고품질 복합내병충성 우수 품종이다. ‘친들’은 서남부해안지 및 평택이남 평야지(충남, 전남북, 경남북) 보통기 보비재배에서 이앙부터 수확까지 124일의 생육일수를 가진다. 간장은 83츠 이며 내도복성이다. 병해충 저항성은 벼멸구, 벼흰잎마름병 K1, K2, K3 균계, 벼줄무늬잎마름병에 강하다. ‘친들’은 쌀알이 맑고 투명하며 중립종이다. 비교품종인 남평벼 보다 단백질이 5.9%로 낮고 밥맞이 매우 좋다. 수량성은 3년간 지역적응성 시험 결과 5.61 MT/ha 이다. ‘친들’은 복합내병충성 육종에 있어 매우 유용한 유전자원으로 사용될 것이다. ‘Chindeul’, a new japonica rice cultivar developed from a cross between HR22538-GHB-36-4 having brown planthopper(BPH) resistance and Iksan471 having a good eating-quality and high yield, was developed by the rice breeding team of Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2012. This variety has about 124 days growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in west-southern coast, Honam and Youngnam plain of Korea. It has 83 cm culm length and tolerance to lodging. In reaction to biotic and abiotic stresses, it shows resistance to bacterial blight pathogen races from K1 to K3, stripe virus and brown planthopper. The milled rice of ‘Chindeul’ exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. It has lower protein content of 5.9% and good palatability of cooked rice compared with Nampyeongbyeo. The milled rice yield performance of this variety is about 5.61 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. ‘Chindeul’ would be useful genetic resources for multi-resistance breeding program against disease and insect.

포장 특성이 우수한 고품질 복합내병충성 벼 품종 ‘드리미3호’ 육성

장윤희(Yoon-Hee Jang),박재령(Jae-Ryoung Park),김은경(Eun-Gyeong Kim),손재근(Jae-Keun Sohn),이강섭(Gang-Seob Lee),김경민(Kyung-Min Kim) 한국육종학회 2022 한국육종학회지 Vol.54 No.4

Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world, but brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens stal) causes a significant loss of rice yield. Due to climate change, different races of rice-damaging species are evolving at an accelerated pace, thus, creating a need to breed multi-resistant rice cultivars for a stable food supply. In 2001, “Samgang” and “Nagdong” were crossed at the Plant Molecular Breeding Laboratory of the Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu Korea. “Drimi3ho” is a resistant and high-quality rice cultivar that was bred by backcrossing a line having excellent agronomic traits with “Ilmi.” The heading date of “Drimi3ho” was August 12 (104 d after sowing), and it was a medium-maturing cultivar that matured 3 d earlier than “Ilmi” (August 15, 107 d after sowing). Its culm length was 81 cm, panicle length was 18 cm, panicle number per hill was 16, spikelet number per panicle was 113, ripened grain ratio was 93.2%, and 1,000-grain weight was 24.3 g. “Drimi3ho” was highly resistant to blast disease and bacterial blight (K1, K2, and K3), rice stripe virus, rice dwarf virus, rice black-streaked dwarf virus, and BPH. When “Drimi3ho” was milled, the milled grain was clear and transparent; moreover, the grains were semi-round and short-type. Moreover, “Drimi3ho” had lower protein and amylose content and tasted better than “Ilmi.” When “Drimi3ho” was grown on an ordinary plantation in the southern mountainous area, the yield was 563 kg/10a (Registration No. 5621).

Transgenic Rice Expressing Snowdrop Lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin;GNA) Shows Resistance to Rice Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål)

Soo In Lee(이수인),In Sun Yoon(윤인선),Joon Ki Hong(홍준기),Jin A Kim(김진아),Beom-Seok Park(박범석),Yeon-Hee Lee(이연희) 한국생명과학회 2012 생명과학회지 Vol.22 No.12

유전자총(Particle bombardment) 방법에 의해 snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) 유전자가 도입된 해충저항성 형질전환 벼를 개발하였다. GNA 유전자가 도입된 많은 형질전환 식물체가 재분화되었으며, 형질전환 벼의 GNA 유전자의 integration, expression 및 inheritance는 Southern 및 western analysis분석 방법에 의해 증명되었다. 벼 genome 내 도입 유전자 수는 one 혹은 five copies이었다. 형질전환 R1과 R2 식물체의 GNA 단백질 발현 분석 결과, 함량은 총 단백질 중 0.01%부터 2.0%까지 포함하고 있었다. 형질전환 식물체 중 GNA과발현 형질전환 벼를 이용한 생물 검정 결과, 대조구와 비교하여 벼의 주요 해충인 벼멸구(Nilaparvata lugens Stal)에 저항성을 나타내었다. 위의 실험 결과를 통해, 해충저항성 유전자인 GNA가 도입된 형질전환 벼는 해충의 증식을 억제하는데 이용될 수 있을 것이다. Transgenic rice plants with increased resistance to rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) were generated by particle bombardment-mediated transformation of plants with a gene encoding snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) under control of the rice Rubisco small subunit (rbcS) promoter.. A large number of transgenic rice plants containing the GNA gene were generated. The integration, expression, and inheritance of this gene in the R1 and R2 generations were demonstrated by Southern and western blot analyses. The plants contained one to five copies of the transgene. The GNA protein comprised approximately 0.01-2.0% of total soluble protein in the R1 and R2 transgenic plants. Insect bioassays and feeding studies showed that the GNA protein expressed in the R2 transgenic rice plants reduced the survival of brown planthoppers. The introduction of GNA into rice plants therefore can help to control insect pests.