다중회귀모형을 이용한 수완부 골성숙도의 추정에 관한 연구

김경호,유형석,김석현 대한치과교정학회 1997 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.27 No.5

성장의 잠재력에 대한 평가는 개체의 성숙도를 나타내는 여러 생리학적 지표(physiologic indicators)들에 의해 이루어지며 그 중 골성숙도(skeletal maturity)는 성적성숙도(sexual maturity)와 신장의 성장변화와 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 치아발육과의 상관관계에 대해선 논란이 많은 실정이다. 그러나 최근의 연구에 의하면 하악견치를 포함한 일부치아의 발육이 골성숙도와 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 치아발육과의 상관관계에 대해선 논란이 많은 실정이다. 그러나 최근의 연구에 의하면 하악 견치를 포함한 일부 치아의 발육이 골성숙도와 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 보고된 바 있다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 7세에서 15세까지의 한국인 남, 녀 아동 387명의 수완부 방사선 사진과 파노라마 사진을 이용하여 Fishman방법과 Greulich와 Pyle방법에 의해 골성숙도을 평가하였으며 변형된 Demirjiran방법에 의해 치아의 성숙도를 평가하여, 수완부 방사선의 사진의 도움 없이 골성숙도를 추정할수 있는 방법을 구하고자 다중회귀모형을 이용한 수완부 골성숙도의 추정에 관한 연구를 시행하였으며 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 골성숙 지수의 추정을 위한 아래의 다중회귀모형은 84%의 설명력을 나타내며 연대연령, 성별, 하악 견치의 회귀계수는 통계학적 유의성을 보였다. 골성숙지수 = 0.60x 연대연령 -1.67x성별 + 0.88x하악견치 - 0.05x하악 제2대구치 -10.3 2. 골연령의 추정을 위한 아래의 다중회귀모형은 87%의 설명력을 나타내며 연대연령, 성별, 하악 견치의 회귀계수는 통계학적 유의성을 보였다. 골연령 = 0.75x 연대연령 - 0.55x성별 + 0.71x하악 견치 + 0.09x하악 제2대구치- 5.77 (성별: 남자=1, 여자=0., 하악견치, 제2대구치 : 각 발육단계별 평균연령) The evaluation of growth potency can be done with many physiologic indicators. It has been well known that skeletal maturity has a close relation with both sexual maturity somatic maturity, but the correlation between skeletal maturity and dental maturity was believed to be less certain. But, recent studies show that specific teeth, including lower canines, present close correlations with skeletal maturity. So, in this study, we study, we studied hand-wrist X-ray films and orthopantomograms of 387 Korean boys and girls aged from 7 to 15; the purpose was to determine skeletal and dental maturity, and to find out a new method to estimate individual skeletal maturity using multiple-regression model, without the help of hand-wrist X-ray film. As a result of this study, followings were observed. 1. The following multiple-regression model can estimate skeletal maturity index(SMI) with 84% of accuracy, and regression coefficient of chronologic age, sex and lower canine show statistical significance. SMI = 0.60 x chronologic age - 1.67 x sex** + 0.88 x lower canine* - 0.05 x lower 2nd molar* - 10.3 *: mean age corresponding each developing atage, **: male= 1, femal = 0 2. The following multiple-regression model can estimate skeletal age with 87% of accuracy, and regression coefficient of chronologic age, sex and lower canine show statistical significance. Skeletal age = 0.75 x chronologic age - 0.55 x sex** + 0.71 x lower canine* - 0.09 x lower 2nd molar* - 5.77 *: mean age corresponding each developing atage, **: male= 1, femal = 0

