보전적 측면에서 바라본 한국과 일본의 국립공원제도 비교

조태동 한국환경과학회 2004 한국환경과학회지 Vol.13 No.10

Korea's national park system resembles that of Japan in many ways. In this study, National park Systems of the two countries are compared from a standpoint of their historical backgrounds to be formed and in aspect of its conservation by the main revision of national park laws in perspective. In conclusion it was found out that Korea's toleration-based regulations on building park amenities have gradually neglected the park conservation effort, whereas Japan's authorization-oriented regulations have streng thened their emphasis on park conservation. From the comparison as above, the polices to be modified for Korean national park are proposed as follows: 1. National park system, which values diversity of species, is to be proposed. For this, the Article 8 which allows a development of National parks, Enforcement Ordinance Article 4, The Article 18 of Law, Enforcement Regulation Article 6 & 7 of National Park Law should be reviewed for deletion and revision. 2. On the basis of the laws, zoning system should be readjusted by discriminated conservation policy. Also, the readjustment of zoning system should be enforced after thorough analysis and research on the value of natural resources in the national park. 3. Korea should closely review the recently revised Japanese laws on the national parks and nature revitalization promotion for applying them to conservation policy of Korean national parks.

국립공원 구역 조정에 따른 환경,경제,사회적 파급효과 분석

홍현정 ( Hyun Jung Hong ),최현아 ( Hyun Ah Choi ),변병설 ( Byung Seol Byun ),박용하 ( Yong Ha Park ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2013 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.16 No.6

As ten years have passed since national parks were adjusted and released inceptively, it is the time for evaluating the effectiveness of the national park policy and improving it on the basis of the evaluation result. In this study, the method of appraising the environmental and socio-economical ripple effect on the implementation of national park regulation were provided, based on the institutional consideration, the environment analysis, the survey of residents consciousness, the statistical analysis and so on. It is applied to target sites where were released from national parks, and the policy direction was suggested for sustainable use and management of national parks. National parks, that exhibit various characteristics depending on geographical and local conditions, were categorized through the statistical approach. Released sites from Seoraksan National park, where was categorized as the core national park for sustainable use and management, were evaluated environmentally based on the time-series analysis of environmental thematic maps and socio-economically based on the survey on residents perceptions. As a result of this study, the environmental effect of released sites has been declined or threatened, and the residents` economic, social and living condition in these areas are still not improved(p<0.05) since the adjustment of national parks. Based on the policy approach reflecting regional characteristics, natural resources are kept and enhanced for the sustainable use and management of national parks. And a consensus on the national park policy of national park should be developed between local residents and voluntary participation and public awareness should be attracted from them, based on the construction and the supplement of the infrastructure.

국립공원 무료화 정책결정상의 문제점과 정책대안

이양주(Lee Yang Ju),윤은주(Yoon Eun Joo) 경기연구원 2008 경기논단 Vol.10 No.3

No fee policy on Korean national parks was determined in December 2006, and adapted in January first day 2007. However Ministry of Environment based this policy, not on how rational conservation and usage of national parks could be possible, but on how the public grievance related to duplication collection and a few restrictions could be resolved. Therefore the objective of this article is; ⅰ) to analyze the problems of no fee policy and then, ⅱ) to suggest the rational way that admission fee is collected and used for conservation of national park and community. As a result, policy alternatives are as follows. First, natural parks including national parks could contribute to the community development. If proceeds of admission fee are diverted to financial recourses of community, the strategies that the community manages or conserves national parks itself could be adapted. Second, admission fee could be best way that balances demand from visitors to national parks. Third, the fund to manage the national parks could be raised constantly through the application of benefit principle. Fourth, the policy decisions on national park should be done with a deliberate approach because that could affect management policy on nationwide natural resources including provincial parks, county parks, and suburban forests. After considering all the factors, we reached this conclusion that it is required to review no fee policy on national parks.

국내 명승 정책과 미국 국립공원 시스템의 지정 특성 비교

이원호,김동현,Janet R. Balsom 한국전통조경학회 2020 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.38 No.3

