역사문화적 관점에서의 치악산국립공원 구룡계곡 소나무림의 식생구조 및 관리방안

오희영,강현경,김명섭,백승준,홍점규 한국환경복원기술학회 2017 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.20 No.6

This study was conducted to draw vegetation landscape elements in the ancient literature, investigate plant community structure, understand vegetation structure, and suggest reasonal conservation management methods. As a result of analyzing ancient literature, geomorphological landscapes in Guryong valley were canyon landscape and valley surrounded in Mt. Chiak. Plant landscape factors were as followed. Rhododendron spp. spread around valley. Also, Pinus densiflora communities were distributed in Guryong valley around. Especially, the entrance zones of Guryong valley were described as covered with Pinus densiflora and Whangchangkumpyo(黃腸禁標). Therefore, it was estimated that entry of Guryong valley was covered with Pinus densiflora community landscape. As for current vegetation result, the main vegetation was divided into mixed deciduous broad-leaved trees community and Pinus densiflora community. As a result of analysis by TWINSPAN for community classification, five communities( Deciduous broadleaved trees, Pinus densiflora, Pinus densiflora-Abies holophylla, Abies holophylla, and Pinus koraiensis community) were classified. To maintain historic plant landscape and conserve crucial resources, Pinus densiflora community was classified as concentrated conservation management area(105,472㎡). To maintain Pinus densiflora landscape which has high historical and cultural value of Guryong valley, it was considered that active density control of lower layer vegetation would be necessary. Accordingly, to conserve P. densiflora landscape, Whangchangkumpyo(黄腸禁標), that area was separated into Pinus densiflora lower layer forest management area(84,029㎡) and Pinus densiflora seedling conservation management area(21,443㎡). In understory of Pinus densiflora lower layer flora, the target tree species for elimination and management were Quercus serrata and Quercus mongolica. They were 4∼6 trees/100㎡ and their average diameter was 7.1㎝. To preserve Pinus densiflora seedlings, areas with Sasa borealis, the ground vegetation of Pinus densiflora community, rate of 80% or more should be selected as priority management areas and concentrated elimination and management of Sasa borealis should be implemented. Likewise, traditional Pinus densiflora forest is a historically cultural heritage to preserve with sustainable interest and survey. Efficient management method through systematic monitoring system should be made.

다도해해상국립공원 대흑산도의 상록침엽수림 식생구조

조영준 ( Cho Yeong-jun ),김하송 ( Kim Ha-song ),명현호 ( Myeong Hyeon-ho ),박정원 ( Park Jung-won ),오장근 ( Oh Jang-geun ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2018 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.30 No.1