고등학생의 학교생활적응과 진로성숙과의 관계에서 자아존중감의 매개효과에 관한 연구

정주원 한국가정과교육학회 2014 한국가정과교육학회지 Vol.26 No.1

“Career maturity” is very crucial for high school students since it has an impact on their career path and decision-making. Not only that, it is also important in self-realization and happiness as well as maximizing human resources. When it comes to understanding high school students' career path, it is necessary to know how they perceive school life since they spend most of their time in school. It's also vital to observe in the perspective of students' personal growth. This study seeks to understand the relationship between “adaptation to school life” “self-esteem” and “career maturity”. To accomplish this, the 7th additional surveys conducted by Welfare Panel Study were used. The survey was conducted among 496 high school students in order to come up with descriptive statistics and correlation between “adaptation to school life” and “self-esteem” as well as the level of “career maturity”. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to understand the effects of “adaptation to school life” and “self-esteem” on “career maturity.” The Baron and Kennny mediation analysis were used to understand the effects when the mediating role of “self-esteem” comes into the relationship between “adaptation to school life” and “career maturity”. The results of the analysis are as follows: First, the average age for high school students' “career maturity” is 2.07, while it is 1.91 for “self-esteem”. For “adaptation to school life,” the relationship between “obedience to school regulations” and “relationship with friends” was relatively higher than the relationship between “attitude toward school life” and “interest in school life” Second, high school students' “career maturity” “adaptation to school life” and “self-esteem” were thought to be statistically meaningful since it showed that they had a positive relationship with each other. Third, “interest in school life” “attitude toward school life” and “obedience to school life” and “relationship with friends” in which all of these are the sub factors for “adaptation to school life” together with “self-esteem” had an influence on high school students' “career maturity”. Lastly, the relationship between “adaptation to school life” and “career maturity” was proved to be influenced by the partial mediating role of “self-esteem”. As the study seeks to find relationships and the factors that affect high school students' “career maturity” meaningful information is given out for the development and progress of educational programs for “career maturity”. This was done by understanding the fundamental and systematic approach towards “career maturity” in the students' perspective. 진로의 결정이 중요하게 작용하는 고등학생에게 있어 진로성숙은 개인적인 자아실현과 행복을 위해서만이 아니라 국가 인적자원의 극대화를 위해서도 매우 중요하다. 대부분의 시간을 학교에서 보내는 고등학생의 진로에 대한 이해는 학생의 측면에서 그들이 인지하는 학교에 대한 생각과 개인적인 성장의 관점에서 바라봄이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 고등학생의 진로성숙을 학교생활 적응과 자아존중감과의 관계에서 파악해 보고자 7차년도 한국복지패널의 부가조사 자료를 이용하였다. 고등학생 496명을 분석대상으로 학교생활적응, 자아존중감, 진로성숙의 정도와 관계를 파악하고자 기술통계 및 상관관계분석을 하였으며, 학교생활적응과 자아존중감이 진로성숙에 미치는 상대적 영향력을 살펴보고자 위계적 중다회귀분석을, 학교생활적응과 진로성숙간의 관계에서 자아존중감의 매개변인 역할을 파악하고자 Baron과 Kennny의 매개효과분석법과 Sobel test를 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 고등학생의 진로성숙은 평균 2.07이며, 자아존중감은 1.91로 나타났으며, 학교생활적응에서는 학교규범준수와 친구관계가 학교생활태도, 학교생활흥미보다 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 고등학생의 진로성숙, 학교생활적응, 자아존중감은 통계적으로 유의미한 정적상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 학교생활적응의 하위영역인 학교생활흥미, 학교생활태도, 학교규범준수, 친구관계와 자아존중감은 고등학생의 진로성숙에 유의한 영향을 미치는 요인으로 밝혀졌다. 넷째, 학교생활적응과 진로성숙과의 관계에서 자아존중감의 부분매개효과가 검증되었다. 고등학생의 진로성숙에 미치는 영향력과 관련성을 파악한 본 연구는 학생측면에서 진로성숙을 위한 근본적이고 체계적인 접근을 이해하게 함으로써, 진로성숙 교육 프로그램 개발과 진행에 의미 있는 정보를 제공할 것이다.

