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Atrial Innervation Patterns of Intrinsic Cardiac Autonomic Nerves
이소령,조영진,차명진,최의근,서정욱,오세일 대한의학회 2018 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.33 No.39
Background: Although ganglionated plexi (GPs) are important in the pathogenesis of arrhythmia, their patterns of atrial innervation have remained unclear. We investigated patterns of GP innervation to cardiac atria and the neuroanatomical interconnections among GPs in an animal model. Methods: Atrial innervation by GPs was evaluated in 10 mongrel dogs using a retrograde neuronal tracer (cholera toxin subunit B [CTB] conjugated with fluorescent dyes). In Experiment 1, CTB was injected into the atria. In Experiment 2, CTB was injected into the major GP, including the anterior right GP (ARGP), inferior right GP (IRGP), superior left GP (SLGP), and ligament of Marshall (LOM). After 7 days, the GPs were examined for the presence of tracer-positive neurons. Results: GPs in either right or left-side were innervating to both the same and opposite sides of the atrium. In quantitative analysis, right-sided GPs, especially ARGP, showed numerical predominance in atrial innervation. Based on the proportion of CTB-labeled ganglion in each GP, atrial innervation by GPs showed a tendency of laterality. In Experiment 2, CTB that was injected to a particular GP widely distributed in different GP. ARGP projected the largest number of innervating neurons to the IRGP, SLGP and LOM. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that GPs project axons widely to both the same and opposite sides of atria. ARGP played a dominant role in atrial innervation. Furthermore, there were numerous neuroanatomical interconnections among GPs. These findings about neuronal innervation and interconnections of GPs could offer useful information for understanding intrinsic cardiac nervous system neuroanatomy.
Anomalous Superficial Radial Nerve Innervation to the Ulnar Dorsum of the Hand in Korean Adults
장현정,박천웅,조유나,나동욱 대한근전도전기진단의학회 2016 대한근전도 전기진단의학회지 Vol.18 No.2
Objective: The purpose of this study is to clarify the incidence of anomalous superficial radial innervation to the ulnar dorsum of the hand and anomalous innervation of the dorsal ulnar cutaneous nerve to the radial dorsum of the hand in Korean adults. Method: Nerve conduction studies were performed on 230 hands of 115 persons to identify anomalous innervations. Sensory nerve action potentials were recorded simultaneously using a 2-channel technique on both hands. Results: Anomalous innervation of the superficial radial nerve to the ulnar dorsum of the hand was observed in only 2 of the 230 hands of 115 persons, showing an incidence of 0.86%. Anomalous innervation of the dorsal ulnar cutaneous nerve to the radial dorsum of the hand was not found in any subject. Conclusion: This is the first study to report the incidence of anomalous superficial radial innervation to the ulnar dorsum of the hand in an Asian population. We found that the incidence of anomalous superficial radial innervation to the ulnar dorsum of the hand in Korean people was lower than that found in Western populations.
Neuro-tracing approach to study kidney innervation: a technical note
( Sanghee Lee ),( Anna P. Malykhina ) 대한신장학회 2017 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.36 No.1
Neuro-tracing approach is a great option to study innervation of the visceral organs including the kidneys. Important factors contributing to the success of this technique include the choice of a neuro-tracer, and delivery methods to result in successful labeling of peripheral sensory and motor ganglia. The neuro-tracer is usually applied directly to the kidney accessed via a surgical opening of the abdominal wall under deep anesthesia. A series of local microinjections of the dye are performed followed by a wound closure, and recovery period from the surgery. An extra care should be taken to prevent neuro-tracer spillage and accidental labeling of the surrounding organs during injections of the dye. Retrograde neuro-tracers like Fast Blue do not cross synapses, therefore, only neuronal bodies located within dorsal root ganglion neurons and major peripheral ganglia will be labeled by this approach. Retrogradely labeled peripheral neurons could be freshly isolated and dissociated for electrophysiological recordings and biochemical analyses (gene and protein expression), whereas the whole fixed ganglia could be sectioned to undergo immunohisto- and immunocytochemical targeted staining.