본 연구는 2014년 4월부터 2018년 1월까지 다도해해상국립공원 대흑산도에 위치한 상록침엽수림을 중심으로 현지답사를 통하여 식생조사를 실시하였다. 대흑산도의 상록침엽수림 식생구조 특성을 파악하기 위하여 77개의 방형구를 설정하고, 대흑산도의 상록침엽수림 식생은 임상도(1:5,000)를 바탕으로 각 폴리곤에 따라서 곰솔군락, 곰솔-사스레피나무군락, 곰솔-동백나무군락, 곰솔-구실잣밤나무군락, 곰솔-후박나무군락, 곰솔-소나무군락, 곰솔-우묵사스레피나무군락, 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락, 소나무-후박나무군락, 소나무-동백나무군락, 소나무-사스레피나무군락, 소나무-곰솔군락, 소나무-소사나무군락, 소나무군락 등으로 구분되었다. 대흑산도에서 조사된 곰솔림에서는 상관 우점 종에 의하여 곰솔군락, 곰솔-사스레피나무군락, 곰솔-동백나무군락, 곰솔-구실잣밤나무군락, 곰솔-후박나무군락, 곰솔-소나무군락, 곰솔-우묵사스레피나무군락으로 구분되었다. 조사된 곰솔군락은 대흑산도 진리, 읍동, 마리, 소사리, 예리, 심리 등의 주로 해안에 인접한 서사면부와 산지대 저해발의 능선지역에 군락을 이루고 있었다. 대흑산도에서 조사된 소나무림에서는 상관 우점 종에 의하여 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락, 소나무-후박나무군락, 소나무-동백나무군락, 소나무-사스레피나무군락, 소나무-곰솔군락, 소나무군락으로 구분되었다. 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락은 대흑산도 예리, 진리, 청촌리, 천촌리 등의 저해발 사면부 및 해안가에 군락을 이루고 있다. 대흑산도에서는 소나무군락과 곰솔군락이 부분적으로 상록활엽수림과 혼재하면서 생태적 경쟁에 따라 자연 천이가 진행되어 군락내의 각 계층구조별 다양한 종구성을 나타내고 있다. 교목 층에서는 구실잣밤나무, 후박나무, 소나무, 곰솔 등이, 아교목층에 구실잣밤나무, 사스레 피나무, 동백나무, 후박나무, 예덕나무 등이 주요 우점 종으로 나타나면서 향후 지리적 특성과 기후환경변화에 따른 상관 우점종의 변화가 예상된다. 본 조사지역에서 나타난 주요 상록침엽수림 군락들을 중심으로 현존식생도를 제작하였다. 현존식생도에 나타난 주요 상록침엽수림 군락은 소나무-소사나무군락, 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락, 곰솔-동백나무군락, 곰솔-구실잣밤나무군락, 소나무-동백나무군락, 곰솔-사스레피나무군락, 곰솔-후박나무군락, 소나무군락, 곰솔군락, 소나무-후박나무군락 등으로 구분하였고, 대흑산도 상록침엽수림 면적은 전체 삼림 면적 중에서 43.52%로 나타났다. This research was carried out from April 2014 to January 2018 in the evergreen coniferous forest around Daehuksan Island in Dadohaehaesang National Park. A total of 77 plots were set up in this study area and the plant communities were divided into the following 14 communities : Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii -Eurya japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Pinus thunbergii -Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora community, Pinus thunbergii -Eurya emarginata community, Pinus densiflora-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Pinus densiflora-Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora -Camellia japonica community, Pinus densiflora-Eurya japonica community, Pinus densiflora-Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora-Carponus turczaninowii community, and Pinus densiflora community. In the case of dominant species studied in Daehuksan Island, Pinus thunbergii forest was dominated by the dominant species Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii -Eurya japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Pinus thunbergii -Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora community, Pinus thunbergii -Eurya emarginata community, and Pinus thunbergii-Mallotus japonicus community. The investigated Pinus thunbergii community is a community identified by Pinus thunbergii, and it formsa community on coastal hillsides and southwestern slopes mainly in the Daehuksan Island Jinri, Eupdong, Mari and Sorasi village. In the case of dominant species studied in Daehuksan Island, Pinus densiflora forest was dominated by the dominant species Pinus densiflora-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Pinus densiflora-Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora -Camellia japonica community, Pinus densiflora-Eurya japonica community, Pinus densiflora-Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora-Carponus turczaninowii community, and Pinus densiflora community. The investigated Pinus densiflora-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community is a community identified by Pinus densiflora and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, and it is clustered around the villages of Daehuksan Island Jinri, Yeri, Simri and Chilrak mountain and the Northeast slope. In Daehuksan Island, Pinus densiflora community and Pinus thunbergii community are mixed with evergreen broad-leaved forest, and natural transition occurs according to the ecological competition of these communities. The most important dominant species in the tree layer are Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Machilus thunbergii, Pinus densifloraandPinus thunbergii. The most important dominant species in the subtree layer are Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Eurya japonica, Camellia japonica, Machilus thunbergii, and Mallotus japonicus. The actual vegetation map produced by the main evergreen coniferous forest communities represented the survey area. The main evergreen coniferous forest communities represented in the vegetation map were divided into Pinus densiflora -Carpinus turczaninowii community, Pinus densiflora-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Pinus densiflora-Camellia japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus thunbergii community, and Pinus densiflora-Machilus thunbergii community. The area of evergreen coniferous forest in Daehuksan Island is 43.52% of the total forest area.