레버리지, 부채만기 및 투자간의 상호관계와 이들과 성장기회간의 상호작용이 레버리지, 부채만기 및 투자에 미치는 영향

신민식(Min Shik Shin),김수은(Soo Eun Kim) 한국경영학회 2012 經營學硏究 Vol.41 No.5

In this paper, we analyze empirically the interrelationships among leverage, debt maturity and investment and the effects of their interactions with growth opportunities on leverage, debt maturity and investment of firms listed on Korea Exchange. In terms of methodology, we develop the structural equations model that integrates leverage, debt maturity, and investment model. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. In leverage model, debt maturity has a significant and positive effect on leverage. This result supports the liquidity risk hypothesis that predicts a positive relation between debt maturity and leverage(Diamond, 1991 and 1993; Sharpe, 1991). Growth opportunities have a significant and negative effect on leverage. This result provides strong support for the underinvestment hypothesis(Myers, 1977). Interaction variable between debt maturity and growth opportunities has a significant and negative effect on leverage, implying that for high growth firms, the overall positive relation between debt maturity and leverage may become weaker. With respect to the overall effect of debt maturity itself and the interaction between debt maturity and growth opportunities on leverage, debt maturity has a significant and positive effect on leverage. In debt maturity model, leverage has a significant and positive effect on debt maturity, which is consistent with the result in leverage model. It provides further evidence that high liquidity risk caused by high leverage policy can be moderated by long-term debt maturity and that long-term(short-term) debt maturity and high(low) leverage can be used as supplementary strategies to avoid the threat of suboptimal liquidation. Growth opportunities have a significant and negative effect on debt maturity. This suggests that there is economic relation between growth opportunities and debt maturity. Interaction variable between leverage and growth opportunities has a significant and positive effect on leverage, implying that for high growth firms, the overall positive relation between leverage and debt maturity may become stronger. With respect to the overall effect of leverage itself and the interaction between leverage and growth opportunities on debt maturity, leverage has a significant and positive effect on debt maturity. In investment model, leverage has a significant and negative effect on investment. This result is consistent with the prediction of agency theory that there is a negative relation between leverage and investment, and it supports the underinvestment hypothesis. Debt maturity has a significant and positive effect on investment. Growth opportunities have a significant and positive effect on investment, which is consistent with Tobin-q theory that high growth firms increase investment level. Interaction variable between debt maturity and growth opportunities has a significant and negative effect on investment, implying that for high growth firms, the overall positive relation between debt maturity and leverage may become weaker. With respect to the overall effect of debt maturity itself and the interaction between debt maturity and growth opportunities on investment, debt maturity has a significant and negative effect on investment. Considering both high and low growth firms in leverage model, debt maturity has a significant and positive effect on leverage. This supports the contention that there is a positive relationship between debt maturity and leverage. For high growth firms, growth opportunities have a significant and negative effect on leverage, while for low growth firms, growth opportunities have a significant and positive effect on leverage. That is, high growth firms follow the underinvestment hypothesis (Myers, 1977), while low growth firms follow the overinvestment hypothesis(Jensen, 1986; Stulz, 1990). For high growth firms, interaction variable between debt maturity and growth opportunities has a significant and negative effect on leverage, w

청소년의 진로성숙도의 변화궤적 분류 및 예측요인 탐색

남지영,김성희,김재철 한국청소년학회 2020 청소년학연구 Vol.27 No.2

This study has included 3,209 students who participated in the survey from the first grade of middle school to the second grade of high school among the data from 2013 to 2017. The purpose of the study is to recognize the changing patterns of adolescents' career Maturity and to explore the latent classes and predictors. The main findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the pattern of change of Career Maturity is determined by the secondary curve growth model. Second, there are three latent classes that can best explain the trajectory of change in the Career Maturity. They are classified as 'Accelerated growth groups started with moderate maturity', 'Deceleration growth groups started with high maturity', and 'Accelerated growth groups starting with low maturity'. Third, exploring the predictors of the change trajectory type of career maturity reveals that the higher the achievement motivation, creativity, self-esteem, and self-elasticity of the students' learning and psychological characteristics, the more likely they belong to 'Accelerated growth groups started with moderate maturity' and 'Deceleration growth groups started with high maturity' than 'Accelerated growth groups starting with low maturity'. Depending on gender, female students are more likely to be included in the 'Accelerated growth groups started with moderate maturity' and 'Deceleration growth groups started with high maturity' in comparison with male students. Among school factors, the smoother the friendship, the more it is to be included in the 'Accelerated growth groups started with moderate maturity' and 'Deceleration growth groups started with high maturity' than in the 'Accelerated growth groups starting with low maturity'. These results provide us with an opportunity to take a different view of what part of attention should be paid to improve the youth's career maturity. 본 연구는 서울교육종단연구의 2013년(4차년도)∼2017년(8차년도) 자료 중 중학교 1학년부터 고등학교 2학년까지 설문에 참여한 학생 총 3,209명을 연구대상으로 하였으며, 청소년의 진로성숙도 변화양상을 알아보고 잠재계층 분류 및 예측요인 탐색에 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 주요한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 진로성숙도의 변화양상은 이차곡선 성장모형으로 판단되었다. 둘째, 진로성숙도의 변화궤적을 최적으로 설명할 수 있는 잠재계층의 수는 3개였으며, 각각 ‘중성숙출발 가속성장군’, ‘고성숙출발 감속성장군’, ‘저성숙출발 가속성장군’으로 분류되었다. 셋째, 진로성숙도 변화궤적 유형의 예측요인을 탐색한 결과, 학생들의 학습 및 심리특성요인 중 성취동기, 창의성, 자아존중감, 자아탄력성이 높을수록 ‘저성숙출발 가속성장군’보다 ‘중성숙출발 가속성장군’, ‘고성숙출발 감속성장군’에 포함될 가능성이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 성별에 따라서는 남학생보다 여학생이 ‘저성숙출발 가속성장군’보다 ‘중성숙출발 가속성장군’, ‘고성숙출발 감속성장군’에 포함될 가능성이 더 높았다. 학교요인 중에는 교우관계가 원활할수록 ‘저성숙출발 가속성장군’보다 ‘중성숙출발 가속성장군’, ‘고성숙출발 감속성장군’에 포함될 가능성이 더 높았다. 이러한 결과는 청소년의 진로성숙도를 향상을 위해서 우리가 어떤 부분에 주목해야하는가에 대한 다른 관점을 가질 수 있도록 하는 기회를 제공하였다.