본 연구는 국내 명승과 미국 국립공원을 대상으로 정의 및 주요 가치, 지정 절차 및 유형, 지정추이를 살펴보고 두 자연유산의지정 특성을 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 명승은 경관성을 기본 전제로 학술적, 역사적, 인문적 가치를 포함하는 복합유산으로서의 성격을 지니고 있다. 미국 국립공원은공공성을 기반으로 하는 자연유산으로서 경관의 보호를 통해 국민의 자연유산 향유에 기여하고 생태적․역사적 가치를 동시에 만족하는것을 목표로 삼고 있다. 둘째, 명승의 지정은 소유자나 관리자, 지자체의 요청이나 문화재청장의 직권으로 지정신청과 지정조사를 거쳐 문화재 위원회의심의를 통해 지정여부를 결정한다. 지정조사는 기초자원조사와 유형별 자원조사로 구분되며, 1970년 명주 청학동 소금강의 최초명승 지정 이후 2000년대까지 명승 지정은 저조했으나 2006년 이후 명승 활성화 정책에 힘입어 지정건수가 급격히 증가했고, 자연명승과역사문화명승의 비중이 균형을 이루게 되었다. 미국 국립공원은 의회나 대통령에 의해 지정이 결정되며 국립공원청에서는 사전검사조사를통한 잠정자원의 특별자원연구 수행 여부 결정, 특별자원연구 결과에 따른 국립공원 지정기준 만족 여부, 우선순위 결정이 순차적으로이루어진다. 미국 국립공원은 의회뿐만 아니라 대통령의 국립기념지 지정 권한 부여를 통해 국립공원의 지정경로가 확대되었고, 국립공원청의 통합 운영으로 여러 부처에서 관할하던 유산들이 국립공원에 포함되어 지정건수가 증가하였다. 또한 사적지법의 제정으로역사유적이 다수 지정되고, 여가공간 제공을 위한 레크리에이션 지역들을 지정하여 총 18개 유닛으로 분류․관리하고 있다. 셋째, 명승과 미국 국립공원의 지정 특성을 비교한 결과 복합적 가치를 지닌 자연유산의 지정, 상호보완적 지정체계와 자원특성에따른 유형분류, 주무부처 신설 및 지정 정책에 따른 유산의 균형화가 특징으로 확인되었다. 두 유산은 경관성과 공공성을 바탕으로생태적, 역사적, 학술적 가치를 동시에 충족하는 복합적 자연유산의 특징을 지니고 있었다. 또한 양국 모두 기초자원조사와 심화단계의지정조사를 통해 순차적, 상호보완적 조사로 유산의 지정을 심의하는 체계가 확인되었으며 자원의 특성에 따라 각 유형을 분류하였다. 이외에 국내 명승 활성화 정책과 미국의 국립공원청 통합운영은 두 유산의 지정 양상에 영향을 미쳤으며, 자연유산과 역사문화유산의균형을 이루었다. 넷째, 명승과 국립공원의 자원유형과 보존관리 방식은 상당부분 연관성을 지니고 있었다. 미국 국립공원의 자연지역은 국내 천연기념물의 유형들이 주요 자원으로 포함되며, 자연명승과 유사한 특성을 지닌다. 또한 역사유적은 경관성 측면에서 역사문화명승의 지정기준과유사하며, 전쟁 및 유명인물 관련 유적이 주를 이루는 양상이 사적의 유형과 관련있었다. 보존관리 측면에서 미국 국립공원의 자연지역은생태계 원상을 그대로 두는 방식을 지니고 있으나 점적 자원에 대한 중점관리는 국내 자연유산 보호체계가 유용할 것으로 보인다. 한편, 역사자원은 사적과 역사문화명승이 전통시대 생활상 전반을 포함하고 있으나, 미국 국립공원의 역사유적은 전쟁사, 유명인관련 유적을 대상으로 현대까지 시간적 범위를 설정하였으며, 현존 자원을 토대로 적극적인 향유 프로그램 제공이... This study examined the definition and major values, the designated procedures and types, and the designation trend in Korean scenic sites and national parks in the United States. Based on this, the analysis of the characteristics of the designation of the two natural heritages. The results are as follows; First, Scenic Sites has characteristics of complex heritage that includes academic, historical, and humanities values on the basis of landscape. As a natural heritage based on public nature, the U.S. National Park aims to contribute to the people's natural heritage and satisfy both ecological and historical values through the protection of the landscape. Second, the designation of a scenic sites are decided through deliberation by the Cultural Heritage Committee after the request of the owner, manager, or local government or by the authority of the head of the Cultural Heritage Administration. The designated survey is divided into basic resource surveys and resource surveys by type. Since the initial designation of the Sogeumgang Mountain in Cheonghakdong, Myeongju in 1970, the number of designated scenic sites was low until the 2000s, but the number of designated scenic sites has increased rapidly since 2006 due to the policy to promote the scenic site, and the proportion of natural and historical and cultural scenic sites has been balanced. The designation of the U.S. national park is decided by the Congress or the president, and the National Park Service makes a series of decisions on whether to conduct a special resource study of provisional resources through a preliminary inspection survey, whether to satisfy the criteria for designation of national parks based on the results of special resource research, and to prioritize them. The U.S. National Parks have been expanded not only by Congress but also by the president's empowerment to designate them as national monuments. With the integrated operation of the National Park Service, the number of designated cases increased as the national park included the heritage sites under the control of various ministries. In addition, a number of historical areas were designated by the enactment of the Historical Site Act, and recreational areas were designated to provide leisure space and classified and managed in a total of 18 units. Third, the comparison of the designation characteristics of the two heritage properties confirmed that the designation of natural heritage with complex value, the classification of types according to complementary designation system and resource characteristics, the establishment of the competent ministry and the balancing of the heritage according to the designation policy. The two heritages had the characteristics of complex natural heritages that met ecological, historical and academic values at the same time based on landscape and public nature. In addition, both countries have identified a system for deliberating the designation of heritage through a basic resource survey and an in-depth designation survey, and classified each type according to the characteristics of the resource. In addition, the policies for promoting scenic sites in Korea and the integrated operation of the National Park Service in the U.S. influenced the designated aspects of the two heritage sites, balancing natural heritage with historical and cultural heritage. Fourth, the resource types and conservation management methods of Scenic site and National Park were largely related. The natural areas of the U.S. National Park include types of natural monuments in Korea as major resources, and have characteristics similar to natural scenic sites. In addition, historical resources were similar to the criteria for designation of historical and cultural scenic sites in terms of landscape, and the aspects of war and celebrity-related relics were related to the types of historic sites. In terms of conservation management, the natural area of the U.S. national park has a way o...