Effects of Supplementation with Needles of Pinus densiflora on the Fermentation Characteristics of Honey Wine

이제혁,한우철,김인철,정철,강순아,장기효,Lee, Je-Hyuk,Han, Woo-Cheul,Kim, In-Chul,Cheong, Chul,Kang, Soon-Ah,Jang, Ki-Hyo The East Asian Society of Dietary Life 2011 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.21 No.3

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with the needles of Pinus densiflora on the fermentation characteristics of honey wine (Pinus densiflora-honey wine). Honey without supplementation with needles of Pinus densiflora (honey wine) was included as a control. Physiochemical changes were investigated during 30 days of fermentation at $20^{\circ}C$, and following aging. At the beginning of fermentation, pH and viable cell counts of Pinus densiflora-honey wine changed rapidly, while $^{\circ}Bx$ decreased gradually. Viable yeast counts reached maximum levels at 5 to 10 days of fermentation. At day 0, the pH of Pinus densiflora-honey wine was 3.8, while the non-supplemented honey wine had a pH of 3.4. Decease in $^{\circ}Bx$ was faster in Pinus densiflora-honey wine than in non-supplemented honey wine. Supplementation of honey with needles of Pinus densiflora prior to fermentation shifted the initial pH to a more neutral pH, and the presence of Pinus densiflora needles increased the fermentation speed. The final $^{\circ}Bx$, pH, ethanol content, and total titratable acidity of Pinus densiflora-honey wine were $13.7^{\circ}Bx$, pH 3.05, 13.5%, and 0.37%, respectively. A sensory evaluation demonstrated that addition of 4% (w/v) fructose to honey wine supplemented with neddles of Pinus densiflora raised the level of product acceptability. 이 연구의 목적은 솔잎을 꿀로 추출한 추출물을 이용한 발효주를 개발하는 것이다. 솔잎이 첨가되지 않은 꿀을 사용한 그룹을 대조군으로 비교 평가하였다. 솔잎-벌꿀주와 벌꿀주 등 2개의 그룹을 $20^{\circ}C$에서 30일간 발효한 후 숙성하였다. 솔잎-벌꿀주에서는 발효 초기에 pH와 효모 생균수 변화는 빠른 속도로 변화하였으나, 당도($^{\circ}Bx$)는 점진적으로 감소하였다. 효모는 발효 시작 후 5~10일에서 가장 높은 생균수를 보였다. 쌀효 전에는 솔잎-벌꿀주에서 발효액의 pH는 3.8으로 벌꿀주의 pH 3.4보다 높았다. 벌꿀주와 비교시 솔잎-벌꿀주에서 발효중 당도 감소 속도가 높게 나타났으며, pH는 초기의 산성 pH에서 중성쪽으로 변화하였고, 발효 속도는 증가하였다. 발효와 숙성을 거친 솔잎-벌꿀주는 $13.7^{\circ}Bx$, pH 3.05, 에탄올 함량 13.5%, 산가 0.37%를 보였다. 솔잎-벌꿀주의 관능적인 선호도를 높이기 위한 시도에서는 과당을 4% (w/v) 수준으로 첨가시 가장 결과가 좋았다.

우리나라 소나무 주요유형지별 식생구조와 환경요인

윤정원,김용식,김기송,성정원,박기환,이창현,신현탁,이명훈 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2014 Journal of Forest Science Vol.30 No.1

The populations of Pinus densiflora in South Korea were grouped into 4 types; Community of Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata, Community of Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica, Community of Pinus densiflora-Fraxinus sieboldiana & Rhus javanica & Quercus mongolica and Community of Pinus densiflora-Prunus sargentii & Rhododendron mucronulatum. The Shannon diversity index was varied between 0.9171 and 1.5016, while the Similarity index was varied between 43.18 and 72.16. The species of Pinus densiflora are correlated positively significant with Carex humilis var. nana, Quercus serrata and Atractylodes ovata and negatively significant with Aster scaber and Sorbus alnifolia in order. According to the Correlation analysis, the relationship between the distribution of Pinus densiflora populations and the environment factors are closely related with the character of forest soil. Thus types for Pinus densiflora are differed. pH, Ex. K and Ex. Ca of Pinus densiflora populations effect No. of species and H’(shannon index). Canopy open effects No. of Individuals of Pinus densiflora community.