기업의 부채만기가 과소투자 문제와 유동성위험의 맥락에서 레버리지에 미치는 영향

신민식 한국경영교육학회 2013 경영교육연구 Vol.28 No.5

본 연구에서는 2001년 1월 1일부터 2011년 12월 31일까지 한국거래소의 유가증권시장과 코스닥시장에 상장된 기업을 대상으로 부채만기가 과소투자 문제와 유동성위험의 맥락에서 레버리지에 미치는 영향을 실증분석 하였으며, 주요한 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 부채만기는 레버리지 비율에 양(+)의 영향을 미친다. 즉, 부채만기를 단축시키면 레버리지가 축소되고, 부채만기를 연장시키면 레버리지가 확대된다. 따라서 부채만기를 단축시켜 단기부채의 비중을 증가시키면, 유동성위험이 증가하여 파산비용이 증가하고 부채수용력이 약화되어 레버리지가 감소한다. 성장기회는 레버리지에 음(-)의 영향을 미치며, 성장기회와 부채만기간의 상호작용변수도 레버리지에 음(-)의 영향을 미치는데, 이는 부채만기 단축이 성장기회가 레버리지 비율에 미치는 음(-)의 영향, 즉 과소투자 문제를 완화시킴을 의미한다. 부채만기 단축이 레버리지에 미치는 두 가지 상반된 효과, 즉 과소투자 완화효과와 유동성위험 증가효과를 서로 상쇄시킨 순효과는 기업의 신용도에 따라 달라진다. 신용도가 낮은 기업은 과소투자 완화효과와 유동성위험 증가효과가 거의 동일하기 때문에 부채만기 단축이 레버리지에 영향을 미치지 않는다. 그러나 신용도가 높은 기업은 과소투자 완화효과가 유동성위험 증가효과보다 더 크기 때문에 부채만기 단축이 레버리지를 증가시킨다. 따라서 신용도가 높은 기업은 유동성위험 증가를 이유로 레버리지를 축소시키지 않고도 부채만기 단축을 통해 과소투자 문제를 완화시킬 수 있다. 레버리지 비율은 부채만기에 양(+)의 영향을 미친다. 즉, 레버리지를 축소시키면 부채만기가 단축되고, 레버리지를 확대시키면 부채만기가 연장된다. 이러한 결과는 부채만기 단축(연장)과 레버리지 축소(확대)는 유동성위험에 대한 대체수단으로 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다. 성장기회는 부채만기에 음(-)의 영향을 미치고, 성장기회와 레버리지 비율간의 상호작용변수는 부채만기에 음(-)의 영향을 미치는데, 이는 레버리지가 성장기회가 부채만기에 미치는 음(-)의 영향, 즉, 과소투자 문제를 완화시킴을 의미한다. 즉, 성장기회 그 자체는 부채만기를 직접적으로 단축시키지만, 성장기회와 레버리지 비율간의 상호작용변수는 과소투자 문제를 완화시키는 작용을 한다. 따라서 레버리지 단축을 통하여 과소투자 문제를 충분히 통제할 수 있는 기업은 성장기회가 부채만기에 미치는 음(-)의 영향을 대부분 제거시킬 수 있다. 결론적으로, 부채만기가 과소투자 문제와 유동성위험의 맥락에서 레버리지에 미치는 영향을 체계적으로 분석할 필요가 있다. 부채만기는 그 자체뿐만 아니라, 성장기회와의 상호작용변수가 과소투자 문제와 유동성위험에 미치는 상반된 효과를 통하여 레버리지에 영향을 미친다. 또한, 부채만기가 레버리지에 미치는 영향은 기업의 신용도에 따라 달라진다. 이러한 연구결과는 부채만기와 레버리지 정책에 대한 중요한 시사점을 제시한다. This study analyzes empirically the effects of debt maturity on leverage in the context of underinvestment problems and liquidity risk of firms listed on Korea Exchange. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. Debt maturity has a significant and positive effect on leverage. This result supports the liquidity risk hypothesis that predicts a positive relation between debt maturity and leverage(Diamond, 1991 and 1993). Growth opportunities have a significant and negative effect on leverage. This result provides strong support for the underinvestment hypothesis(Myers, 1977). Interaction variable between debt maturity and growth opportunities has a significant and negative effect on leverage, implying that for high growth firms, the overall positive relation between debt maturity and leverage may become weaker. With respect to the overall effect of debt maturity itself and the interaction between debt maturity and growth opportunities on leverage, debt maturity has a significant and positive effect on leverage. The liquidity risk effects of debt maturity on leverage should be more important for lower credit quality firms and firms that cannot easily lengthen their debt maturity. Low credit quality firms that face greater liquidity risk may demand longer term debt to reduce this risk, but find no lenders willing to supply it at reasonable cost. In contrast, higher credit quality firms likely face lower liquidity risk, and can also borrow longer term debt if liquidity risk concerns do arise. However, this study demonstrate that for lower credit quality firms, the liquidity risk effect offsets the attenuation effect of underinvestment problems so that the net effect of shortening debt maturity on leverage is neutral. Thus, lower credit quality firms can try to attenuate the negative effect of growth opportunities by shortening debt maturity, but on the end this does not increase leverage. For higher credit quality firms, the positive effect of reducing underinvestment problems outweighs the effect of increasing