유신시대 학생, 모의 수류탄을 던지다

허은(Heo, Eun) 역사비평사 2012 역사비평 Vol.- No.99

This article analyzes the change of national physical education policies and national physical strength discourse of the Park Chung-Hee’s regime under the influences of ‘the Cold War Korean Divided System’ in 1970’s. During Park’s regime, it had focused on making people human beings who loyal to the state power. More specifically, this meant making ‘Productive Human Beings’ and ‘Human Contributing to National Security’. After declaring the state of national emergency and the building an all-out national security posture as the urgent problems at the end of 1971, the goal of national physical education policies and the contents of national physical strength discourse of Park’ regime had more aimed at the national defence. Park’ regime that had emphasized the security crisis and advocated an all-out national security posture had resurrected Japanese Empire’s policies of physical strength to force young people of the colonized Korea into the battlefield at the time of total war. However, Park’s physical strength policy to reinforce military power had failed. The more Park’s regime consolidated the character as the disciplinary power for building all-out national security posture, the more fissures of all-out national security posture had been exposed by the contradiction of discipline policies itself.

박정희 정권의 국민체육심의위원회에 관한 연구

설정덕 ( Jeong Duk Sul ),김재우 ( Jae Woo Kim ) 한국체육사학회 2011 체육사학회지 Vol.16 No.3

이 연구는 박정희 정권의 국민체육심의위원회에 관해 살펴보았다. 국민체육심의위원회는 체육심의회에서 시작되었고, 5·16 군사정부가 단행한 체육개혁의 일환으로 설치되었다. 그리고 체육심의회는 한국대표단의 멕시코시티올림픽에서의 저조한 성적, 세계 스포츠무대에서의 북한과의 대결 등 급변하는 국내·외 체육상황에 맞는 체육정책을 펼치기 위해 국민체육심의위원회로 격상 개편되었다. 체육심의회 시절, 국민체육심의위원회는 체육진흥 전반에 걸친 시책을 심의·결의하는 한편, 정부의 체육진흥방안에 대한 시정을 요구하는 등 국민체육의 지평을 연 박정희 정권의 초창기 체육진흥정책을 주도하였다. 또한 국민체육심의위원회로 개편된 이후에도 체육진흥기금모금안 등 우리나라의 주요 체육정책을 심의·결의하였다. 이처럼 국민체육심의위원회는 박정희 정권하에서 수립된 국민체육진흥정책을 심의·결의하는 최고 심의기관으로서 한국 체육정책사에 길이 남는 중요한 단체라고 할 수 있을 것이다. The study is focusing on National Physical Education Council of Park Chung Hee`s government. National Physical Education Council was started as Physical Education Council, was established by the 5.16 military government as a decisive plan to deal with the reformation of sport. One of the undertones of this National Physical Education Council was to prepare the national team for the Olympics to confront the other national and International competitors especially North Korea. Also it was to promote and reform the existing national PE policies. Park Chung Hee`s government wanted this National Physical Education Council to initially focus on deliberating and reviewing policies to advance the general PE policies and prospects of the Korean people. After the Physical Education Council was reformed as the National Physical Education Council, it`s main function was to administer and deal with the collecting of funds supporting PE policies. With the authority installed on the established the National Physical Education Council for deliberating and reviewing national policies this committee became an important organization effecting Korea`s PE policies history.