오대산국립공원 소금강 계곡부 식물군집구조

강성칠 ( Kang Seongchil ),한봉호 ( Han Bongho ),박석철 ( Park Seokcheol ),최진우 ( Choi Jinwoo ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2016 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.19 No.4

This study was carried out to the structure of plant community, and ecological succession sere of forest ecosystem in Soguemgang Valley, Odaesan National Park. Fifteenth plots(size is 20m×20m) were set up and the results analyzed by DCA which is one of the ordination technique showed that the plant communities were divided into seven groups which area community I(Quercus variabilis-Pinus densiflora community), Ⅱ(Pinus densiflora community), Ⅲ(Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community), Ⅳ(Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community), Ⅴ(Quercus serrata community), Ⅵ (Pinus densiflora-Deciduous broad-leaved plant community), Ⅶ(Cornus controversa-Carpinus laxiflora community). Shannon diversity index per 400㎡ was to 0.7777 to 1.1440 and the age of Pinus densiflora 86 years old, Quercus variabilis was ranged from 66 to 87 years old, Quercus serrata was ranged from 51 to 62 years old, Carpinus laxiflora was 94 years old. In 2013, the succession trend was predicted Pinus densiflora→Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata →Cornus controversa, Carpinus laxiflora. The ecological sucession progress has declined power of the Pinus densiflora and the increased power of the deciduous broad-leaved and Quercus spp. in Soguemgang Valley, Odaesan National Park. Quercus serrata and Quercus variabilis communities that judged Pinus densiflora were progressing by direction of landform. The southern slopes vegetation were progressing for Quercus variabilis, the northern slopes vegetation were progressing for Quercus serrata. In flat Valley, mainly native species of Cornus controversa, Carpinus laxiflora are predicted ecological succession for deciduous broad-leaved tree community.

경주국립공원 불국사 사찰림의 식생구조

강현미 ( Hyun Mi Kang ),최송현 ( Song Hyun Choi ),이수동 ( Soo Dong Lee ),조현서 ( Hyun Seo Cho ),김지석 ( Ji Seok Kim ) 한국환경생태학회 2012 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.26 No.5

경주국립공원 불국사 주변 사찰림을 중심으로 식생구조를 파악하기 위하여 42개의 조사구(단위면적 100㎡)를 설치하여 식생조사를 실시하였다. Classification 분석 중 TWINSPAN 기법을 이용하여 군락분리를 시도한 결과, 군락 Ⅰ은 소나무-잣나무군락, 군락 Ⅱ는 소나무군락, 군락 Ⅲ은 소나무-단풍나무군락, 군락 Ⅳ는 단풍나무-소나무군락으로 최종 분리되었다. 식생구조 분석결과 경주국립공원 불국사 주변 사찰림은 소나무가 우점하고 있었다. 군락Ⅳ는 소나무군락에 단풍나무가 유입되면서 단풍나무-소나무군락으로 군락이 변한 것으로 파악되었다. 그러나 최근 자연발생적으로 아교목층과 관목층에 굴참나무, 갈참나무, 졸참나무, 신갈나무가 확산되고 있어 추후 소나무와의 경쟁이 예상된다. 본 조사지역의 산림식생의 임령은 소나무가 우점종인 산림은 30~100년 내외인 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 단풍나무는 30~36년의 수령을 가진 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vegetation structure of Bulguksa around Buddhist Temple Forest in the Gyeongju National Park. To do so, forty-two plots(100㎡) were set up and surveyed. The surveyed plots were divided into four groups according to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN; (Ⅰ) Pinus densiflora-Pinus koraiensis community, (Ⅱ) Pinus densiflora community, (Ⅲ) Pinus densiflora-Acer palmatum community, (Ⅳ) Acer palmatum-Pinus densiflora community. The results of vegetation structure analysis were; Bulguksa around Buddhist Temple Forest in the Gyeongju National Park were dominated by Pinus densiflora. Ⅳ community, influx of Acer palmatum in Pinus densiflora community, Acer palmatum-Pinus densiflora community are believed to be a change to the community. But, recent spontaneously is growing Quercus variabilis, Quercus aliena, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica in understory and shrub layer. Later, it is expected that Pinus densiflora competition. The forest vegetation age of the study area is Pinus densiflora were dominant trees in forest was 30~100 years, old while that of Acer palmatum was 30~36 years old.