liquidity risk so that the net effect of shortening debt maturity on leverage is positive. Thus, higher credit quality firms can shorten debt maturity to reduce underinvestment problems without having to reduce leverage because of liquidity risk. Leverage has a significant and positive effect on debt maturity, which is consistent with the result in the leverage model. It provides further evidence that high liquidity risk caused by high leverage policy can be moderated by longer term debt maturity and that longer term(shorter term) debt maturity and high(low) leverage can be used as supplementary strategies to avoid the threat of suboptimal liquidation. Growth opportunities have a significant and negative effect on debt maturity. This suggests that there is economic relation between growth opportunities and debt maturity. Interaction variable between leverage and growth opportunities has a significant and positive effect on leverage, implying that for high growth firms, the overall positive relation between leverage and debt maturity may become stronger. With respect to the overall effect of leverage itself and the interaction between leverage and growth opportunities on debt maturity, leverage has a significant and positive effect on debt maturity. In conclusion, it is necessary to examine the potential dynamics of debt maturity on leverage in the context of underinvestment problems and liquidity risk. This study provides a number of fresh insights into the overall effects of debt maturity on leverage and the interactions between debt maturity and growth opportunities on leverage.

Developing a Performance-Based Budgeting Maturity Model and Constructing a DEA-Based Composite Indicator to Measure It’s Score

Mohammadreza Amini,Adel Azar,Mahmoud Dehghan Nayeri,Karim Bayat 대한산업공학회 2019 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.18 No.1

Performance-based budgeting has been a controversial topic over the past decades among budget professionals. Since the 1990s, a new wave of eagerness on performance-based budgeting has emerged among governments. In recent years, although utilization of performance-based budgeting has begun and various organizations have claimed the establishment of this system, its progress is not satisfactory. To evaluate the progress in establishing a performance based budgeting system, two budgeting maturity models have been presented. However, these two models cannot fully report the maturity of a performance-based budgeting system. By reviewing maturity reference models as well as two performance-based budgeting maturity models presented in budgeting literature, it has been attempted to highlight weaknesses of the recent models in order to present the developed performance-based budgeting maturity model. In addition to emphasizing the existence of necessary subsystems in a performance-based budgeting system, the model also emphasizes the results of this system. After developing a conceptual performance-based budgeting maturity model, it is now essential to develop an instrument for measuring this maturity. Obviously, this instrument should be able to aggregate criteria and sub-criteria of the conceptual maturity model in the form of a composite indicator and report the budgeting maturity indicator in the form of a score. Therefore, the second objective of this study is to develop a multi-layer data envelopment analysis model to measure PBB maturity index using optimization approach in constructing the composite indicator. By calculating the maturity score of each decision unit, the weight of sub-criteria in the macro indicator will be calculated.