A Study on the Actual Condition and Improvement Plan of Hierachical SAFETY Management in Natural Parks

Kwon Gi-seok,Cheon Woo-kwang,Lim Won-hyeon J-INSTITUTE 2020 International Journal of Crisis & Safety Vol.5 No.1

The study reviewed and evaluated the management status and usefulness of more than 30 items through basic statistical annual reports of national parks, state parks, and military parks from 2009 to 2018. The results of this study are as follows. In terms of the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, the evaluation of the effectiveness of management of animal and plant resources, endangered species resources, cultural resources, and landscape resources management shows that national parks with the largest scale, budget support and input in all areas utility was the lowest compared to provincial and county parks. In terms of facility management, the utility of national parks was lowest than that of provincial and military parks. In the area of safety management and use management, it is generally well managed in terms of area and management cost, but more active and practical use management is needed to cope with the change in demand of users due to the change of accessibility and visit type. Judging. In conclusion, this study surveyed the management status of 78 natural parks in 22 national parks, 29 provincial parks and 27 county parks in Korea. There were many places, and because the responsibility and management of administrative districts were not clear, integrated park management was difficult. Therefore, provincial and military parks, which are mandated as local governments, recognize the weakness of local financial conditions and expertise in park management, and in order to overcome their differences with the national park, We believe it is necessary to improve and supplement the management system such as government policy reflection and active financial support.

총력안보 시대의 영화 -1970년대 초 안보영화의 함의와 영향

조준형 상허학회 2021 상허학보 Vol.62 No.-

필자는 이 글을 통해 1970년대 초 갑작스럽게 등장한 안보영화를 둘러싼 논의와 전개양상, 그리고 그것이 한국영화에 미친 영향에 대해 살펴보고자 했다. 안보영화란 1971년 12월 6일 박정희의 국가비상사태 선언에 대한 영화정책적 대응으로 나타난 개념이다. 정책당국은 1972년부터 “안보 관계 영화”를 연간 30편 이상 의무적으로 제작도록 했는데, 이 단어는 얼마 지나지 않아 안보영화라는 말로 정착되었다. 안보영화에 대한 정책과 담론은 1973년 영화법 개정으로 인한 정책전환과 함께 사라졌지만, 필자의 생각에 안보영화의 함의, 안보영화의 등장과 함께 나타난 영화정책의 변화, 이를 둘러싼 갖가지 논란과 담론은 1970년대 영화정책과 영화산업의 방향을 정초하는 계기였고, 그 이행의 논리와 양상을 보여주는 시금석이었다. 이와 같은 문제의식에서 이 글은 세 가지 부분에 주목했다. 첫째, 안보영화의 등장배경과 개념의 특성, 그리고 그 함의이다. 이를 위해 안보영화의 배경이 되었던 총력안보체제의 등장과 통치성의 변화, 안보영화의 개념을 둘러싼 논의와 혼란상, 그리고 그 가운데 발견할 수 있는 정권의 논리와 영화계의 반응을 살펴보았다. 둘째, 안보영화와 함께 나타난 영화정책의 변화가 당대 한국영화산업계에 미친 영향을 살펴보았다. 1972년에 나타난 안보영화를 둘러싼 정책적 혼란상은 영화산업의 불황 추세를 가속화시키고 장기적으로 고착화시키는 계기가 됐다는 것이 필자의 생각이다. 셋째, 안보영화를 둘러싼 정책과 담론이 정부의 영화에 대한 시각 전환의 논리를 보여주고 있다는 점을 강조하고자 했다. 이 시기 정부는 사양화되어가는 영화산업을 방기하는 대신 국민계도 혹은 국민교육의 수단으로서 영화를 일방적으로 강조함으로써 영화의 다양한 속성 중 매스미디어로서의 영화에 집중하였다. 이는 단순한 담론이 아니라 산업정책과 검열정책, 영화예술의 진흥정책에 이르기까지 영향을 미쳤다. This article seeks to examine the discussions and developments surrounding security films that suddenly emerged in the early 1970s, and their impact on Korean films. The Security Film appeared as a film policy response to Park Chung-hee’s “Declaration of a State of National Emergency” on December 6, 1971. Since 1972, policymakers have mandated the production of more than 30 “security-related films” annually, which soon became the term “Security Film”. Policy and discourse on security films disappeared in 1973 with a policy shift due to the revision of the Film Act. However, I think the implications of security films, the changes in film policy with the advent of security films, and various controversies and discourses surrounding them were a turning point in the direction of film policy and film industry in the 1970s. In this context, this article consists of three parts. First, the background of security films and the nature of concepts, and their implications. To this end, I looked at the emergence of the all-out security system, the change in governance, the discussion and confusion surrounding the concept of security films, and the logic of the regime and the reaction of the film industry. Second, I analyzed the impact of the change in film policy that emerged with security films on the Korean film industry at the time. In my opinion, the policy turmoil surrounding security films in 1972 caused the film industry to accelerate and solidify the recession trend in the long term. Thirdly, I wanted to stress that the policy and discourse surrounding security films demonstrate the logic of the Government’s shift in view of films. During this period, the government concentrated on films as mass media among various attributes of the film by unilaterally emphasizing the film as a national guidance or a means of national education instead of abandoning the declining film industry. Rather than just a discourse, it actually influenced industrial policy, censorship policy, and film and arts promotion policy.