한남금북 금북정맥 마루금 일대의 식생구조 특성

강현미,박석곤 한국환경생태학회 2018 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.32 No.6

This study examined the vegetation structure in the ridge of the Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek and Geumbuk-Jeongmaek by selecting 7 sites(2 sites at Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek and 5 sites at Geumbuk-Jeongmaek) in consideration of the environmental conditions and artificial influences and conducting the vegetation survey in the selected sites. The community classification based on TWINSPAN categorized the vegetation at Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek into 8 groups: Quercus variabilis-Q. acutissima community, Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis community, P. densiflora-Deciduous oaks community, P. koraiensis community, Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis community, and Larix kaempferi-P. koraiensis community. It also categorized the vegetation at Geumbuk-Jeongmaek into 9 groups: Quercus variabilis community, Deciduous broad-leaved community, Q. mongolica community, Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis community, Q. acutissima community, P. densiflora-Q. acutissima-Q. variabilis community, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica-P. rigida community, P. densiflora-P. thunbergii-Deciduous oaks community, and P. koraiensis community. Two species, Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora, which are widely distributed in the ridges of the Jeongmaeks and Baekdudaegan in South Korea, were dominant in many of the surveyed sites. The appearance of planted Castanea crenata in some plots, although not in high population, suggests human intervention in most regions of the Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek and Geumbuk-Jeongmaek in the past. The Gayasan area, which is part of the Geumbuk-Jeongmaek and where the maritime climate and continental climate overlap, showed Pinus thunbergii, reflecting the local climate characteristics. 한남금북정맥과 금북정맥 마루금 일대 식생구조를 파악하기 위해 환경조건과 인위적 영향을 고려해 한남금북정맥2곳, 금북정맥 5곳의 중점조사지를 선정하여 식생조사를 실시하였다. TWINSPAN에 의한 군락분류 결과, 한남금북정맥은 굴참나무-상수리나무군락, 소나무-신갈나무군락, 소나무군락, 소나무-신갈나무-굴참나무군락, 소나무-낙엽성 참나무혼효군락, 잣나무군락, 신갈나무-굴참나무군락, 일본잎갈나무-잣나무군락 등 8개 군락으로 나눠졌다. 금북정맥의경우는 굴참나무군락, 낙엽활엽수혼효군락, 신갈나무군락, 소나무-신갈나무-굴참나무군락, 상수리나무군락, 소나무-상수리나무-굴참나무군락, 소나무-신갈나무-리기다소나무군락, 소나무-곰솔-낙엽성 참나무혼효군락, 잣나무군락 등 9개군락으로 유형화되었다. 한남금북정맥과 금북정맥에는 남한의 정맥과 백두대간 마루금 인근에서 폭넓게 분포하는신갈나무와 소나무를 우점종으로 하는 조사구의 비율이 높았다. 일부 조사구에서 조림된 밤나무와 잣나무가 출현해과거 인간의 간섭이 있었던 것으로 보인다. 이러한 사실을 통해 볼 때 한남금북정맥과 금북정맥 대부분의 지역에인간의 간섭이 있었던 것으로 파악할 수 있다. 중점조사지역 중 금북정맥에 해당하는 가야산지역은 해양성기후와대륙성기후가 교차되는 지역으로 지역적 특성이 반영된 곰솔이 출현하였다.