투자수준문제와 유동성위험 기업의 부채만기구조와 레버리지간의 상호관계

김수은 한국국제금융학회 2013 국제금융연구 Vol.3 No.2

In this paper, we analyze empirically the relation between debt maturity structure and leverage in the context of investment level problems and liquidity risk of firms listed on Korea Exchange. In terms of methodology, we develop the simultaneous equations model that integrates leverage and debt maturity model. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. The liquidity risk effects of debt maturity on leverage should be more important for lower credit quality firms and firms that cannot easily lengthen their debt maturity. Low credit quality firms that face greater liquidity risk may demand longer term debt to reduce this risk, but find no lenders willing to supply it at reasonable cost. In contrast, higher credit quality firms likely face lower liquidity risk, and can also borrow longer term debt if liquidity risk concerns do arise. However, this study demonstrate that for lower credit quality firms, the liquidity risk effect offsets the attenuation effect of underinvestment problems so that the net effect of shortening debt maturity on leverage is neutral. And Leverage has a significant and positive effect on debt maturity, which is consistent with the result in the leverage model. It provides further evidence that high liquidity risk caused by high leverage policy can be moderated by longer term debt maturity and that longer term(shorter term) debt maturity and high(low) leverage can be used as supplementary strategies to avoid the threat of suboptimal liquidation. Growth opportunities have a significant and negative effect on debt maturity. This suggests that there is economic relation between growth opportunities and debt maturity. Interaction variable between leverage and growth opportunities has a significant and positive effect on leverage, implying that for high growth firms, the overall positive relation between leverage and debt maturity may become stronger. With respect to the overall effect of leverage itself and the interaction between leverage and growth opportunities on debt maturity, leverage has a significant and positive effect on debt maturity. In conclusion, it is necessary to examine the relation between debt maturity structure and leverage in the context of investment level problems and liquidity risk. Our results provide a number of fresh insights into the overall effects of debt maturity on leverage and the interactions between debt maturity and growth opportunities on leverage. 본 연구에서는 2001년 1월 1일부터 2011년 12월 31일까지 한국거래소의 유가증권시장과 코스닥시장에 상장된 기업을 대상으로 투자수준문제와 유동성위험 기업의 부채만기구조와 레버리지간의 상호관계를 실증분석 하였으며, 주요한 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 부채만기는 레버리지 비율에 양(+)의 영향을 미친다. 즉, 부채만기를 단축시켜 단기부채의 비중을 증가시키면, 유동성위험이 증가하여 파산비용이 증가하고 부채수용력이 약화되어 레버리지가 감소한다. 성장기회는 레버리지에 음(-)의 영향을 미치며, 성장기회와 부채만기간의 상호작용변수도 레버리지에 음(-)의 영향을 미치는데, 이는 부채만기 단축이 성장기회가 레버리지 비율에 미치는 음(-)의 영향, 즉 과소투자 문제를 완화시킴을 의미한다. 부채만기 단축이 레버리지에 미치는 두 가지 상반된 효과, 즉 과소투자 완화효과와 유동성위험 증가효과를 서로 상쇄시킨 순효과는 기업의 신용도에 따라 달라진다. 신용도가 낮은 기업은 과소투자 완화효과와 유동성위험 증가효과가 거의 동일하기 때문에 부채만기 단축이 레버리지에 영향을 미치지 않는다. 그러나 신용도가 높은 기업은과소투자 완화효과가 유동성위험 증가효과보다 더 크기 때문에 부채만기 단축이 레버리지를 증가시킨다. 따라서 신용도가 높은 기업은 유동성위험 증가를 이유로 레버리지를 축소시키지 않고도 부채만기 단축을 통해 과소투자 문제를 완화시킬 수 있다. 레버리지 비율은 부채만기에 양(+)의 영향을 미친다. 즉, 레버리지를 축소시키면 부채만기가 단축되고, 레버리지를 확대시키면 부채만기가 연장된다. 이러한 결과는 부채만기 단축(연장)과 레버리지 축소(확대)는 유동성위험에 대한 대체수단으로 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다. 성장기회는 부채만기에 음(-)의 영향을 미치고, 성장기회와 레버리지 비율간의 상호작용변수는 부채 만기에 음(-)의 영향을 미치는데, 이는 레버리지가 성장기회가 부채만기에 미치는 음(-)의 영향, 즉, 과소투자 문제를 완화시킴을 의미한다. 즉, 성장기회 그 자체는 부채만기를 직접적으로 단축시키지만, 성장기회와 레버리지 비율간의 상호작용변수는 과소투자 문제를 완화시키는 작용을 한다. 따라서 레버리지 단축을 통하여 과소투자 문제를 충분히 통제할 수 있는 기업은 성장기회가 부채만기에미치는 음(-)의 영향을 대부분 제거시킬 수 있다. 결론적으로, 투자수준문제와 유동성위험 기업의 부채만기구조와 레버리지간의 상호관계를 체계적으로 분석할 필요가 있다. 부채만기는 그 자체뿐만 아니라, 성장기회와의 상호작용변수가 과소투자 문제와 유동성위험에 미치는 상반된 효과를 통하여 레버리지에 영향을 미친다. 또한, 부채만기가 레버리지에 미치는 영향은 기업의 신용도에 따라 달라진다. 이러한 연구결과는 부채만기와레버리지 정책에 대한 중요한 시사점을 제시한다.