Altered Esophageal Smooth Muscle Phenotype in Achalasia
( David M Rodrigues ),( Sandra R Lourenssen ),( Jay Kataria ),( William G Paterson ),( Michael G Blennerhassett ),( Robert Bechara ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2024 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.30 No.2
Background/Aims Achalasia is a disorder characterized by impairment in lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and esophageal aperistalsis, caused primarily by loss of inhibitory innervation. However, little is known about associated changes in esophageal smooth muscle. We examined the contractile phenotype and innervation of the circular smooth muscle, as well as inflammatory status, and correlated these with patient-specific parameters. Methods Circular smooth muscle biopsies were obtained in consecutive patients with achalasia undergoing peroral endoscopic myotomy. Axonal innervation and neurotransmitter subtypes were determined with immunocytochemistry, and this was used with quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) to characterize smooth muscle proliferation and cellular phenotype, as well as collagen expression. These were compared to control tissue obtained at esophagectomy and correlated with patient demographic factors including age, onset of symptoms, and Eckhardt score. Results Biopsies of smooth muscle were obtained from 25 patients with achalasia. Overall, there was increased mast cell number and collagen deposition but increased smooth muscle cell proliferation vs control. There was a striking drop in axon density over controls, with no differences among subtypes of achalasia. Immunocytochemical analysis showed increased expression of the contractile marker α-smooth muscle actin, principally in Type 1 achalasia, that increased with disease duration, while qPCR identified increased mRNA for smoothelin with decreased myosin heavy chain and collagen 3a1, but not collagen 1a1. Conclusions The thickened circular smooth muscle layer in achalasia is largely denervated, with an altered contractile phenotype and fibrosis. Biopsies obtained during peroral endoscopic myotomy provide a means to further study the pathophysiology of achalasia. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024;30:166-176)
‘영화적인 것’의 기원으로서의 모스크바: 발터 벤야민의 영화매체론의 관점에서 본 『모스크바 일기』
김수환 한국러시아문학회 2019 러시아어문학 연구논집 Vol.66 No.-
One of the most important achievements Benjamin has gained from his trip to Russia was his motivation to develop the ideas vis-a-vis cinema onward. The Russian experience here does not refer to the very films Benjamin had seen during his stay in Moscow. It designates some key features of “the cinematic” as media, including cultural and political conditions that make it possible. This paper attempts to reassess W. Benjamin’s Moscow Diary in terms of reflection on cinematic media, elucidating his two months stay in Moscow as a special kind of “cinematic” experience. While pointing out some characteristic moments when Benjamin succeeded in capturing certain typical insights related to cinematic sensations from a series of concrete sensory stimuli received in Moscow (for example, tactile sensation while riding in tram and sleigh), we will try to sketch the contour of his thinking on cinema in a way that he had reconstructed these insights from Moscow in various different contexts of works he wrote after Moscow. In the course of the analysis we will see how the new mechanism of “optical unconscious” and “body-space (Leibraum)” in the name of “new barbarism” were evolving into the concepts of “collective innervation” or “reception in distraction” in his famous essays on media in 1930s.
Decreased Hepatic Nerve Fiber Innervation in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis
( Soon Woo Nam ),( Hyun Joo Song ),( Su Jung Back ),( Tae Hun Kim ),( Se Hyun Cho ),( Joon Yeol Han ),( Kwon Yoo ),( Young Suk Lee ),( Kyu Won Chung ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2007 Gut and Liver Vol.1 No.2
Background/Aims: Hepatic nerve innervation plays important roles in hepatic metabolism and hemodynamic mechanisms. We compared the distribution patterns of hepatic nerves between normal livers and two liver diseases to elucidate the effects of liver disease on the distribution of hepatic nerves. Methods: Tissue specimens were obtained by ultrasonography-guided needle biopsies from 10 normal controls, 74 patients with chronic hepatitis (CH), and 35 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). The obtained specimens were immunohistochemically stained using antibodies for S-100 protein and α-smooth-muscle actin (α-SMA). The degree of the expression in liver tissues was quantified by manual counting of positively stained nerve fibers under light microscopy. The serum hyaluronic acid level was assayed in all subjects to evaluate hepatic fibrosis. Electron microscopy examinations were also performed. Results: The hepatic nerve innervation was significantly lower in LC than in normal controls, as indicated by S-100 protein staining. α-SMA and hyaluronic acid levels were higher in LC and CH than in normal controls. Electron microscopy revealed that unmyelinated nerve fiber bundles in the intralobar connective tissue coursed in the vicinity of hepatic triads. Conclusions: These results suggest that hepatic nerve innervation can be decreased by hepatic inflammatory responses and/or fibrotic changes in LC patients. Further study is needed to clarify this observation. (Gut and Liver 2007; 1:165-170)