소나무와 리기다소나무의 수간류 및 수관통과우의 화학적 성질

이상덕,이명종,주영특 강원대학교 삼림과학연구소 2001 Journal of Forest Science Vol.17 No.-

수간류, 수관통과우의 화학적 성질변화에 미치는 수종간 차이의 영향을 비교하기 위하여 강원대학교 구내의 소나무림과 리기다소나무림을 대상으로 하여 조사, 분석하였다. 임의우의 평균 pH는 6.2였으며, 소나무의 수관통과우>소나무의 수간류>리기다소나무의 수관통과우>리기다소나무의 수간류 순의 평균 pH값을 보였다. 또한 6월을 제외한 대부분의 조사기간 동안 임의우의 pH가 수간류와 수관통과우의 pH보다 높게 나타났다. 다른 원소에 비하여 양이온은 Ca2+과 K+이, 음이온은 NO3-과 SO42-이 타원소에 비하여 높게 나타났으며, 특히 11월에 K+, Mg2+, Na+이 증가하였다. 한편, 소나무와 리기다소나무의 수간류와 수관통과우에 있어서의 용존원소 농도는 임외우 보다 높게 나타났다. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of the different tree species (Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida) about the chemical properties of stemflow and throughfall at Chuncheon city in Kangwon province. The water quality of the rainfall, stemflow and throughfall in each forest stands were analyzed chemically. The pH average of precipitation was pH 6.2 and pH averages were throughfall of P. densiflora> throughfall of P. rigida> stemflow of P. rigida during the study period. During the all period, the pH of precipitation was higher than the pH of stemflow and throughfall except on June. The concentration of cation(Ca2+ and K+) and anion(NO3- and SO42-) were higher than others. Especially on November, the concentration of K+, Mg2+, Na+ were increased. The concentration of dissolved elements of stemflow and throughfall (Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida) were higher than precipitation. Key words : precipitation, stemflow, throughful, Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida,

청도군 운문사 문화경관림 식생구조 특성과식생경관 관리방안 연구

이도이,한봉호,곽정인 한국조경학회 2019 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.47 No.3