Understanding of Christian Nurture

박은혜 한국기독교교육학회 2009 기독교교육논총 Vol.22 No.-

The Biblical view of nurture is related to distorted human nature. Humans lost their image of God, through Jesus, God shows the concrete goal of our lives which is to regain God’s image. The process of regaining God’s image is Christian nurture. This is a changing process. Humans need to convert, and also, to nurture in the Christian faith. Therefore, Christian nurture is based on the developmental possibility of human. The content of Christian nurture is Christian faith. The Bible teaches that the goal of Christian nurture is Christlikeness. We need to strive for full maturity and completeness in our spiritual lives. Conversion in Bushnell meant coming more and more to the love of God, in other words, this is a process, a growth in grace and the development of a new spirit. Faith as it is defined includes the content of believing and a process toward higher stages, that is maturity. The goal in faith development is to reach maturity. Maturity in human being has a dynamic point of view, that is, a process of becoming. We cannot see maturity as a static point of view. Maturity is not a state of being. Maturity is not the highest moment in developmental stages. Maturity is an ongoing process towards growth, and a continuing development. Therefore, the concept of content and development in Christian nurture gives Christian educators some implications. First, Christian educators need to understand theology and science. Second, spiritual maturity which is the aim of Christian nurture can be led by education and by the Holy Spirit. Third, the content of Christian nurture should be the Bible. Fourth, through the understanding of content and aim of Christian nurture, Christian nurture can be understood as content and development. Fifth, through the understanding of Christian nurture, Christian educators can get insights of concrete ways for Christian nurture. This expanded understanding of Christian nurture may effectively accomplish the task of Christian nurture. The Biblical view of nurture is related to distorted human nature. Humans lost their image of God, through Jesus, God shows the concrete goal of our lives which is to regain God’s image. The process of regaining God’s image is Christian nurture. This is a changing process. Humans need to convert, and also, to nurture in the Christian faith. Therefore, Christian nurture is based on the developmental possibility of human. The content of Christian nurture is Christian faith. The Bible teaches that the goal of Christian nurture is Christlikeness. We need to strive for full maturity and completeness in our spiritual lives. Conversion in Bushnell meant coming more and more to the love of God, in other words, this is a process, a growth in grace and the development of a new spirit. Faith as it is defined includes the content of believing and a process toward higher stages, that is maturity. The goal in faith development is to reach maturity. Maturity in human being has a dynamic point of view, that is, a process of becoming. We cannot see maturity as a static point of view. Maturity is not a state of being. Maturity is not the highest moment in developmental stages. Maturity is an ongoing process towards growth, and a continuing development. Therefore, the concept of content and development in Christian nurture gives Christian educators some implications. First, Christian educators need to understand theology and science. Second, spiritual maturity which is the aim of Christian nurture can be led by education and by the Holy Spirit. Third, the content of Christian nurture should be the Bible. Fourth, through the understanding of content and aim of Christian nurture, Christian nurture can be understood as content and development. Fifth, through the understanding of Christian nurture, Christian educators can get insights of concrete ways for Christian nurture. This expanded understanding of Christian nurture may effectively accomplish the task of Christian nurture.

