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3차원 CT 영상을 이용한 정상교합자의 안면 연조직 계측 분석
유형석,한수연,백형선,김기덕 대한치과교정학회 발행 2005 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.35 No.6
최근 들어 3차원 전산화 단층 촬영(CT, Computed Tomography) 영상을 이용한 진단기법의 개발을 위한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있으며 여러 분야에서 3차원적인 두개악안면 분석의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 특히 교정 치료나 악교정 수술 후의 결과에 있어서 안면 연조직의 분석은 필수적이라 할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 정상교합을 가진 성인 남자 12명, 성인 여자 11명의 CT 영상을 촬영하여 개인용 컴퓨터 상에서 V works 4.0 프로그램 (Cybermed Inc., Seoul, Korea)으로 3차원 CT 연조직 영상을 재구성한 후에 soft tissue Nasion을 기준 원점으로 하는 3차원 좌표평면의 좌표계를 설정하여 정중선상의 soft tissue Nasion, Pronasale, Subnasale, Upper lip center, Lower lip center, soft tissue B, soft tissue Pogonion, soft tissue Menton 등 8개의 계측점과 양측성인 Endocanthion, Alare lateralis, Cheilion, soft tissue Gonion, Tragus, Zygomatic point 등 총 20개의 재현 가능한 안면 연조직의 계측점을 지정하였으며 V surgery 프로그램(Cybermed Inc., Seoul, Korea)을 이용하여 이들 계측점의 3차원적인 좌표와 기준 원점으로부터 각 계측점까지의 Net (δ=√ (X^(2)+Y^(2)+z^(2))) 값의 평균과 표준편차를 구하였다. 안면 연조직 분석의 3차원적인 이해를 돕기 위해 주요 계측점 간의 거리 계측을 시행하였고, 그 결과 Na'-Sn과 En(Rt)-En(Lt)를 제외한 대부분의 계측값에서 남녀간의 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 2차원적인 두부 방사선 규격사진이나 안면 사진으로는 정확한 계측이 어려웠던 Na'-Zy, Na'-Ch, Na'-Go' (facial depth) 등의 정상치도 구하였다. 이상의 자료는 부정교합 환자와 악안면 기형 환자의 3차원적인 진단 및 치료 계획에 참고자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이다. Studies for diagnostic analysis using three-dimensional (3D) CT images are recently in progress and needs for 3D craniofacial analysis are increasing in the fields of orthodontlcs. It is especially essential to analyze the facial soft tissue after orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. In this study 3D CT images of adults with normal occlusion were taken to analyze. the facial soft tissue. Norms were obtained from CT images of adults with normal occlusion (12males, 11 females) using a computer program named V works 4.0 program. 3D coordinate planes were established using soft tissue Nasion as the reference point and a total of 20 reproducible landmarks of facial soft tissue were obtained using the multiple reconstructive sectional images (axial, sagittal and coronal images) of the V works 4.0 program: soft tissue Nasion, Pronasale, Subnasale, Upper lip center, Lower lip center, soft tissue B, soft tissue Pogonion, soft tissue Menton, Endocanthion (Rt/Lt), Alare lateralis (Rt/Lt), Cheilion (Rt/Lt), soft tissue Gonion (Rt/Lt), Tragus (Rt/Lt), and Zygomatic point (Rt/Lt). According to the established landmarks and measuring method, the 3D CT images of adults with normal occlusion were measured and the normal positional measurements and their Net (δ=√ (X^(2)+Y^(2)+z^(2))) values were obtained using V surgery program. In the linear measurement between landmarks, there was a significant difference between males and females except Na'-Sn and En(Rt)-En(Lt). The normal ranges of Na'-Zy, Na'-Ch and Na'-Go' (facial depth) were obtained. which was difficult to measure by two-dimensional (2D) cephalometric analysis and facial photographs. These data may be used as references for 3D diagnosis and treatment planning for patients with malocclusion and dentofacial deformity.
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유형석 한국법학회 2004 법학연구 Vol.0 No.15
According to modern international laws, there are predominantly three types of marine spaces in the world. One is under the exclusive sovereignty of individual nations, and another is under the restricted sovereignty or jurisdiction of nations. The third is international space. In international marine spaces, there are actions taken in light of their separate distinction, as well as special liability for actions. The purpose of this study is to discuss international legal responsibility for marine spaces. In this study, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, adopted in 1982, is examined to find out how marine spaces were divided according to international laws and what responsibility a nation should take in relation to marine spaces. In addition, international legal responsibility is discussed in conjunction with the protection and preservation for the marine environment and marine scientific research regarding marine spaces. If one does harm to someone or a nation in one of the marine spaces, one should be liable for that by paying for the damage. At the same time, one is required to take responsibility in order for international order to be enacted. But the way of compensation and its amount are determined in association with common practices for dispute settlement. Therefore, it's crucial to take a close look at regulations regarding international legal responsibility and various methods of compensation in each field. Additionally, the position of international legal responsibility for marine spaces in international laws should be discussed in consideration of changes in the international law of the sea and each nation's relevant practices.
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유형석,이나경,전혜린,엄수진,유미영,임상동,백현동 한국축산식품학회 2016 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.36 No.3
Benzoic acid is occasionally used as a raw material supplement in food products and is sometimes generated during the fermentation process. In this study, the production of naturally occurring yogurt preservatives was investigated for various starter cultures and incubation temperatures, and considered food regulations. Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Bifidobacterium breve were used as yogurt starter cultures in commercial starters. Among these strains, L. rhamnosus and L. paracasei showed the highest production of benzoic acid. Therefore, the use of L. rhamnosus, L. paracasei, S. thermophilus, and different incubation temperatures were examined to optimize benzoic acid production. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design was performed for various incubation temperatures (35-44°C) and starter culture inoculum ratios (0-0.04%) in a commercial range of dairy fermentation processes. The optimum conditions were 0.04% L. rhamnosus, 0.01% L. paracasei, 0.02% S. thermophilus, and 38.12°C, and the predicted and estimated concentrations of benzoic acid were 13.31 and 13.94 mg/kg, respectively. These conditions maximized naturally occurring benzoic acid production during the yogurt fermentation process, and the observed production levels satisfied regulatory guidelines for benzoic acid in dairy products.
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