본 연구는 청도군 운문사 주변 문화경관림의 주요 경관과 식생구조 특성을 분석하여 식생관리 방안을 수립하고 지속적인 문화경관림으로 관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 경관 특성은 운문사에서 바라본 경관과 운문사를 바라보는 경관으로 두 가지 관점에서 8개의 경관조망점을 선정하여 분석한 결과, 운문사 입구의 수구막이 소나무림, 운문사 앞 전나무-소나무림, 사면 소나무림 등이 주요 경관이었다. 운문사 주변 현존식생 조사 결과, 소나무림과 소나무-전나무림이 79.2%로 넓게 분포하였다. 식물군집 구조는 총 30개 방형구를 조사하여 평지림, 사면림, 하반림의 3개의 지형 특성과 조사구별 우점종의 평균상대우점치에 따라 7개의 군집 유형으로 분류하였으며, 군집별 식생구조 특성을 바탕으로 한 식생구조 변화 예측과 종간 상관관계를 분석하였다. 평지 소나무군집은 아교목층에 개서어나무가 우점하였고, 평지 소나무-전나무 군집은 관목층에 전나무의 상대우점치가 높았다. 평지 전나무군집은 교목층에 경쟁종이 없었고, 사면의 소나무 대경목군집과 소경목군집은 아교목층에 잔털벚나무, 굴참나무가 우점하였으며, 사면 관리된 소나무군집은 관목층에도 소나무 우점도가 높았다. 소나무 하반림군집은 아교목층에 때죽나무, 잔털벚나무가 우점하였다. 전체적으로 개서어나무, 굴참나무, 졸참나무 등 교목성상의 낙엽활엽수가 아교목층에 우점하고 있어 식생구조 변화가 예측되었다. 샤논의 종다양도지수는 0.2360~1.4088이었으며, 상관관계 분석결과, 소나무와 부의 상관관계에 있는 수종은 고로쇠나무, 개암나무, 느티나무, 비목나무이었고, 전나무는 때죽나무, 소나무와 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 경관특성과 식물군집 구조를 분석하여 소나무 및 전나무림의 지속가능한 경관유지 및 복원을 위한 관리방안을 제안하였다. This study was conducted to establish vegetation structure characteristics and vegetation management plan of the cultural landscape forests located around Unmun Temple in Cheongdo-gun and to provide the basic data needed to manage the cultural landscape forests. The landscape characteristics are analyzed in two perspectives including the landscape as viewed from inside and outside of Unmun Temple and eight landscape views are selected. Main views are Pinus densiflora forest and Abies holophylla forest around Unmun Temple. As a result of the survey of existing vegetation around Cheongdo-gun Unmun Temple, P. densiflora forests and P. densiflora-A. holophylla forests are widely distributed, occupying 79.2% of the forest. The plant community structure was classified into seven types according to the three topographic characteristics, flat forests, slope forests, and lower forests, Which were divided into a total of 30 survey plots and the average relative importance percentage was determined. The P. densiflora community on the flat are dominated by Carpinus tschonoskii in Under-canopy. The P. densiflora-A. holophylla community on the flat had a relatively high rate of domination in the shrubs. There were no competing species for the A. holophylla community on the plat. The large standard P. densiflora and the small standard P. densiflora were expected to be confined by P. serrulata var. pubescens and the Quercus variabilis on the slopes. The managed P. densiflora community had a relatively high rate of P. densiflora domination in the shrubs. The P. densiflora community on the lowland was dominated by Styrax japonicus and P. serrulata var. pubescens. The Shannon species diversity index was 0.2360 to 1.4088. The results of the correlation analysis with P. densiflora, A. holophylla and other species were P. densiflora had negative correlation with Acer mono, Corylus heterophylla var. heterophylla, Zelkova serrata and A. holophylla, and A. holophylla have negative correlation with S. japonicus and P. densiflora. Landscape characteristics and plant community structures are analyzed to propose management methods of maintaining and restoring The P. densiflora and A. holophylla cultural forest landscapes around Unmun Temple.

강원ㆍ경북지역 소나무 天然集團의 遺傳的 構造

Zin Suh KIM(金眞水),Seok Woo LEE(李錫雨) 한국육종학회 1992 한국육종학회지 Vol.24 No.1

We have studied the genetic variation patterns at 23 loci coding for 16 enzymes in eight natural populations of Pinus densiflora from Kangwon-Kyungbuk region which has been classified into P. densiflora for. erecta. The average proportion of polymorphic loci per population (P) was 75.6% (<0.99). The average number of alleles per locus was 2.3. The averaged observed and expected heterozygosities(Ho, He) showed the same value of 0.249. All investigated values of 8 populations in Kangwon-Kyungbuk region were less than those of 17 natural populations sampled from the other region(P=82.4%, A/L=2.4, Ho=0.263, He=0.268), but showed no statistically significant differences except the value for P. The absence of marker alleles specific to P. thunbergii and the very similar allele-frequency distributions to those of other populations in Pinus densiflora didn’t support the hypothesis that pines in Kangwon-Kyungbuk region are introgressive hybrid between P. densiflora and P. thunbergii. Only a small amount of observed genetic diversity appeared to be interpopulational(Gst=0.042). The mean genetic distance(D) over all pairs of 8 populations was 0.007. A pooled cluster analysis of 25 populations didn’t show any remarkable tendency of genetic differentiation between two groups, 8 populations in Kangwon-Kyungbuk region and 17 other populations of P. densiflora. Population ‘Pongwa’ possessing the smallest amount of genetic variation was separated from the other populations. As a whole, the genetic structure of the natural populations of P. densiflora in Kangwon-Kyungbuk region is not sufficiently distinctive from that of other populations. So it is considered that they cannot be treated genetically as a separate unit, Pinus densiflora for. erecta.