박정희정권의 민족주의 체육정책 담론

전윤수(Youn-Soo Jeon),주동진(Dong-Jin Joo) 한국체육과학회 2005 한국체육과학회지 Vol.14 No.1

This research was initiated with questions such as "What made President Park Chung-bee's regime vehemently shout "people (nation)" as its key word," and 'Why did it pursue nationalistic physical education feverishly?" In the course of research, it was not a difficult task to look for nationalistic propensities of President Park Chung-hee's regime. This is because it was in its physical education policies that discussions on President Park Chung-bee's nationalism were found the most easily. President Park Chung-hee's regime, using the effect and value of physical education, upheld a slogan of 'Physical strength is national power" from its early stage, and implemented such policies powerfully. The research results could be expressed with the following President Park Chung-hee's speech. Likewise, the speech could manifest President Park Chung-hee regime's nationalistic physical policies, and such a spirit was strongly applied in actually driving President Park Chung-hee's policies.

전두환 정부의 국방정책에 관한 연구

심세현(Sehyeon SIM) 한국세계지역학회 2023 世界地域硏究論叢 Vol.41 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 전두환 정부 시기의 국방정책에 주목하고 이 시기 정책 결정 과정과내용 그리고 여기에 영향을 미친 주요 요인들을 분석하는 데 있다. 전두환 정부의 국방정책은 전임 박정희 정부와 달리 동맹 중심의 국방정책으로 선회하였다. 전두환 정부의 국방정책 방향이 동맹으로 전환된 것은 부족한 정권의 정통성을 만회하기 위해 미국의 지지가필요했기 때문이다. 미국도 1980년대에 접어들며 데탕트가 종결되고 소련과의 경쟁이 재차 격화되면서 동북아 지역에서 한국과 일본과의 동맹관계를 강화시켜 나갈 필요가 있었다. 이 시기 전두환 그리고 레이건 정부는 상호 간 필요한 부분을 보완해줄 수 있는 입장에직면하고 있었던 것으로 볼 수 있다. 국방정책과 국가안보에 대한 전두환 대통령의 개인적신념도 국방정책 결정과정에 투영된 것으로 보인다. 전두환 대통령은 국산 기술력을 바탕으로 군사력을 증강시키는 것은 효율적이지 못하다고 판단하고 보다 신속하게 북한과의군사력 격차를 축소시키기 위해서는 해외 첨단무기를 수입하는 것이 효과적이라는 신념을 가지고 있었던 것이다. 이러한 요인들이 복합적으로 작용하면서 전두환 정부의 국방정책은 전임 박정희 정부와 달리 동맹 중심으로 재편되기에 이른 것으로 볼 수 있다. This research aims to analyze the national defense policy during the Chun Doo-hwan administration in the 1980s. In particular, it deals with the decision-making process with significant elements to affect the policy. One of the main characteristics of the Chun administration's national defense policy was the ally-centered character. The Chun administration focused on the ally, the United States of America, to promote the regime legitimacy with support from the US. In the early 1980s, the end of the detent period causes other conflicts between the US and the Soviets. America needed to strengthen its relationships with its allies in Northeast Asia, South Korea, and Japan in such a situation. In addition, the Chun administration's national defense policy contains individual beliefs. Then-President Chun believed that importing cutting-edge weapons from America has more effective ways than self-development in Korea to narrow the military gap between North and South Korea. Such factors worked in complicated ways to lead the national defense policy of the Chun administration to turn to the ally-centered one.