사춘기 아동의 성적성숙도와 혈압수준

김규상,이순영,서일,남정모,지선하,Kim, Kyoo-Sang,Lee, Soon-Young,Suh, Ill,Nam, Chung-Mo,Jee, Sun-Hwa 대한예방의학회 1993 예방의학회지 Vol.26 No.3

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the blood pressure level and their sexual maturity and physical growth in the children at puberty. For this purpose, we estimated the blood pressure, physical growth and sexual maturity of the boys of 335 and girls of 373 who are in the middle schools which are located in Kangwha County, Kyungki-Do. Both systolic and diastolic pressure were measured twice. Such physical growth as height, body weight, skin fold thickness, waist circumference, hip circumference and arm circumference were measured. The sexual maturity was estimated according to the classification of Tanner's 5-phase-sexual-maturity : in boys, their pubic hair development phase : in girls, their pubic hair and breast development phase and the menstrual experience. In the phase of the pubic hair development, the boy's sexual maturity was distributed into this; the 1 st 56.4%, the 2nd 29.3%, the 3rd 9.9%, the 4th 4.1% and the 5th 0.3%. While the girls sexual maturity was distributed into this the 1st 20.5%, the 2nd 34.9%, the 3rd 30.6% the 4th 12.6% and the 5th 1.3% in the phase of the pubic hair development, and the 1st 0.8%, the 2nd 13.7%, the 3rd 36.2%, the 4th 18.8% and the 5th 30.5% in the phase of the breast development. This indicated that the girls sexual maturity was higher than those of the boys. The girls menstrual experience rate accounted to the 58.2%. In order to see the relationship between the children's sexual maturity and blood pressure level, we regress blood pressure level on physical growth (i.e., height, BMI) and sexual maturity. Sexual maturity in treates as dummy variables. As the resulf of this analysis, the boys' sexual maturity has nothing to do with the blood pressure either systolic or diastolic. But the girl's systolic pressure was statistically significant ; the 9% of the physical growth, the 5% of the pubic hair development and the 4% of the breast development in sexual maturity was explained. In the girls' diastolic pressure, only their pubic hair development was statistically significant ; the 7% of the physical growth and the 7% of the pubic hair development in the diastolic was explained and the 5% of the physical growth in the diastolic Korotokoff phase IV and the 2% of the pubic hair development in the diastic Korotokoff phase was explained, especially, the girls exprienced menstruation, their systolic and diastolic pressure were significantly high (P<0.01). Conclusively, in the first grade children attending middle schools who are in the early process of the sexual development, the sexual maturity was not related to blood pressure level, on the other hand, the blood pressure level of the girls who are more sexual development than those of the boys' have something to do with sexual maturity and physical growth.

中國高校學生的自我意識對職業成熟度的影響關系中: 社會心理成熟度的中介效果和職業決策自我效能感的調節效果的硏究

양미림 ( Yang Milin ),강동위 ( Kang Dongwei ),왕지성 ( Wang Zhicheng ) 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 2017 中國硏究 Vol.71 No.-

In this study, the participants comprised 220 Chinese college students from seven different colleges. We used structural equation analysis to test the variables of the proposed model simultaneously and also explored the mediation effect of psychosocial maturity between self-consciousness and career maturity, and the moderating effect of career decision self-efficacy. Results showed that first, self-consciousness(both private and public self-consciousness) was negatively to psychosocial maturity and career maturity. Second, psychosocial maturity was positively to career maturity. Third, psychosocial maturity mediated the relationship between self-consciousness(both private and public self-consciousness) and career maturity. Finally, career decision self-efficacy didn`t moderate the relationship between psychosocial maturity and career maturity. The findings were unexpected and raise more questions. These outcomes indicated that Chinese college students should not confine their learning only to schoolwork, but pay more attention to various social activities. And Chinese colleges should also provide students with more professional career guidance and training to enhance their career self-efficacy.